13220 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 9 provisions of section '711, title 10, ot the IN THE NAVY SUPPLY CORPS United States Code. The following named officers of the Navy Harry J.P. Foley, Jr. for temporary promotion to the grade of rear Jack J. Appleby DIPLOMATIC AND FOREIGN SERVICE admiral in the staff corps indicated subject Winston H. SChlee! Clinton E. Knox, of New York, a Foreign to qualification therefor as provided by law: CIVIL ENGINEEil CORPS Service Officer of class 2, to be Ambassador William M. Beaman Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the MEDICAL CORPS DENTAL CORPS United States of America to the Republic of Herbert H. Eighmy Robert 0. Canada, Jr. Joseph L. Yon Horace D. Warden Maurice E. Simpson Dahomey.

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"On the basis of the party unity record of Dr. Sara Jane Rhoads, Chemistry De­ Goldwater Outlook: Good Chance for BARRY GoLDWATER's detractors and from what partment, University of Wyoming. Success I've seen and heard among fellow GOP House Dr. Alyea, a professor of chemistry at Members favorable to BARRY, there's tremen­ dous weight in favor of the opinion that Princeton University for 34 years is EXTENSION OF REMARKS Sena'tor GOLDWATER would enjoy an enthu­ widely known for his novel lecture ~ble 0 .. siastic welcome on the ticket in Congres­ and overhead projection demonstrations. sional districts all over the country," the He has developed a new technique called HON. JACK WESTLAND Washington State Congr~sman said. tested overhead projection series­ OF WASHINGTON "Let's not forget that BARRY GOLDWATER TOPS-a kit of 15 devices with which beat a. coalition of candidates for the nom­ an entire year of chemistry can be IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ination in California and won over the vigor­ Tuesday, June 9, 1964 ous opposition of major newspapers there, as taught. Dr. Alyea has also done exten­ well as open hostility expr~sed by liberal sive research in the fields of chain reac­ Mr. WESTLAND. Mr. Speaker, this TV commentators," WESTLAND declared. tions and the mechanisms of inhibition. last weekend certain congressional Mem­ The imminent death of the GOP being Dr. Wolfenden has been professor of bers from Pennsylvania issued state­ predicted by ultraliberal news personalities if physical and general chemistry at Dart­ ments declaring that in their opinions GOLDWATER is the nominee is "grossly exag­ mouth College since 1947, having previ­ the nomination Of Senator BARRY GoLD­ gerated," WESTLAND said in paraphrasing ously taught at Oxford University and WATER as the Republican presidential Mark Twain. He believes the 1 million plus votes in California, the continuing pledging Oberlin College. He is author of "Nu­ candidate this year would cost a number of delegate votes in State conventions and merical Problems in Physical Chem­ of Republican Congressmen their seats primaries, and the evolving sltuBition in the istry," and while at Dartmouth, spear­ in Congress. South are evidences that GoLDWATER is a headed the establishment of a course on I strongly disagree. Having led a people's candidate who will win the White case histories in science. group of Republican House Members in House and majority control in the U.S. House . Dr. Rhoads taught at Hollings College 'support of Senator GoLDWATER's candi­ next November. 1n Virginia prior to joining the staff at dacy, I continue to believe that the Sen­ the University of Wyoming as professor ator is a people's candidate who will win of chemistry in 1948. Her varied re­ the White House and majority control in search work has brought $50,000 in the U.S. House of Representatives next The 1964 College Chemistry Teacher research grants for the university in­ November. I was happy to issue a public Awards cluding a grant for the Petroleum' Re­ statement saying so and I would like to search Fund in support of undergrad­ have this statement inserted in the REC­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS uate research. ORD: OF These three science teachers honored NEWS RELEASE FROM THE OFFICE OF HON. JACK by the chemical industry have dedicated WESTLAND, CONGRESSMAN FROM THE STATE HON. FRANK THOMPSON, JR. their lives to the instruction of our youth. OF WASHINGTON . OJ' NEW JERSEY They deserve our recognition and pro­ Oongressman JACK WESTLAND, Republican, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES found gratitude. of Washington, took sharp issue today with the weekend opinion voiced by Sen11.tor HuGH Tuesday, June 9, 1964 ScOTT and Congressman ROBERT J. CORBETT, Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. of Pennsylvania that Senator BARRY GoLD­ WATER as the GOP nominee for President Speaker, it gives me great pleasure to WilHam V. McKenney Medal Given to would lose seats for the Republicans in bring to the attention of the House Congressman Thomas P. O'Neill Congress. three outstanding professors selected by WESTLAND, who has led a group of Repub­ the chemical industry to receive 1964 lican House Members in support of Senator College Chemistry Teacher Awards. The EXTENSION OF REMARKS GoLDWATER'S candidacy, stated there is sound awards, to be presented by the Manu­ OF basis for confidence that the Arizonian would facturing Chemists' Association, Inc., carry new Members into Congress with a at its annual meeting in White Sulphur HON. F. BRADFORD MORSE Republican victory in November. Spring, W.Va., on June 11, consist of a OF MASSACHUSETTS "1 don't know where the gentlemen from IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Pennsylvania get their figures for gloom­ medal and a citation, accompanied by and-doom predictions, or how they justify a check for $1,000. Tuesday, June 9, 1964 the implication that GOP unity would be The association has conducted the College Chemistry Teacher Awards pro­ Mr. MORSE. Mr. Speaker, last week threatened if GoLDWATER wins the nomina­ Boston College conferred its William V. tion," WESTLAND said. He cited Congres­ gram for the past 8 years. To date, 42 sional Quarterly ratings of Republican Mem­ chemistry professors have been honored. McKenney Medal on one of its most bers on votes with and against the party Objective of the program is to focus distinguished alumni, Congressman position in 1963. Senator GOLDWATER voted public attention on the importance of THoMAs P. O'NEILL, of Cambridge, Mass .• with the party 81 percent of the time, as good science teaching at the undergrad­ a Member of this body since 1952 and a opposed to a 56-percent score for Senator uate level; to honor the men and women respected member of the Rules Commit­ ScoTT. Congressman CORBETT had a 62-per­ so engaged; and to inspire qualified stu­ tee, who was honored "for exemplary and cent party unity rating during the same time dents to choose careers 1n science. Those outstanding work in behalf of Boston period. selected to receive the awards this year College and for laudatory service in the WESTLAND underscored the fact that better are: interests of mankind which reflect on the than 90 Republican House Members have Dr. Hubert N. Alyea, Chemistry De­ honor of Boston College." attended 1 meeting or another promoting That citation says in a few words a Senator GoLDWATER's candidacy and said partment, Princeton University. Dr. John H. Wolfenden, Chemistry De­ great deal about "TIP" O'NEILL's service many others had expressed a favorable to his college, his constituents, the Com- interest. partment, Dartmouth College. 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD ---SENATE 13221 monwealth of Massachusetts and the by the participants in the caravan and This statement is stamped with the United States. various businesses, doctors, customers of same keen understanding and courage I wish to extend my congratulations to Nu-Dy-Per Baby Service, and members with which our said colleague has faced Congressman O'NEILL upon the receipt of the National Institute of Diaper Serv­ up to the most challenging and con­ of this award. It is richly deserved. ices, from Lancaster, Pa., and Jackson­ troversial problems. ville, Fla., and other firms around the I commend his remarks to the Mem­ country. The transportation of the ve­ bers of the House: hicles, their cargo, and their passengers PRAYER IN ScHOOLROOMS Operation Baby Bootstraps from Miami to Guatemala was donated Mr. Chairman, I thank 'the committee for by Coordinated Caribbean Transport Co., this opportunity to appear here today and EXTENSION OF REMARKS of Miami and New York. Not a single testify in favor of an amendment reestab­ dollar of U.S. Government assistance lishing the right of local school boards to OF was involved in this courageous venture. allow voluntary, nondenominational prayers HON. SAMUEL N. FRIEDEL The entire project was initiated, put to­ to be recited in schoolrooms. gether, and carried out by private citi­ Few important matters before Con61'ess OF MARY'LAND have more support-and this is certainly an IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES zens and businesses of the United States issue which deserves to be brought to the solely to help the people of a sister de­ House floor to be voted up or voted down. Tuesday, June 9, 1964 mocracy in this hemisphere. I, therefore, urge this committee to act Mr. FRIEDEL. Mr. Speaker, I would The members of the ambulance cara­ without further delay. I believe the climate like to tell the Members of the House van have related to me the amazing and is still right for the passage of a reasonably about a wonderful, and I believe, impor­ sincerely warm reception which they re­ worded amendment. Delay, as shown in the ceived when they arrived in the various civil rights situation, only tends to increase tant program, in which several of my pent-up emotions and pressures which distort constituents and good friends of Balti­ towns and cities of Costa Rica to which a sound legislative approach. more have participated. this equipment was donated. In most The prayer amendment-so-called-could I am referring to "Operation Baby instances, the entire population of the also be called the people's amendment. It is Bootstraps," which is a program initiated cities and villages turned out to greet not sponsored by any powerful lobby. No by the National Institute of Diaper Serv­ and welcome the caravan and itS mem­ entrenched or special interests are financing bers and to thank all of the people of its passage. The administration has been ices and Friends of the United States of completely-utterly-sllent on this subject. Latin America. These two fine orga­ the United States for recognizing the dire needs of the hospitals and clinics of There are no telephone calls from the White nizations, one an association of diaper House to Capitol HUl, no breakfast meet­ services with members throughout the those towns in Costa Rica and for caring ings of leadership, no promises offered for United States, and the other a philan­ enough to assist these people. I have those who wm support it. There has been thropic institution with its headquarters been told that in some instances, there­ no succession of department heads testify- in Washington, D.C., have initiated a ceptions for these Americans were the ing in its support. . equivalent of national holidays; that Making up for all this, however, Is the program whereby private citizens of this most important support of all, that of the country have contributed money, goods, marching bands greeted them and that all the elected representatives of the dis­ large part of the people. A recent survey and services for the assistance of the trict turned out with the people to thank, in my congressional district-and every sur­ people of Costa Rica in Central America. vey I have ever read about--shows over­ not merely the small band who delivered whelming support on behalf of the people In February of this year, a caravan the items, but all the people of the United consisting of four ambulances loaded for allowing prayer in schools. States for their interest in helping. Therefore, I believe this committee has with medical and hospital supplies left In this day when we in the Congress the responsibility to act-and act now. Baltimore, Md., and was driven to provide Government financing and Gov­ In so doing it should draw an amendment Miami, Fla.; then taken from Miami to ernment assistance of billions of dollars allowing a voluntary, nondenomtnational Matias de Galves, Guatemala, and were throughout the world, it is heart-warm­ prayer on a local option basis. driven from that city over nearly 1,700 I, along with Justice Potter Stewart, "can­ ing to see private citizens, completely not see how an 'official religion' is estab­ miles of the Inter-American Highway without governmental assistance and through Guatemala, Salvador, Hon­ lished by letting those who want to say a without Government funds, carry out so prayer say lt." I have never been able to duras, and Nicaragua to