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China's Capacity to Implement World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body Decisions After Accession Christopher Duncan

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China's Capacity to Implement World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body Decisions After Accession Christopher Duncan American University International Law Review Volume 18 | Issue 2 Article 2 2002 Out of Conformity: China's Capacity to Implement World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body Decisions After Accession Christopher Duncan Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Duncan, Christopher. "Out of Conformity: China's Capacity to Implement World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body Decisions After Accession." American University International Law Review 18, no. 2 (2002): 399-506. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OUT OF CONFORMITY: CHINA'S CAPACITY TO IMPLEMENT WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODY DECISIONS AFTER ACCESSION CHRISTOPHER DUNCAN* IN TROD UCTION .............................................. 402 I. CHINA'S LEGISLATIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE SY ST E M S .................................................. 4 11 A . BASIC PRINCIPLES ........................................ 411 1. PoliticalPolicy as Legal Instrumentality ............. 411 2. UnitaryForm of Government ......................... 413 B. STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENTAL BODIES .................. 414 1. Legislative Bodies .................................... 414 2. Administrative Bodies ................................ 415 C. LEGISLATIVE & REGULATORY PROCESSES ................ 416 1. Initial Concerns ...................................... 416 2. Legislation: Law-Making in China ................... 417 a. Unitary Legislative Format ....................... 417 b. Legislative Drafting Process ...................... 418 3. Administration:Rule-Making in China ............... 419 a. Administrative Authority ......................... 419 b. Administrative Drafting Process .................. 420 c. Disbursement of Administrative Power ........... 421 4. O versight ............................................ 423 a. Identifiable Problem s ............................. 423 i. Discrim ination ............................... 423 ii. Failureto Implement ......................... 424 iii. Corruption ................................... 425 Associate, Joan M. Wilbon & Associates, Washington, D.C. J.D., University of Hawaii, William S. Richardson School of Law (2000). LL.M., International and Comparative Law, Georgetown University Law Center (2002). This article is dedicated to Maureen Venti Duncan; my mother, my mentor and my inspiration. 399 AM. U. INT'L L. REV. [18:399 b. Recent Oversight Reforms ........................ 426 i. Legislative Oversight Reform: The Law- Making Law .................................. 426 ii. Administrative Oversight Reforms ............ 428 D. CHINA'S LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY SYSTEMS ARE IN EFFECTIV E ............................................. 431 II. COMPLIANCE WITH THE WTO DSB ..................... 432 A . ORIGINS OF THE DSB ..................................... 432 B. DISPUTE SETTLEMENT PROCESS UNDER THE DSU ......... 434 C. COMPLIANCE WITH DSB DECISIONS ...................... 437 1. Basic Principles...................................... 437 2. Compliance ProceduresThat Have Raised Concern .. 439 a. Compliance Deadline: "Reasonable Period of T im e ........... ................................ 4 39 b. "Compliance Review": The Conflict Between Article 21.5 and Article 22 ....................... 441 c. Retaliation: Suspension of Concessions ........... 442 3. Necessity of Compliance with DSB Decisions ......... 444 a. Integrity of the W TO ............................. 444 b. Present Level of WTO DSB Compliance ......... 445 c. Potential WTO DSB Reforms .................... 446 D. WTO REQUIRES STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH DSB R ULIN G S ................................................. 44 8 III. THE PROTOCOL ON THE ACCESSION OF CHINA TO T H E W T O .................................................. 450 A. THE "ROAD TO ACCESSION" ............................. 450 1. China's Early Withdrawalfrom GATT ............... 450 2. China's "Open Door" Policy and the Re- Engagement of GATT ................................ 451 3. China, GATT, and the Return of the "Taiwan Issue" . 453 4. Development of a Protocol on Accession and U.S. Involvem ent .......................................... 454 5. Finalization of the Protocol: Present and Future C oncerns ............................................ 456 B. RELEVANT PROVISIONS OF THE PROTOCOL ON CHINA'S ACCESSION TO THE W TO ................................. 