San Jose, the important a program with such stunning determine what official rellgion was estab­ capital of Costa Rica, where they were success. These people are now planning llshed in New York State when some school donated directly to the people and hos­ to continue their efforts to bring assist­ district decided to recite the voluntary, non­ pitals of Costa Rica. ance of various sorts to the Costa Rican denominational prayer allowed there. Was This group was led by Mr. Rubin people throug_h a carefully planned pro­ it the regents' religion? I think not. Waranch, president of the Nu-Dy-Per gram limited to their abilities and ca­ I am not rearguing the Supreme Court Baby Service, and Mr. Nathan Mash, decision as that is by its nature final. What pacities. concerns me is the extent to which the Court president of Mash's Hams, both of Bal­ I commend these people to you for seemed impelled to go to erect a wall be­ timore City, and Mrs. Gloria Billings, of their good work and their patriotic acts tween rellgion and the state. This was un­ Washington, D.C. Included in the party and I have taken the liberty of thanking fortunate. I belleve the wall so erected is were Dr. Vincent Lopez, Dr. Thomas them on behalf of our Government and high enough to shut out many of the tradi­ Michael, Leon Zeller, Zelig Robinson, Mr. wishing them good luck in their future tional benefits which our society has from Waranch's wife, Evelyn, and their three endeavors. its earliest days extended to religion. sons, Mark, Isaac, and Jimmy, and Mrs. For example, does not the granting of tax exemption of church property tend to estab­ Billings' son, Jason, all of Baltimore City. llsh a religion much more than the saying The entire project was inspired by of a voluntary, nondenominational prayer? Mr. Stanley Posner, a highly esteemed Prayer in Schoolrooms If the few seconds of prayer is to be con­ attorney, of Washington, who has spent sidered state supported and improper, how the better part of the past 20 years EXTENSION OF REMARKS can literally ·hundreds of millions of dollars working with the people and problems of worth of church property be accorded tax­ the various Latin American Republics, OF free status when atheists are forced to pay? In fact, the Supreme Court stated in its particularly with the people of Costa HON. JAMES R. GROVER, JR. later, 1963, decision that "the command of Rica. OF NEW YORK the first amendment was that the Govern­ As you know, Costa Rica, for the past IN THE HOUSE OF REPRE$ENTATIVES ment maintain strict neutrality, neither aid­ decade or more, has been one of the most ing nor opposing religion." If this ls so, stable and completely democratic na­ Tuesday, June 9, 1964 on what possible basis can the Armed Forces tions in the Western Hemisphere. It has Mr. GROVER. Mr. Speaker, I submit justify its keeping a Corps of Chaplains? long since abolished its national army with pride and concurrence a firm and These are serious questions and they will and has served as a haven for demo­ have to be answered in the near future. I succinct analysis of the school prayer belleve we would be wise to get the whole crats from throughout the entire area. problem as set forth in a statement sub­ matter back in perspective before the situa­ All of the equipment and material car­ mitted to the House Judiciary Committee tion controls us. ried by these Americans and donated to by our colleague, Hon. JOHN R. WYDLER, I fully understand that there are many the people of Costa Rica was contributed of New York. people sincerely opposed to this amendment 13222 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE June 9 and that they advance some sound argu­ State Representatives Samuel Har­ 64 Distinguished Service Crosses; 27 Navy ments pointing out dangers and difticulties. mon, Julius Ansel, and Benjamin Kle­ Crosses, and 34 Distinguished Service Medals. There are dangers and difficulties. It is this banow. Contenders for the honor of being the out­ committee's duty to present an amendment standing American soldier of Jewish faith minimizing the dangers and protecting Chanting the traditional memorial engaged in World War n included many against abuse. A committee that recently prayer and Kaddish was Cantor Joseph illustrious figures, with rank extending from designed a 10-titled comprehensive civll Moore, of Congregation Kehillath Jacob, private to major general. So far as Massa­ rights bill can do this. Where there is the Mattapan, Mass. chusetts entries were concerned, an out­ will, there is the way. Mrs. Harry Goldberg, sister of Robert standing example was naval Lt. James J. I believe that most people expressing op­ A. Carpenter, represented the family. Horovitz, of Brighton, whose courage in the position do so out of fear of abuse. There Placing the wreath at Carpenter face of enemy shore batteries while serving could be some abuse but the courts will al­ Square was Dr. Allen Chiten, nephew of in command of an LCI, aided significantly in ways be available to see that the prayer is American recapture of Iwo Jima. For his voluntary and nondenominational. The pur­ the late Robert A. Carpenter. part in the engagement, Lieutenant Horovitz pose of an amendment is not to force any­ Mr. Harry Goldberg, a brother-in-law received the Navy Cross "for extraordinary one to pray but to protect the right of those of the late Robert A. Carpenter was pre­ heroism." He also holds the Silver Star for who wish to pray to do so. The purpose of sented a cap as an honorary commander "gallantry in action." the amendment is not "force" but "free­ of the post. Another Massachusetts hero of outstand­ dom." The elaborate and exhausting process Later we returned to the post head­ ing caliber was infantry Lt. Samuel Diner­ of amendment provided for in the Constitu­ quarters, had breakfast and addresses man, of Beverly, whose bravery in France tion assures that an overwhelming part of the resulted in his receiving the Bronze Star. were given by Representative Harmon Three more Massachusetts heroes were the people must approve for it to be made part and AI Schlossberg and it was my privi­ of the law of the land. Cohen brothers of Brookline: Col. Robert L. I do not believe we should allow praying lege to give the main address. My re­ Cohen, recipient of the Legion of Merit, in school to be a prohibited act. It is the marks were as follows: Bronze Star, Order of British Empire, and act of worship for which I seek to show It is a great pleasure to be with you on Croix de Guerre; Maj. Lawrence R. Cohen, respect even if this act is in the public school. this occasion that together we pay our re­ who received the Legion of Merit; Lt. Comdr. It is our Nation's strong reliance on and pects to the spirit of Carpenter's Day. James Cohen of the U.S. Navy, who received belief in God which gives us strength to As one who lived in Mattapan and a former the Medal of Merit. prevall over atheistic communism. The neighbor of the Carpenter family it is an These and many more aided in bringing Communists fear religion, as their brutal at­ additional honor for me to be present here the enemy to its knees, in the great world tempts to crush it clearly show. We should today. conflagration of 1941-45. True to the tradi­ encourage and not dilute our belief. Post No. 485 was named in honor of Bob tions of the Jewish-American community, I believe that praying together will unite Carpenter who was only 23 years of age when they held to their posts in the face of danger our children and not divide them. I believe he paid the supreme sacrifice on October 27, and fought for the ftag with all they were that all Americans can-and should-pray to­ 1944, but his life story typifies that of the worth. America is proud of her Jewish vet­ gether, as we historically have done. I be­ average American. erans, in the knowledge that no group ex­ lieve that most men are men of good will He enlisted in the U.S. Navy shortly after ceeds them in loyalty, devotion, and deter­ and wm respect their neighbors' rights and Pearl Harbor and after extensive training mined support of her democratic institutions with PT squadrons, journeyed to the Pacific and her insistence upon "liberty and justice feelings. for all." I believe this issue should now be put in 1944 to battle and to die at Leyte. to the people for a vote. Bob passed on to his country and to this world the ideals for which he offered his life and these ideals are being maintained Address by Hon. Joseph E. Karth, of by the post. And in keeping with the occasion, involving Minnesota, Before the National Space The Robert A. Carpenter Post, Jewish as it does the honor of a local patriot, it is Club War Veterans altogether fitting that we also hail the record of your own association, the Jewish Ameri­ can War Veterans. For here again is some­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS EXTENSION OF REMARKS thing worthy of honor, praise, and high 01' OF acclaim. As an organization, the Jewish American RON. JOHN W. DAVIS HON. JAMES A. BURKE War Veterans have a history extending back 01' GEORGIA OF MASSACHUSETTS as far as 1896, and a record embracing the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gallantry of four wars: the Spanish-Ameri­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES can, World Wars I and II, and the Korean Tuesday, June 9, 1964 Tuesday, June 9, 1964 conflict. Your organizational tradition, in turn, hinges on stlll another tradition, pre­ Mr. DAVIS of Georgia. Mr. Speaker, Mr. BURKE. Mr. Speaker, on Sunday dating formation of the organization itself. on April 21, 1964, my colleague, the gen­ morning, May 24, 1964, members of the That is to say, Jewish heroism is discernable tleman from Minnesota [Mr. KARTH], Robert A. Carpenter Post No. 485, Jewish in every war in which our Nation has en­ delivered a thoughtful and penetrating War Veterans of the United States, State gaged. address to the National Space Club in officials, religious leaders, and members Yet owing to the courage of recent gener­ Washington, D.C. With the thought that of the Robert A. Carpenter :family as­ ations of American Jews, we can devote our his address deserves a much wider dis­ in 1258 attention to one war alone-World Warn­ tribution.than it received, it is with pleas­ sembled front of the post at Blue and still come up with enough heroes to sat­ Hill Avenue, Mattapan, Mass., to march isfy the gods of battle in this or any other ure that I insert his remarks in the to Robert A. Carpenter Square at the era, this or any other universe. RECORD: PREPARATION corner of Woodrow Avenue and Blue Hill Studies by the Bureau of War Records in­ Avenue, Dorchester, Mass. It was my dicate that 550,000 men and women of Jew­ (Remarks of Congressman JosEPH E. KARTH, pleasure and privilege to march with this ish faith served in the Armed Forces of the before the National Space Club, Washing­ distinguished group, that included: United States in the course of World War n. ton, D.C., April 21, 1964) Harold Alman, commander of Robert And this actually, in terms of military might, Mr. Chairman, distinguished guests, I am is the equivalent of 37 divisions. Population pleased to be here at your invitation to help A. Carpenter Post. studies completed in 20 representative Amer­ honor Norman Baker who is presiding at his Bernard Becker, past commander of ican cities demonstrated that the percentage last meeting and to let you have some of my Carpenter Post and presently national of Jews in uniform was equal to, and in a though t..c:;. I understand the meeting wlll be executive committeeman from the first number of cases was higher than, the ratio open later for questions from the floor. I region. of Jews to the general population. will try to make my answers as responsive as Albert Schlossberg, past department In the period separating Pearl Harbor and possible. commander of the Jewish War Veterans, V-J Day, 7,500 American Jews gave their You here assembled represent a conglom­ and presently national editor of the Jew­ lives in the national interest, 6,000 in combat. eration of organizations second to none on ish Veteran. The total number of Jewish casualties ex­ earth for their contribution to the securit} Abraham J. Zimmerman, senior vice ceeded 23,400. of the free world and for advancing man's In the matter of national recognition, close knowledge to the moon and beyond. It 1s commander, department of Massachu­ to 17,500 Jewish men and women in uniform truly an enterprise of fantastic achieve­ setts, Jewish War Veterans. were decorated for valor and merit, many of ments. Mrs. Thelma Hurwitz, senior vice pres­ them in posthumous ceremonies. Together, It was responsible in the 1950's for main­ ident, department of Massachusetts, they hold an aggregate of 33,446 awards, in­ taining a dynamism in our economy and Jewish War Veterans Ladies' Auxiliary. cluding one Congressional Medal of Honor; advancing our technology at a time when 1961, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13223 quite frankly there was a dearth of ideas The economic policy of both Presidents Ken­ Certainly he had not the faintest under­ and of progress in the United States. nedy and Johnson as it is taking shape, is standing of the science of cryogenics that Your industries did a tremendous job in directed toward a massive leap forward in was part of its makeup. creating a revolution in weaponry and a our development. This Nation through the He couldn't possibly understand the nu­ new space science. In return, these indus­ Higher Education Facilities Act, the Health clear fission process that propelled it. tries have been rewarded by the people of Professions Educational Assistance Act, the Solid state physics meant absolutely noth­ the United States through their Government. Vocational Education Act has declared its ·ing to him, for he was fishing with the same I know this well for in the past year I had commitment to opening an exciting new era paraphernalia that his forefathers used when occasion to visit many space fac111ties-fa­ in our history. they went fishing. · ctuties which are under the cognizance of One of the immediate and most pressing The only difference was that he was catch­ the subcommittee of the House Committee tasks is, of course, the abolition of the pov­ ing less fish. He was catching less because on Science and Astronautics on which I erty which has consistently doomed one in there were less. The population has in­ serve. every five Americans to ignorance, destitu­ creased, the demands on his fishing grounds The investment which the people of the tion, disease, and despair. When we bring were greater, the United States, the Soviets, United States have made in plants and equip­ these millions of Americans into the main­ and others had new modern fleets. They ment, in scientific knowledge through Gov­ stream of our civilization and expand our caught tl:lem by the tons and only fished ernment sponsored research and develop­ effective market economy by that dimension, when they knew fishing was at its best. ment is staggering. The $17 b1llion which we will indeed be in a position for a dramatic And so it is with most of the developing will be spent for Federal research and devel­ economic and technological takeoff to meet nations. They have not progressed scientifi­ opment this year is more than that spent our needs in education, communications, cally, technologically, and quite frankly, very to run the whole Federal Government in any weather control, control of pollution of our little socially. peacetime year before World War II. environment, our water, housing, in medical While their population has doubled like The New York Times last week summa­ care, and who can predict what else? ours since 1900, their standard of living in rized a report made to the Department of Your industries, I submit, are eminently some instances is not as good as it was. On Defense on "Defense Conversion Potentials." qualified to cooperate in this entirely differ­ the other hand, our standard of living dur­ I was struck by the fact such giants of the ent kind of takeoff because of your unique ing the same time has quadrupled. aviation and space industry as Republic, experience in solving interdisciplinary prob­ Some people may suffer from the delusion McDowell, Grumman, Lockheed, Avco, lems through the technique of systems that this has come about by accident. Noth­ North American, and Hughes have virtually analysis which involve scientific, engineeT­ ing could be farther from the truth. It has one customer-the U.S. Government. ing, political, economic, sociological, and happened because we made it happen. It This, of course, is an unhealthy situation psychological approaches. has happened because we have advanced since it is clear that world peace is at last Now, all that I have said up to this point scientifically and technologically. in the danger of breaking out and the peaks I consider to be important. It is important It has happened at great cost--indeed it of both defense and civilian space spending that great industries such as here represented has been costly. I wonder if anyone of sound could be behind us. prepare for even greater futures. But let me mind, however, would argue whether it has It has been authoritatively estimated that not be misunderstood. While I want to be been worth it? by 1970 there will be a cutback of between idealistic like most other people and in many Our research and development efforts in $5 and $9 blllion in defense spending. And respects I am, I am even more realistic. various and sundry fields wlll continue that Congressman VINSON has been quoted as say­ I do not profess to be an expert on world economic progress, I am sure. I support ing that eventually he expects an annual history, but neither will I admit ignorance this kind of effort. Whether that effort will $10 billion defense budget. of it. While it appears that peace could ever be su1ficient to make up a $50 b1llion I think the Pentagon reports of last week­ become a reality, and we all hope and pray defense-space budget when and if that end expressing disagreement with estimates that it does, we cannot turn our backs to budget is drastically reduced is extremely of drastic defense cutbacks will not be much history and what it must have taught us. doubtful. comfort to an industry which can read por­ Peace has been sought since man's incep­ I think your best bet is preparation. I tents and forecasts better than most. It tion. It must be sought now and even more cannot conceive of a better use of the tre­ may simply be coincidence, but I note that fervently. However, we should not bet all mendous investment the people of the United the Pentagon's statement came out the day our chips on one poker hand, so long as States have made, than to phase you in on before the Congress takes up the Defense we remain a party to the game. And that I the most exciting, challenging, and ennobling appropriation bill. insist we must do. work to which man can dedicate himself. Well, is the future of the aviation, space, We must continue our strength as we ag­ This is the greatest future I can envision for and other defense-reiated industries then gressively pursue the ultimate goal-a very you. I trust you will be prepared when you one of decline and decay? Not necessarily elusive peace. I would argue with those are called upon. unless they have a death wish which is so who insist otherwise. carefully concealed that it escapes my ob­ So what I'm talking about today is not servation. admonition-but preparation. I'm not try­ ing to scare anyone, but I am trying to get The most obvious future to diversification, your attention-and in particular your at­ A Peace Offensive of course, is in the "spin-offs"-new mate­ tention to the probabilities of peace. rials, new products, new techniques, and the In the field of space research, who knows. new sciences which are being developed to EXTENSION OF REMARKS Perhaps as present-day state of art gives way OF meet the demands of the space and defense to even greater breakthroughs this effort will programs. Incidentally, one of the most increase. Again, I think, it depends upon HON. DON H. CLAUSEN comprehensive surveys of the practical re­ what discoveries are made. sults resulting from ·space program activities Can man live for extended periods in outer OF CALIFORNIA was presented during our subcommittee hear­ space? IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ings by Dr. Homer Newell last February in The answer to this question may well be Tuesday, June 9, 1964 response to my request. Quite frankly, I determined by whether or not he must live was amazed when both the commercial and for extended periods in outer space. Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN. Mr. Speaker, technical press almost completely ignored On the other hand, I support research the story. today we are listening to the Foreign Af­ programs such as our efforts in space if for fairs Committee present their views in While the new technology will be of great no other reason than our need for scien­ economic value, as I see it, the great promise tific and technological progress. support of the foreign aid authorization for the future of the space and defense in­ Let me reiterate a story I have told many bill. As one listens to the debate, you dustry is to turn some of the tremendous times. I do not remember how it came to can only conclude that these fine dedi­ imaginations, some of the talents and en­ my attention, but when it did it was most cated members of the committee are cer­ ergies of your management, your scientists 1llustrative and unforgettable. It takes tainly in the spotlight of attention as and engineers to the major social and eco­ place in the Pacific Ocean. It surrounds the nomic problems of our country. they hear testimony and cross-examine Triton submarine and goes something like witnesses before their committee as they The United States has since World War II this. On Triton's submerged voyage around largely deferred achievement of its great the world resulted in an "upping" of peri­ search for a program of foreign aid that potential in order to save the free world scope near the Ph111ppine Islands. As the will adequately meet the challenges of from chaos and revolution. In all history captain looked in the periscope he saw a our times. there is no finer example of self-sacrificing frightened (perhaps Fllipino) fisherman Recently, I spoke to the combined Ro­ generosity and nob111ty of spirit demon­ scurrying away as if frightened beyond de­ tary Clubs of Marin County of my strated by one people for others. For many scription. The fisherman had apparently congressional district. Additionally, I years we have diverted tremendous amounts seen this tremendous shadow beneath the of our resources and talents to foreign eco­ surface. He saw the periscope projecting presented testimony in support of my nomic and mUltary assistance--with an out­ from the water-a strange fish indeed. Freedom Academy bill, which is designed standingly successful record. In all probabi11ty, the fisherman had never to conduct research to develop an inte­ We are now being surpassed in certain heard of a submarine, let alone having ever grated body of operational knowledge in fields of endeavor by our former proteges. seen one. the political, psychological, economic, 13224 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 9 technological, and organizational areas the United States in Vietnam. It is timely logical offensive of our own-an offensive to increase the nonmilitary capabilities of and I would recommend the article to anyone designed to set the stage for winning the desirous of factual information on the cold war against the U.S.S.R. and other the United States in the global struggle world's "hot spot." All Americans should be advocates of the Communist doctrine. between freedom and communism, to ed­ fam111ar with the Ambassador's comments There are, however, a few observations that ucate and train Government personnel because Vietnam is the only place in the I would like to make. Since 1955, I have par­ and private citizens to understand and world where Americans are under fire from ticipated in a program that provides various implement this body of knowledge, and Communist guns. missionary services throughout the world-a also to provide education and training Mr. Lodge has offered some very significant program designed to promote self-sutllclency. for foreign students in these areas of points that I believe to be worthy of note, This program is carried on with no tax sup­ knowledge under appropriate conditions. and I quote, "South Vietnam is a keystone port from the Federal Government. It has for all of southeast Asia, the hub of an area been our experience throughout the years, A peace offensive that recognizes and which is bounded on the northeast and east once a mission station is established and utilizes the unlimited material and hu­ by Formosa and the Phllippines, on the the native stamng is completed-the service man resources available in the private south by Indonesia and on the west by Bur­ continues to expand but the financial re­ sector-an offensive designed to set the ma. Control of South Vietnam would put quirements of the sponsoring organization stage for winning the cold war-·an of­ the Communists squarely into the middle of tend to decrease. In effect, the mission pro­ fensive designed to provide stimulus for southeast Asia-whence they could radiate grams carried on by many denominations can all over. be appropriately identified as a private peace enthusiasm and hope among the people "The conquest of South Vietnam would of the world who desire to remain free. corps. immediately disturb Cambodia and Laos, and Where I strongly believe in the principle The statement follows: bring strong repercussions farther west in of the Peace Corps, I feel it