459 1. General Considerations.............................. 459 a. Protocols on Accession in General ................ 459 b. Transparency: A Primer .......................... 460 20021 OUT OF CONFORMITY 2. TransparencyRequirements of the Protocol .......... 463 a. Publication ....................................... 463 b. Enquiry Point .................................... 464 c. Right to Comm ent ................................ 465 3. China and the Protocol: FutureProspects ............ 467 C. THE PROTOCOL DOES NOT ENSURE CHINA'S CAPACITY TO COMPLY WITH ALL WTO DSB DECISIONS ............. 471 IV. CHINA'S POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEM A R E A S ..................................................... 4 7 2 A. RECENT CONCERNS ABOUT WTO DSB JURISPRUDENCE .. 472 B. PROBLEMS RELATED TO CHINA'S INABILITY TO IMPLEMENT DSB DECISIONS ............................. 473 1. General Issues Related to China's Involvement in the DSB ................................................. 4 7 3 2. Specific Implementation Problemsfor China ......... 475 a. Identification of the Appropriate Governmental B ody ............................................. 476 b. Political W ill ..................................... 477 c. Modifying an Offending Measure ................ 479 d. D SU Tim e Lim its ................................ 482 e. Local Government Congruence ................... 482 C. CHINA WILL BE UNABLE TO EFFECTIVELY COMPLY WITH MANY WTO DSB DECISIONS ............................ 485 V. REALISTIC SOLUTIONS .................................. 487 A. CHINA IN THE W TO ...................................... 487 1. China's Accession is a Positive Step .................. 487 a. The Exclusionary Approach Is Misguided ........ 487 b. Membership Has Its Privileges ... and Its O bligations ....................................... 488 2. China's Compliance with DSB Decisions ............. 491 a. China Will Attempt to Comply ................... 491 b. China Lacks the Capacity to Comply ............. 492 B. REALISTIC SOLUTIONS .................................... 493 1. Other WTO Members: Greater Emphasis on Restraint and Consultations .......................... 493 a. Possible Proliferation of WTO Cases Against C h in a ............................................ 4 9 3 b. R estraint ......................................... 495 c. Consultations .................................... 496 402 AM. U. INT'L L. REV. [18:399 2. WTO DSB: Greater Specificity on Methods of Implem entation ...................................... 497 a. China Should Not Receive Special Compliance Preferences ....................................... 497 b. WTO DSB Should Take a Flexible Approach ..... 499 c. Specific Suggestions on Methods of Compliance . 500 C. CONCLUSION: CHINA'S IMPACT ON THE WTO ............. 505 INTRODUCTION In 1947, the People's Republic of China ("China") was an original signatory to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ("GATT"), a revolutionary new model of international economic liberalization.' Since that time, however, China's foreign economic policy has been characterized by severe restrictions on foreign trade and investment and a strongly protectionist economic ideology with its roots in China's socialist political philosophy.' Nevertheless, on September 17, 2001, the World Trade Organization ("WTO"), which administers the GATT and other liberal economic agreements, concluded negotiations on China's terms of membership,3 paving the 1. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, Oct. 30, 1947, 61 Stat. A-11, T.I.A.S. 1700, 55 U.N.T.S. 194, 224-25, repealed by Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization [hereinafter WTO Agreement], Apr. 15, 1994, Annex IA, LEGAL INSTRUMENTS-RESULTS OF THE URUGUAY ROUND vol. 1,33 I.L.M. 1144, 1125 (1994) [hereinafter GATT]. 2. See Sang Bin Xue & George D. Wilson, Capital and Technology: China Rejoins the Modern Business World An Analysis of China'sEquity Joint Venture Law, 25 U.S.F. L. REV. 511, 514 (1991) (describing China's economic reform in light of its ideology and history). 3. See Press Release, World Trade Organization ("WTO"), WTO Successfully Concludes Negotiations on China's Entry (Sept. 17, 2001) [hereinafter WTO Negotiations] (discussing parallels to China's accession process to both the GATT and the WTO), available at http://www.wto.org/english/news-e/pres0Ie/pr243-e.htm (last visited Oct. 2, 2002). China's accession into the GATT and WTO has been continually conducted through a specialized Working Party, established in 1987, consisting of representatives from all interested GATT/WTO Member governments. Id. The initial GATT Working Party was only interested in China's trade policies for goods. Id. When the Working Party was incorporated into
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