is pertinent to STATEMENT BY CONGRESSMAN DON H. CLAUSEN, Thailand and Burma. It would shake Ma­ point out that the requests for additional ON H.R. 10037, TO CREATE THE FREEDOM laysia to the south. It would surely threaten funds here today suggest an increasing fi­ COMMISSION AND THE FREEDOM ACADEMY, Indonesia. Then, if Indonesia were unable nancial commitment to the sponsor-the U.S. BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN­ or unwilling to resist, the Chinese Commu­ Government--the American taxpayer. With AMERICAN ACTIVITIES, MAY 20, 1964 nists would be on the doorstep of Australia. this in mind, I believe we should give more Finally, eastward, the repercussions for the incentive and recognition to the efforts of Mr. Chairman, I welcome the opportunity Phillipines and for Formosa would be severe. to appear before your committee in support "Therefore when we speak of southeast organizations willlng to carry out and ex­ of the Freedom Academy concept. Your pand the private peace corps concept--it Asia, we are not talking of some small neck would appear to be more e1H.cient and truly committee is to be complimented for initi­ of the woods but of an area about 2,300 miles ating these hearings in the interest of de­ long from north to south and 3,000 miles provide the motivation for people best veloping interest and testimony on behalf from east to west--with about 240 Inilllon equipped to carry on the presentation of the of a program urgently needed to combat the people." American image. well organized economic, political and ideo­ Mr. Lodge continues, "There is vivid recog­ The great struggle between ideologies con­ logical offensive of the Soviet Union and nition that the Vietcong campaign is, above tinues on and wlll be with us for years to other advocates of the Communist doctrine. all, a political affair; that we must organize come. The ideological offensive of the So­ In my judgment. the salvation of our sys­ for the political conftlct as carefully as we viet Union advocates a program where the tem of government, our American way of have organized for mlUtary success-there public sector, I repeat the public sector, pro­ life, the hopes of and aspirations of people must be a true civil-political organization to vides all services to their population-di­ throughout the world who desire to be or go hand in hand with the m111tary." rects their destinies and controls their op­ remain free could rest on the decision this In this paragraph, I believe we have a portunities. The American way of life is just committee makes with respect to this legis­ briefly defined statement of foreign policy the opposite--at least, it has been in the lative recommendation. recommendations that will be required now past--bringing this country to its present It is my personal opinion that the Freedom and long into the future, as we continue the plateau, where we enjoy the highest stand­ Academy should be sponsored, staffed and struggle between freedom and communism. ard of living. The American way of life ad­ guided by the leadership of the private sector It is to this end that I shall address my vocates a minimal intervention in the life of our system. Cooperation with the execu­ remarks. of the individual by government. Our Fed­ tive branch, State Department and other The cold war is not merely a confrontation eral system of government was designed to agencies is absolutely essential to maintain -between the United States and the U.S.S.R., provide the guidelines, under constitutional the necessary security provisions. However, as Soviet propagandists would have the world law and to create the environment for the I do believe the Congress, the legislative believe. It is a war between communism and private sector to advance and flourish, with branch, which is the most responsive to the every nation outside the Red bloc. It is a a minimum of restrictions. electorate, must establish full control of the war that must be fought by citizens of all Quite frankly, I do not believe the full po­ program-offering the necessary guarantee of nations of the free world who desire to re­ tential of our Peace Corps effort will be re­ liaison between Government and the private main free. alized until the Committee on Foreign Affairs sector. The Freedom Academy must at all The so-called cold war should be properly reconsiders the underlying philosophy of the times have as its major objective the full recognized as political war. The battlefronts program. Our philosophy should be reflected development and utilization of people are many and varied and will continue to be in all of our foreign aid programs--more em­ familiar with the workings of our private so as the SOviets create chaos and contro­ phasis in the private sector and less emphasis enterprise system. Further, I want to rec­ Vf!lrSY in the many corners of the world­ in the public sector. Let me make myself ommend vigorously recognition of the vital most of which stem from the well-organized perfectly clear. I am for the Peace Corps role cities, towns, counties, school districts activities of the nearly 300,000 trained sub­ concept and will coni;inue to support the and special service district organizations will versive agents operating in the free world. cause. However, it will be my intent to do play in offering a guideline to developing The arms race, the competition in space and everything within my power to promote the countries throughout the world interested in trade are all part of the Marxist master plan. philosophy that reflects the American system. the adoption of our Federal system. Should However, the political battlefronts are the In addition to current programs, I want to the Freedom Academy and the Commission most serious, because they are the ones on vigorously recommend that the leaders of be established, I would recommend early con­ which the Communists pin their greatest our private enterprise system recognize a new sultation with organizations such as we have hopes for world domination. responsibility of providing for our security. in California-the League of California Unfortunately, it is on the political fronts They must take the lead in projecting an Cities, the County Supervisors' Association that they are the strongest and we are the ideological offensive truly representative of of California-and other municipal organiza­ weakest. our private enterprise system-it is they who tions throughout the country. The National On November 13 of last year (1963), during are the most qualified to lead. The Congress Association of County Officials has an out­ the debate on the Peace Corps, I submitted might consider broadening the incentives to standing action program through their re­ the following remarks. In view of Mr. expedite the formation of such a program. cently formed "Home Rule Congress." The Lodge's comments, you may find them Further, the creation of a Freedom Academy, overwhelming demand for political stab111ty interesting. sponsored by our private sector, staffed by requires our giving prompt attention to these THE PEACE CORPS qualified graduates of our private enterprise important factors. Additionally, we in the The subject of the Peace Corps is re­ system is, in my judgment, the type of pro­ United States must strive to retain the basic ceiving much attention here today as it has gram we should advocate as the answer to the concept of our 3 levels (local, State, and Fed­ since its inception. The primary reasons Soviet ideological offensive. A defensive pos­ eral) of government, assuring that each for its acceptance, in my opinion, are two­ ture by itself is no longer adequate to pro­ level has clearly defined areas of respon­ fold. First, the American people have rec­ vide for our security in these rapidly chang­ sibllity and the available tax sources to meet ognized the failure of other types of foreign ing times. The American people can be proud demands for service responsively and respon­ aid programs which have created a damaging of their accomplishments thus far in history. sibly. image of America and are looking for a pro­ Let us show the developing nations through­ In the April 17 issue of Life magazine, gram that wlll have a longer range, more out the world the American way, a program Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge set forth, productive effect. Second, our people are that positively reflects the American image-­ In a very forthright and provocative article, beginning to realize the urgency of estab­ peace, security, and freedom with justice, a detailed analysis of the problems facing lishing a program that will initiate an ideo- under law. 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13225 During this past year, I have attended the ploit the contradictions In Western society. vide service without entity profit, but with regular State Department briefings available This requires the utilization of elements profit to the members who use and own it-­ to Members of Congress. I studied all avail­ which, although non-Communist, are ideo­ the Associated Press, Sunkist, Railway Ex­ able material that I could get my hands on; I logically at odds with the open society. press Agency, our large mutual insurance participated in study groups with some of These include the more doctrinaire Social­ companies, credit union finance companies, my colleagues; I interviewed and exchanged ists, statist-liberals, pacifists, extreme right­ and agricultural purchasing associations, etc. ideas with people considered to be experts 1n wing conservatives, and some of the nation­ Small business is a facet of American life their fields, including diplomats, ambassa­ alists in underdeveloped countries. that is devastating to the promoters of Soviet dors, military men, international lawyers, A primary justification for large Soviet communism. The word "capitalism" 1s bankers, labor leaders and economists, mis­ embassies in many countries of the free under worldwide attack. The words "small sionary volunteers as they returned from such world is the alleged possibility of Soviet business" are the end of the rainbow for stations as Laos, India, the Congo, Borneo, trade. The possibillties could be immense if many millions of people. The fact that we, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Central America-to trade with the Soviets were not conducted as a nation, have recognized small businesses name a few. by government monopoly and determined as a vital part of our economic life and have With this background of information, I largely by political consideration. shown governmental interest in them is rev­ have joined some of my colleagues in promot­ The Kremlin does not buy what the people olutionary to the thinking of those who have ing the Freedom Academy concept--a con­ need or want, but rather what is essential condemned America as being materialistic cept with a sole objective of winning the cold from the point of view of bullding its power and dominated by big business. war--designed to take advantage of the un­ machine, mostly industrial capital goods and Nothing will appeal to people in distant limited material and human resources avail­ essential raw materials. As these needs are lands more than to be brought face to face able in the private sector. A plan that places satisfied, trade declines. Thus, we have the with the fact that small business is a vital more emphasis in the private sector and less phenomenon that as the Soviet empire part of America. We have an "atomic bomb" emphasis in the public sector as we advance grows, the area under Its jurisdiction is in­ here in the world of ideas that for some rea­ this proven concept of foreign policy. creasingly withdrawn from existing world son has never really been tried. Nothing is The U.S. Government, in its efforts to stem trade. more American than private small business. the Communist tide, has poured b1llions of Soviet trade and their tactics In political Labor unions, through their free labor dollars annually in military, economic, and warfare is one of the chief weapons in the movement, have done a better job of inter­ technical aid to foreign nations. Anyone who arsenal. Their economic offensive Is being preting America overseas than has business. has followed international problems closely felt In all quarters of the world. The news­ Highly organized American labor 1s part will immediately conclude that the funda­ papers are filled with their activities--the and parcel of our present-day capitalistic so­ mental problem is a lack of political stability most recent of which was Algeria and Egypt. ciety. Our laborers are in many cases stock­ brought about primarily, in my judgment, by We, in America, must step up our offensive. holders. Together with business and agri­ inadequate systems of government. Com­ The question arises-How? Should the Gov­ culture, labor has made possible the great pare any of these to the system of govern­ ernment do this? In my judgment, the Gov­ revolution of the past 50 years whereby we ment we have been able to enjoy under this ernment is the least equipped to carry out a have achieved universal participation 1n great Constitution of ours. A Federal sys­ successful program because of limitations capitalism by all segments of our society. tem that provides a maximum opportunity placed on it. . The fact is that they, as free trade union­ for political participation by its electorate-­ Government-to-government programs have ists, believe enough in our system to fight a system that only functions at the wm of failed miserably in foreign aid. The major for it. If the trade associations of the com­ the people or by consent of the governed. talents of this country lie in the private panies for which labor works expand their Without question, these nations' greatest sector. interest in this international program, we need is political aid-we must export knowl­ We must step up the people-to-people ef­ can turn the tide of history-this we can edge and know-how in this vital field. This fort--an expansion designed to promote the and must do. type of political aid could be made available joint venture concept between investors of Voluntary agencies are as representative to the present and future leaders of those our country and investors of interested de­ of American capitalism as any other contem­ Nations who are currently living under the veloping nations. porary institution. There are hundreds of "umbrella" of our military and economic We must rededicate ourselves to capitalist trade associations here that might well appor­ security. principles. Private enterprise is substan­ tion a part of their income to send true busi­ A Freedom Academy could train such lead­ tially better qualified than government to nessmen abroad, without Government sub­ ers in techniques for counteracting the prop­ sell capitalism abroad. Acts, not words, will sidy, to do a better job of interpreting Amer­ aganda of the Communists. These same counter communism. Many of our economic ica. leaders could be trained on how to transmit ideas and ideals can be exported. There are many examples of voluntary knowledge in behalf of legitimate constitu­ One of our major problems is of course agencies-from profit entity business, the tional government, freedom of thought, free­ the problem of education. Many of our supermarket organizations, nonprofit cor­ dom of expression, freedom of economic op­ schools of business and public administra­ porate associations, savings and loan asso­ portunity, the right to assemble peaceably, tion can help. The Agricultural Extension ciations, finance and managerial organiza­ full religious liberty and other basics of the Service, which has worked so successfully in tions are just a few examples of what can be free society-as opposed to the totalitarian this country, could be implemented as we done. state. work to raise their educational facll1ties and If just a few more organizations would In California, much to our credit, the their literacy rate. light their own candles, study the situation county supervisors association has initiated The correspondence school idea should and find where their members' particular tal­ an intern fellowship training program, fi­ certainly be recommended as a program to ents and resources fit, world tensions would nanced through private capital, for young promote worldwide education. be considerably eased. men interested in local government. With The many great service clubs operating in­ Again quoting Ambassador Lodge, "We local government being virtually nonexist­ ternationally-such as the Rotary, Kiwanis, should also be sure that we are making full ent in many countries, thereby restricting and Lions--can and must expand their use of the things in which we excel and participation in a unit of government close sphere of influence. and in Which the Communists are deficient. to the people, I would urgently recommend The Boy and Girl Scouts of America, the We cannot, as a general rule, surpass a that this program be expanded in our own 4-H Clubs, and the various church mission­ young oriental guerr1lla fighter, who doesn't country and further be included in the cur­ ary volunteer programs are but a few of our mind the heat, who can get along on a daily riculum of the Freedom Academy. Consul­ great voluntary organizations dedicated to handful of rice, and who can lie under water tation with our city, county, and school dis­ the improvement of our fellow man. for hours at a time breathing through a trict organizations throughout this great I spoke recently in Fort Worth, Tex., before straw. Nation would provide a large pool of informa­ the junior chamber of commerce--! observed "But we can do better in other things such tion urgently needed in these developing the great effort over the weekend of the as: The use of airplanes; the art of medicine; nations. Sonoma County Junior Chamber people in improved farming and education; the devel­ As previously stated, in this rapidly chang­ an outstanding community promotional ef­ opment of an energetic political system, ing world, a defense posture by Itself is not fort. These young men can chance the world based on justice." enough. Many of you in this room, I am if we have the program to properly channel sure, are former athletes. Let me ask you, their efforts. Under leave to extend my remarks, I "How many ball games did you win by de­ There are four forms of American activ­ submit the following editorial printed in voting all of your time and a tten tlon to ity--cooperatives, small business, trade un­ the Independent-Journal newspaper in defense strategy?" Let's face it, you didn't ions, and voluntary agencies-that can hold response to my presentation: win unless you had a better offense. the key to -solving the problem of how and The challenge to America and indeed the what to communicate to others, the things PRIVATE PEACE CORPS PLAN WORTHY 01!' free world is really the development of an that brought America to its position of lead­ SUPPORT, TRIAL ideological offensive of our own. Some of ership and greatness. We pour billions of tax dollars into foreign this Is already going on, but not enough. The cooperative, the nonprofit corporate aid and Peace Corps efforts to win friends In its endeavors to penetrate the West, association, as it is used in North America, and influence people overseas. the Soviet Union's hierarchy is constantly is something that fascinates oversea leaders. But in many cases, our efforts are rewarded preoccupied with stratagems designed to ex- To name a few of the corporations who pro- with a slap in the face and a spit in the eye. 13226 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 9 This was what Congressman DoN H. CLAu­ I was privileged to accompany the And I confidently predict that strength will SEN probably had in mind last week when he President on the plane to Connecticut, continue to grow more rapidly than the unfolded his Freedom Academy and private rode in his car during the motorcade, might of all others. Peace Corps idea before a gathering of Ro­ and was in the Presidential party both The first area of this increasin.g strength is tarians in San Rafael. our abillty to deter atomic destruction. In Unlike some of the extreme conservative at the Academy and the keel laying at the past 3 years we have increased our nu­ Republicans who would abandon all foreign Electric Boat. There was no doubt as to clear power on alert 2¥2 times, and our nu­ aid and to heck with the rest of the world, the admiration and the genuine warmth clear superiority will continue to grow until CLAUSEN shows an awareness that something of the people for President Johnson. we reach agreement on arms control. needs to be done other than retreating into They were proud that he took time out We have more than 1,000 fully armed a. shell of isolation. from his very busy schedule to visit ICBM's and Polaris missiles ready for re­ Thus, his bold new ideas deserve attention. southeastern Connecticut and to speak taliation. The Soviet Union has far fewer, CLAUSEN gave his listeners plenty of food to them. Their respect for our Chief and none ready to be launched beneath the for thought, with specific and constructive seas. We have more than 1,100 strategic ideas that seem to make good sense. Executive and their friendliness toward bombers, many of which are equipped with First of all, CLAUSEN says he strongly be­ the man were clearly evident everywhere. air-to-surface and decoy missiles to help lleves in the principle of the Peace Corps. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to insert them reach almost any target. The Soviet His main objection is that although the con­ into the RECORD the President's address Union, we estimate, could with difficulty send cept is fine, the methods are not working. at the Coast Guard Academy, the re­ less than one-third of this number over tar­ The Peace Corps and other tax-supported marks of Ensign Robert Leo Armacost in gets in the United States. foreign aid programs bog down in sheer bulk. presenting a gift on behalf of the grad­ Against such force the combined destruc­ The billions poured into the programs at tive power of every battle ever fought by man the source come out a mere dribble by the uating class, and the President's address at the keel laying of the submarine Parga. is like a firecracker thrown against the sun. time it reaches the target area. The second area of increasing strength Is As we get it, CLAUSEN's idea is to have pri­ They are as follows: our abllity to fight less than all-out war. In vate American enterprise-voluntary service REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT AT THE COAST the past 3 years we have raised the number groups and business organizations--send , GUARD ACADEMY, NEW LONDON, CoNN. of combat ready divisions 45 percent. They private Peace Corps teams right into the Admiral Roland, Admiral Smith, Secretary can be moved swiftly around the world by an heart of the problem in underdeveloped areas. and Mrs. Dillon, Governor Dempsey, Con­ airlift capacity which has Increased 75 per­ He mentioned such enterprises as Sunkist, necticut's great and able Senators, my good cent. Supporting tactical aircraft have been Railway Express, and large finance and in­ friends, Tom Dodd and Abe Ribicoff, Senator increased over 30 percent, and the number of surance companies that have branches all Magnuson, Senator Thurmond, Senator Pell, tactical nuclear warheads in Europe has been over the world. They have the know-how, members of Connecticut's fine delegation to raised 60 percent. We, and our NATO allies, they know the needs of the areas, and have the Congress, and other Congressmen who now have 5 Inillion men under arms. In established llnes of communications. work so hard in behalf of our Coast Guard; addition we are now ready to mobilize large He would include such organizations as my fellow Americans: reserves in the event of conflict. Six divi­ church missionary groups, international serv­ In 1790, the Nation which had fought a sions, with all supporting units, can be ice clubs, labor and trade organizations, Revolution against taxation without repre­ moved into action in a few weeks. Scout groups, and educational institutions. sentation, discovered that some of its citizens CLAUSEN belleves these private groups, ded­ And we are continuing to build our forces. icated to helping the needy and improving weren't much happier about taxation with In a few years our airlift capacity wm be representation. And so, in what was prob­ the American image, can do more good at far five times what it was in 1961. Advanced ably the country's first economy drive, the less expense than the present Government weapons and equipment are flowing to our agencies, that are a big drain on the tax Coast Guard was founded at a cost of $10,000 armies. Our fleet is being modernized for 10 cutters. through a. decade-long shipbuilding pro­ dollars. In tribute to your traditions, and in antic­ gram. And new tactical aircra-ft being CLAUSEN would supplement these with the are ipation of your achievements, as Commander built. creation of a Freedom Academy, also pri­ in Chief I hereby grant a general amnesty, vately sponsored to take the offensive in the A third area of increasing strength 1s the and do excuse all Coast Guard cadets from struggle against subversion. Our adver­ ideological war against communism. any penalties which you may now carry with His ideas sound good. We hope his pro­ saries, convinced that direct attack would be you. a;imless, today resort to terror, subversion, gram takes hold in washington and that it The official mission of the Coast Guard, will be given a chance to prove itself 1n the and guerrilla warfare. To meet this threat which hangs in each room of this Academy, we began a large effort to train special forces field. places you "in the service of (your] country to fight internal subversion. Since January and humanity." 1961 we have increased these specialized That mission, your mission, is also the forces eight times. We have trained more President Johnson in Connecticut mission of your Nation. For today we Amer­ than 100,000 officers in these techniques. We icans share responsib111ty not only for our have given special emphasis to this form of EXTENSION OF REMARKS own security but for the security of all free warfare in the training of all military units. nations; not only for our own society but for Our Army now has six Special Action OW' an entire civilization; not only for our own Forces on call around the world to assist our L. Uberty but for the hopes of all humanity. friendly nations. They are skilled in the HON. WILLIAM ST. ONCE In pursuit of such responsiblllties, national languages and problems of the area in which OF CONNECTICUT security requires more than national they are stationed. The Navy and Air Force IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES strength. It requires, first of all, a nation have several thousand men whose abilities, dedicated to justice and to the improvement Tuesday, June 9, 1964 training, equipment, and mission are de­ of llfe for its own people. It requires a na­ signed to combat clandestine attack. And Mr. ST. ONGE. Mr. Speaker, on tion determined to help others eliminate the behind these groups are five brigade-size Wednesday, June 3, southeastern Con­ despair and the human degradation on which backup forces ready to move into instant necticut welcomed President Johnson as the enemies of freedom feed. It requires a action. nation devoted, through speech and deed, to But just as subversion has many faces, our its guest of honor. The President par­ showing those who may grow weary of wlll, responses must take many forms. We have ticipated in the commencement exercises or fearful of the future, that the cause of worked to increase and integrate all the re­ at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy in New human dignity is on the march, its shadow sources, political and social as well as mili­ London, where he delivered a major ad­ is lengthening, and victory is moving nearer. tary and economic, needed to meet a threat dress. From there he went by motorcade But our hope for success in the aims of peace which tears at the entire fabric of a society. to the neighboring city of Groton, where rests also on the strength of our arms. But success in fighting subversion ulti­ he participated in the keel-laying cere­ As Winston Churchlll once said: "Civiliza­ mately rests on the skill of the soldiers of tion will not last, freedom will not survive, the threatened country. We now have 344 mony of the nuclear submarine U.S.S. peace will not be kept, unless mankind unites Parga at the Electric Boat Co. shipyard. te•ams at work in 49 countries to train the together to defend them and show them­ looal mllitary in the most advanced tech­ The local police authorities and the selves possessed of a power before which bar­ niques of internal defense. press estimated the number of people who baric forces will stand in awe." Subversive warfare is often difficult, dirty, viewed the Presidential motorcade at We, as well as our adversaries, must stand and deadly. Victory comes only to those 50,000. There were some 3,500 people at in awe before the power our craft has created with the desire to protect their own free­ the Coast Guard Academy's graduation, and our wisdom must labor to control. In dom. But such conflict requires weapons every area of national strength America to­ and about 11,000 workers heard him day is stronger than it has ever been before. as well as will, abllity as well as aspiration. speak at Electric Boat. All in all, per­ It is stronger than any adversary or com­ And we will continue to increase this haps as much as two-thirds of the popu­ bination of adversaries. It Is stronger than strength until our adversaries are convinced lation of the New London-Groton area the combined might of all the nations In the that this course too will not lead to con­ came to see President Johnson. history of the world. quest. 1961, CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD-SENATE 13227 The fourth area of increasing strength is clear delivrey systems, to stop the spread of craftsmanship, for fine workmanship, for in the development of new weapons for de­ nuclear weapons, and to prohibit the use of outstanding scholarship and for intellectual terrence and defense. In the past several force to solve disputes. And we will welcome leadership. Connecticut also has a reputa­ years we have begun many important new any other proposal by any nation which tion in Washington for some of the most weapons systems. Minuteman II wm have promises realistic progress toward peace. outstanding statesmen to serve in the United twice the accuracy of the first Minuteman. In far-flung corners of this strife-girdled States, and that reputation is being upheld The new Nike-X, when its development ·ts globe ambitious adversaries continually test by my two old and good friends, ToM DoDD completed, will give us the option to deploy, our tenacity and seek to erode our endurance. and ABE RmrcoFF, and your own fine Con­ if national security requires it, the best anti­ American strength 1s engaged and American gressman BILL ST. ONGE. They are helping ballistics missile available to any nation. blood is being shed. to make the laws of your land sound and We are developing a new aircraft, the F-111, It requires patience and understanding to make them wise, and in the same tradition with much greater range, payload, and continue the search for peace while our ad­ your work here in this yard 1s helping to pre­ ab111ty at air combat than present tactical versaries so beset us. But this is what we serve and to defend American civilization. bombers or fighters. must do. It is what, God willing, I intend I wanted to come here today to see first­ The Lance missile, the EX-10 torpedo, the to do. hand some of the men and women who have A7A attack aircraft, a new main battle tank, If we are successful in that search it will labored to put new muscle into America's new antitank missile systems, are the emerg­ be because you, and men like you, gave their military might. All of you know that we are ing products of development that we are lives to duty that our children might live a nation of peaceful people. We have stated carrying on. And that effort is without their lives in freedom. time and time again that all we seek for all parallel in all the world. We w1ll continue So let us hope that this Nation can some the world is peace--peace built on freedom to carry forward new projects which offer day, not too distant, lay aside its awesome and mutual respect among men and nations. hope of adding substantially to our strength. power, and direct all its genius to the better­ But commonsense dictates that peaceful pur­ I can assure the American people that the ment of man. Let us hope that we may soon poses must be supported by purposeful United States is, and will remain, first in the be able to say "The n1ght is far spent, the power. There are those who oppose freedom use of science and technology for the pro­ day is at hand; let us therefore cast off the and security in the world today, so they seek tection of the people. works of darkness and let us put on the by fear and by subversion to thwart man's The fifth area and the most important of armor of light." hope for peace. If they do not understand increasing strength is the ab111ty of the our motives for peace, we must be sure they American fighting man. However impressive REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT AND ENS. RoBERT do not misunderstand our means of power. or ingenious, our weapons can be no better LEO ARMACOST UPON PRESENTATION TO THE The nuclear-powered submarines that you than the men who man them. The com­ PRESIDENT OF A GIFT FROM THE 1964 GRADU• men and women are building here are indis­ plexities of modern weapons require men of ATING CLASS, U.S. COAST GUARD ACADEMY, pensable to the free world strength. One high skill. The complexities of modern war­ NEW LONDON, CONN. of these subs armed with 16 Polaris misssiles fare require men of great knowledge. The Ensign ARMACOST. First, Mr. President, I has an explosive punch greater than all the complexities of the modern world require would like to thank you for the shoulder destructive power unleashed by all the guns men of broad outlook. boards. and cannon, planes and ships, on both sides Today 52 percent of our enlisted men are Now it is my distinct honor to present to during all of World War II. under 25 and are high school graduates, you this token of our appreciation for your Unthinkable, isn't it? They can stay at compared with 39 percent in the country as participation in our commencement exer­ sea months without refueling. They can a whole who are high school graduates. cises. The inscription reads: "Presented to stay underwater as long as their crews can Sixty-five percent of our commissioned of­ the President of the United States, Lyndon stand the strain. And they are ready for fleers are college graduates today, compared B. Johnson, honorary member, class of 1964, instant action. with 7 percent in the nation. Twenty-five U.S. Coast Guard Academy, June 3, 1964, The George Washington, built in this yard, thousand officers hold graduate degrees and from his classmates." has been deployed for 3lf2 years. Since then, thousands more are studying for such de­ In presenting this desk piece and this cer­ 14 of her missiles were ready to fire at any grees. tificate of class membership, we are proud time. And all16 were ready to fire 95 percent In encampments across the world millions to welcome you as a member of the class of of the time. Four years ago, this country of men and women have chosen to serve 1964. had only 2 of these submarines deployed with with low pay and high hazard, with deep Traditionally, the lady of every man at the 32 missiles. We now have 15 at sea with devotion and silent sacrifice, so that their Coast Guard Academy has some remem­ 240 missiles. And we have increased the fellow Americans might enjoy the rich legacy brance of the Academy. I would like to total Polaris program from 24 submarines of Uberty. They stand the hard vigil that present this gift to you to give to your lady, with 384 missiles to 41 submarines with 565 we may pursue the high vision of flourish­ Mrs. Johnson. missiles. ing freedom in a world at peace. These are The PRESIDENT. I know Mrs. Johnson will You men and women have made that in­ the sources of the strength we build, know­ appreciate your thoughtfulness of her. She crease possible--made it possible by your ing, in the words of the Bible, "When the is attending another graduation exercise to­ skill, your energy, your labor. You have strong man armed keepth his palace, his day or she would have been here with me. been the keepers of the peace along with goods are in peace." I have enjoyed very much my work with the sentinels on the wall in Berlin, and our The necessities of our strength are as varied the class of 1964. I hope that 1964 will be soldiers that are stationed in the outposts as the nature of our dangers. The response as good for me as it is for you. around the world. By your devotion to this must suit the threat. Those who would cause, you have been defenders of a larger answer every problem with nuclear weapons REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT AT THE KEEL cause, the cause of freedom and peace around display not bravery but bravado, not wisdom LAYING OF THE "PARGO" (SSN-650) THE the world. but a wanton disregard for the survival of ELECTRIC BOAT Co., GROTON, CONN. Since the first submarine was built here the world and the future of the race. I declare the keel of the Submarine Pargo by an Irish immigrant in 1900, Americans No one can live daily, as I must do, with well and truly laid. of every race, every color, every religion, the dark realities of nuclear ruin, without Men and women of General Dynamics; the from every region, have labored together seeking the guidance of God to find the path distinguished Chief Executive of Connecti­ here in this yard to build a stronger and a af peace. We have built this staggering cut, Governor Dempsey; my longtime able more secure country. We cannot relax our strength that I have told you about not to friends, Senator Tom Dodd and Senator Abe efforts now. We must not confine them destroy but to save, not to put an end to Ribicoff; Senator Claiborne Pen and Sena­ only to the production of new weapons for civ111zation but, rather, to try to put an end tor Strom Thurmond; Senator Magnuson; our military arsenal. For a nation with to conflict. your own very able Congressman Bill St. an unbeatable mmtary power can still be Thus, in the past 3 years, as our strength Onge; other members of the congressional toppled if it does not preserve its moral rose--and, in large part, as a oonsequence of delegation; those Congressmen from other power. Only an America which practices that rising strength-we have been able to States who have worked to improve our de­ equal rights and social justice at home w111 take more tangible steps toward peace than fenses and to make America safe, my fellow be heard as it proclaims those ideals abroad. at any time since the cold war began. We Americans: Only an America which has fully educated established an Arms Control and Disarma­ On the Fourth of July in Paris nearly 130 its people can remain strong. Only an Amer­ ment Agency. We agreed with the Soviet years ago, a great Frenchman, who knew ica that cares for its sick, offers a helping Union on a statement of disarmament prin­ America well, undertook to explain to his hand to its poor, and compassion to its old­ ciples. We signed a test ban treaty. We countrymen the importance of Connecticut. only this kind of America can really win established the hot line. We supported a He told them that "little yellow spot on the the respect of those whose destiny is bound U.N. resolution prohibiting the orbiting of map • • • makes the clock peddler, the up with ours. And only an America which nuclear weapons. We cut back on nuclear schoolmaster, and the Senator." is growing and which is prospering can sus­ production while the Soviet Union did the "The first," he explained, "gives you time; tain the worldwide defenses of freedom while same. And we have just completed the ne­ the second tells you what do do with it; and proving to all onlookers the opportunities gotiation of a new consular agreement. the third makes your law and your civ111za­ of our system. And, as the Geneva Conference reconvenes, t1on." So, men and WOUlen, ladies and gentle­ we have before it a series of proposals that Your State of Connecticut has a long tra­ men, my friends, by the work that you do I submitted, designed to freeze strategic nu- dition, and a worldwide reputation, for fine in this yard you are defenders of America's 13228 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 9 freedom. But by the work you do as citi­ Steamship Co. vessel Chena was in harbor . This i& true for all segments of American zens beyond this yard-and I hope there at Valdez, one of the communities most sav­ seapower-our Navy, Coast Guard, the wlll be much of that kind of work, too­ agely hit by earthquake and tidal wave. Let American merchant fleet and even for our you are designers of America's future. As the thrilling account of what happened to fishing fleet. Together these segments rep­ President of your country, I am proud of the Chena be related by its skipper, Capt. resent the U.S. power on the high seas. We you, and that pride ls shared by men in M. D. Stewart: have one prevailing interest in common­ every land who rely on our power to keep "The Chena arrived at Valdez at 1612 hours to remain strong. But too often this cen­ the peace in this troubled but hopeful world. (4:12 o'clock afternoon) March 27. About tral interest is fragmented in the stir caused So let never any of us shrink from our 1731 o'clock, while dischar.glng cargo, we felt by the small engagements between elements responsib111ty. Let us sustain our pledge a severe earthquake-followed almost im­ of our seapower. Let us look at each one. to work for the day when all people every­ mediately by tidal waves. The U.S. Navy is second to none in the where will know the vindication of that "There were very heavy shocks for about world. It should be second to none. At a ancient vision: "Peace on earth, good will half a minute. Mounds of water were hitting time when the White House is closer to an toward men." Thank you. at us from all directions. enemy power than at any time since 1814, "I was in the dining room. I made it to when a missile can reach out 8,000 miles 1n the bridge (three decks up) by climbing a a matter of minutes, the United States re­ vertical ladder. God knows how I got there. quires a naval power with nuclear armed "The Valdez piers started to collapse right submarines capable of withstanding the full Remarks of Senator E. L. (Bob) Bartlett away. There was a tremendous noise. The thrust of the enemy's destructive power and at Maritime Day Dinner, Propeller Club ship was laying over to port. I had been retaliating with their own destructive might. in earthquakes before, but I knew right away Annually we appropriate over $2 b1llion for of Washington, D.C. that this was the worst one yet. the construction and conversion of vessels "The Chena raised about 30 feet on an on­ in U.S. shipyards for our Navy. This is EXTENSION OF REMARKS coming wave. The whole ship lifted and needed. I am proud to say that the Ameri­ OF heeled to port about 50°. Then it was can people, the President and Congress un­ slammed down heavily on the spot where the derstand the importance of our Navy and HON. THOR C. TOLLEFSON docks had disintegrated moments before. are wilUng to pay the cost to keep it sec­ ond to none. OF WASHINGTON "I saw people running-with no place to go. It was just ghastly. They were just en­ The U.S. Coast Guard is no less important. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES gulfed by buildings, water, mud, and every­ But this may not always be as fully recog­ Tuesday, June 9, 1964 thing." nized. An incident that occurred earlier "The Chena dropped where the people had this year illustrates this most clearly. My Mr. TOLLEFSON. Mr. Speaker, one been. That is what has kept me awake for good friend Admiral Roland appeared before of the finest speeches I have heard on the days. There was no sight of them. The ship the Senate Commerce Committee in January subject of seapower and the American stayed there momentarily. Then there was of this year seeking an authorization of $45 merchant marine was delivered by one of an ungodly backroll to starboard. Then she million to construct 24 new Coast Guard came upright. Then we took another heavy vessels. The admiral related to the com­ the most knowledgeable men on that mittee that most of the money was to be subject, Senator E. L. (BOB) BARTLETT, roll to port. "I could see the land [at Valdez] jumping used to replace older vessels. When I in­ of Alaska. It has been my privilege to and leaping in a terrible turmoil. We were quired as to how old the present vesselS know him for the 18 years I have had inside of where the dock had been. We had were that were scheduled for replacement the honor to serve in Congress. While been washed into where the small boat har­ I was astonished to hear that some were he was in the House as Delegate from bor used to be. There was no water under built in 1926 • • • these 40-year-old vessels Alaska, he served on the Committee on the Chena for a brief interval. I realized were obsolete and originally scheduled for Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Al­ we had to get out quickly if we were ever replacement 20 years ago. In support of the ways his keen understanding and sound going to get out at all. There was water Coast Guard authorization, the Department under us again. The stern was sitting in of State appeared to inform the committee judgment served the interests of Ameri­ broken piling, rocks, and mud." of the importance of modern Coast Guard can seapower well. His address was "I signaled to the engineroom for power vessels for international fishery patrols. made at the Maritime Day Banquet of and got it very rapidly. I called for 'slow There were no other witnesses or even let­ the Propeller Club of Washington, D.C. ahead,' then 'half ahead,' and finally for 'full.• ters in support from other segments of our I am sure that Members of the House In about 4 minutes, I would guess, we were seapower. However, to the surprise of every­ will want to read what he said and for moving appreciably, scraping on and off the one, and particularly to the Coast Guard that reason I am inserting his speech mud (bottom) as the waves went up and and Treasury Department, Congress increased in the RECORD: down. People ashore said they saw us slide (not decreased) the authorization request sideways off a mat of willow trees (placed as by about 30 percent. This came about prin­ REMARKS OF SENATOR E. L. (BoB) BARTLETT part of the fill material in the harbor) and cipally by reason of the leadership, the drive, AT MARITIME DAY DINNER, PROPELLER CLUB that helped put our bow out. We couldn't and the understanding of the distinguished OF WASHINGTON, D.C. turn. We were moving along the shore, with chairman of the House Merchant Marine and I am, of course, delighted to be with so the stern in the mud. Big mounds of water Fisheries Committee, Representative HERBERT many friends of the merchant marine on the came up and flattened out. Water inshore C. BoNNER, and the ranking minority member evening before Maritime Day of 1964. was rushing out. A big gush of water came of that committee, Representative THOR C. This day commemorates the voyage of the off the beach, hit the bow, and swung her TOLLEFSON, WhO is here with US tonight. The SS Savannah in 1819, the first steamship to out about 10°. If that hadn't happened, point of this brief story is that I fear many make a transatlantic crossing. It is true we would have stayed there with the bow Americans, in fact many of us, do not give that our first great steamship with her 90- jammed in a mud bank and provided a the assistance and political support needed horsepower engine made the greater part of new dock for the town of Valdez. We broke here in Washington. that voyage under sail. I said "greater" to free. The bow pushed through the wreck­ Again I stress our interests are basically avoid emphasizing the bare fact that there age of the cannery. We went out into the one. We all, including the Navy, including were 9 hours of sailing time for every 1 hour bay and had to stop. The condensers were our merchant marine, including our fishing of steam time on that 30-day voyage between plugged with mud and pieces of dock. The interests, all should work together more the ports of Savannah and Liverpool. But if chief mate, Neal L. Larsen, checked to see closely in support of these programs. My the Savannah's title is somewhat clouded by if we were taking water. We were taking hope is that all of us interested in the United the rigging she carried, the meaning of that none. It was unbelievable after what the States as a seapower will pull together in voyage is not. If a cloud of steam issued ship had been through." the future for the success of an expanded only intermittently from her small stack, it All of Valdez knows that the Chena re­ vessel replacement program of the Coast was enough to write large against the sky the mained offshore to help Valdez all through Guard. As I recall, Admiral, we have other obituary of almost 5,000 years of sail. that long night and next morning. 40-year-old vessels still in service. The gaffers wouldn't believe it. No man If we remember the Savannah for any­ The saddest story of all, the story that is who ever stood a deck under canvas was thing at all, it should be that she repre­ most depressing to me, is the story of the willing to step aside for a gadget full of hot sented a difficult, distasteful-but inevi­ American fishing fleet. We dazzle the eyes water. They were wrong. They ended up, table--change. Men learned to live with of the enemy with our modern, nuclear­ like the broken hulks of the packets and the the conditions that she represented, or they powered and nuclear-armed submarines; at great clippers, on history's scrap heap. lost all chance of making those conditions the same moment our economic competitors Reference to "scrap heap" and the pres­ different. simply laugh as they view our fishing fleet. ence here tonight of Eskie Clark, vice pres­ We can do no less and survive today. To At hearings on legislation designed to ident of Alaska Steamship Co., make me prevail, we must move with the persistent upgrade fishing vessels last year, the Senate think of a Liberty liner which almost went winds of economic and technological change. Commerce Committee was informed that we to the bottom with all hands on the dread­ We must be ready to consider new ideas, new had in service at last count as part of our ful afternoon of March 27, when nature was techniques, different modes of operation, dif­ fishing fleet a vessel constructed before the in torment in Alaska. Then the Alaska ferent patterns of trade and thought. Civil War. The total fleet includes about 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13229 5,000 boats; some are sa1llng vessels; one­ number of reserve fleet vessels for use in the last week, was no idle tourist. The Russian third 1s over 20 years old; most are too small domestic trade. But we must not forget that vessels that ply the Indian Ocean are regard­ to operate safely beyond our 3-mile limit. this program involves only the exchange of ed as messengers of destiny by the men who The few that are being built do not compare old vessels. This can offer no long-term launched them. with those being constructed by the Euro­ solution and even for the short run will not I do not think we •can safely assume that pean fishing nations and particularly by encourage the use of the most modern ves­ the developing Russian challenge to free Japan and Russia. sel design advantages. I believe more must world shipping can be measured only against The Russian fleet was augmented during be done-and here I am not now referring to the merchant capab111ty of the free world. the past 15 years by the procurement of any national defense argument--but rather Our country has its own burdens to bear. 3,500 new, large- or medium-sized trawlers an economic conviction I have that the U.S. We discovered that in 1950 in Korea. While and refrigerator ships. These range from economy and more particularly the Ameri­ we were frantically breaking ships out of stern-trawling factory ships of the Pushkin can shipper, needs to have available the most mothballs to open a readily available supply type of 2,470 gross tons, and comparable in eftlcient type of water service .to offer- effec­ Une, the merchant fleets of friendly powers size to our own World War II destroyers, to tive competition with other modes of trans­ continued in the business of business be­ the floating canneries of 12,600 gross tons portation, including the railroads. cause there was a better profit to be made. with a crew of 640, which are comparable to The American merchant fleet in our for­ The best guarantee that we can have that our World War II heavy cruisers. On the eign trade, and particularly our tramp fleet, American interests will be served under any drawing board the Soviet Government has a has been also largely ignored. The tramp contingency is to keep the American flag at 35,000-ton fishing vessel, the Vostok. fleet is old and slow and has been declining sea, and to keep it flying over a fleet that 1s The American fishing fleet traditionally at the rate of about 24 ships a year over second to none in performance. That guar­ has been a part of our seapower. At the the past 10 years. Without a special and antee rests upon two conditions. The tlrst beginning of World War II, the Federal Gov­ fairly immediate effort to reverse this trend, is that public policy subscribe to its neces­ ernment, for reasons of national defense, took the tramp fleet may not survive another sity and underwrite the programs that are possession of over 700 of our larger fishing decade. Today we are encouraging the con­ necessary. vessels. This represented 25 percent of our tinued use of primarily a World War II, con­ But the second condition is equally impor­ fishing capacity. When Senate hearings structed tramp fleet. This pollcy, or lack tant. It is that the merchant marine itself, were held on the fishing vessel construction of policy, ignores the development of new in all of its elements, understand and act program last year, no testimony or active trade patterns since 1945 and also ignores the upon the mutuaUty of purpose that unites support came from other segments repre­ presence of modern vessel design. This raises it. No part of the unified effort that 1s senting our seapower. I submit it deserves the question of the adequacy of our cargo American seapower can advance at the ex­ the active support of our Navy, our Coast preference laws and, what is even more sig­ pense of other parts. The merchant marine Guard, and our merchant marine. Legisla­ nificant, the administration of the program should speak loudly with a coherent voice, tion is still pending in Congress to upgrade carried out by Government agencies and in the knowledge that a better fleet serves our fishing fleet; we all should join in this departments. all its parts. effort. The one possible bright spot in the mer­ As we honor tonight the voyage of the SS The American merchant marine is the re­ chant marine industry picture is occupied Savannah, we should not forget that the ship maining segment of the picture of the U.S. by the operators in the liner service. "Were was built in a U.S. shipyard and was manned seapower. This segment itself has been too it not for the foresight and determination of by U.S. seamen. The change that came to often weakened by spllntering and subdivid­ the men in the Congress in 1936 we might the world after the voyage of the Savannah ing our overall interest into foreign and today be celebrating Maritime Day in a mu­ found some prepared' and some unprepared. domestic operators, or liner and tramp opera­ seum among the models of ships that used There is a similar wind of change blowing tors, or maritime labor and management. to be. Instead, we have embarked on a new today. Since the war, 32 countries have It has been said that those who forget the vessel construction program that is pro­ founded national merchant marines. The past are doomed to repeat it. Are we today viding the U.S. merchant marine with a fleet Common Market and other trade and tariff forgetting the past? of the fastest and most modern liner vessels blocs have risen from the ashes that the Certainly we should remember this eve­ engaged on the trade routes of the world. bombers left. We are competing in markets ning that every time this Nation needed its We now must make this fact known to Ameri­ against goods produced with highly efficient merchant marine we found, almost too late, can exporters and importers." machinery, sold with aggressiveness and that we had thrown it away. We should re­ I am not suggesting that all is well with purpose. The world no longer takes what member that every great polltical change our operation of liner vessels in the foreign we give it. that has come to the world in the past 20 trade. The companies have been kept as And there is something else at stake. We years has underscored the need for an effec­ busy here in Washington with congressional tive and modern merchant marine. We do not export only the products of our mllls and departmental studies being undertaken and factories. We export a way of life. It is should remember that when we read the of the construction and operating differential the invisible cargo that travels with every headlines from Vietnam and Laos-as we subsidies and their participation in shipping American vessel. The ship that berths at a read from Korea and Lebanon-they are de­ conferences as they have been active along foreign harbor, the men who come down the scribing a contest in which the merchant their respective trade routes. My guess is marine has a greater, not lesser, part. gangplank, are America to much of the that next year wlll bring no substantial world. That is the final purpose of the It is unfortunate that is a point that needs change in this respect. My sincere hope is merchant marine, and the one that unites making-if not in this room, then in the that the work in Congress, in the Maritime the others. In the most crucial marketplace N-ation at large. Administration, and in the Federal Maritime of all, the exchange of ideas and impressions The American merchant marine is not so Commission wm continue to be undertaken in men's minds, the merchant marine can impressive as our modern Navy nor has it by men dedicated to building constructively, make its most rewarding voyage of all. been ignored like our fishing fleet. But when not ignoring, our merchant marine. This re­ we speak of the merchant marine fleet we quires dedicated, intelligent, and qualified must be more specific and selective. men, men who recognize the larger and even When we consider the domestic fleet--and global issues at stake. the Senate Commerce Committee held ex­ I do not want to labor the point, but it Attorney General Kennedy Addresses tensive hearings on this matter recently-! is interesting to note that the Soviet Union, Marquette University Commencement believe we are in a field that has been largely with an intense internal demand for limited ignored by Congress, by every recent admin­ amounts of foreign exchange, is spending istration, and by the public ever since the considerable amounts on building what EXTENSION OF REMARKS close of World War II. Before the war there promises to be one of the largest and cer­ OF were over 400 dry cargo vessels in the do­ tainly the most modern merchant fleets in mestic coastal trade. They represented the the world. HON. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI merchant vessels most readily available and The Soviets fully intend to increase their OF WISCONSIN were immediately taken for Government serv­ foreign trade and to carry the bulk of it in ice during the first days of World War II. their own bottoms. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Today, there are only 50 dry cargo vessels They realize, as well, that when the pos­ Tuesday, June 9, 1964 operating in our domestic coastwise and sib111ties of choice in a nuclear world swing intercoastal trade. more and more on limited warfare, when Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, last This fact prompted Congress and the Marl­ nations are brought to grief not by the blast Sunday Attorney General Robert F. Ken­ time Administration to commence a vessel of a bomb but by the file of men through nedy was the principal speaker at com­ exchange program to upgrade the fleet by a quiet jungle, the availability of a merchant mencement exercises of Marquette Uni­ making available vessels from our Govern­ power becomes a prime military asset. versity, Milwaukee, an outstanding ment reserve fleet. This program should be They are fully aware, as well, that the Jesuit institution of higher learning in encouraged and liberalized; it should also ultimate interest of communism may be be expanded by permitting vessels other than served as well, if not better, by the pene­ my district. World War II-built vessels to be traded in tration of economic markets as by the cross­ The Attorney General was presented by the operators and by permitting opera­ ing of a guarded border. Premier Khru­ with an honorary doctor of laws degree tors to obtain a wider range and a larger shchev, standing in the hot sun near Aswan as a "relentless exposer of corruption in 13230 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 9 public life" and because he had taken a Idealistic and vigorous, it is a deeply neces­ scenic America; a bitter, hopeless America as sary service in our difficult and paradoxical easily as the confident America of polyethyl­ "calm, dignified, and determined posi­ time. We are fast discovering that whatever ene wrapping, new cars, and camping trips tion" on civil rights. our wealth or our technological skills, each in the summer. The university intended to bestow par­ new advance exposes an old problem. Michael Harrington has described the poor ticular honor on Mr. Kennedy by asking Our scientists grapple with the difficul­ as the invisible Americans. Let me propose him to speak. It marked the first time ties of placing a man on the moon, but the that the pbJ:ase can be reversible. It is, after 1n many years that a layman has given immediately troubling concern of our society all, only a matter of perspective. For the the commencement address at Marquette. is whether men of different races can sit unemployed city laborer or the uneducated The Attorney General's remarks were together at a lunch counter. Automation Appalachian teenager or the aiUng, elderly provides us with wonders of production and widower, it is the comfortable American who indeed worthy of such an occasion. In information, but no answer to the question is invisible. them, he emphasized the concern which of what to do with the men the machines Let me suggest that just as the university all youth-and all Americans-must feel displace. gives you the tools and talents to work at the when confronted with the social prob­ In short, the power and the resources of highest levels of society, so does it call on you lems of our times. modern technology, education, and civiliza­ to give to all society the benefits of those He called upon the graduates to take tion do not enrich the lives of all men. We talents. advantage of their university training to do not all live in the same century. "Our country," said Theodore Roosevelt 1n participate wholeheartedly 1n politics, The New York World's Fair exemplifies the 1899, "calls not for the life of ease, but for government, and community affairs, in scientific advances of the 20th century and the life of strenuous endeavor. The 20th it offers suggestions about the America of century looms before us, big with the fate order to build a better society 1n the the 21st century. But less than an hour of many nations." United States. away in Harlem, people live in squalor and That prediction may be even more valid Because of the pertinency of Attorney despair more closely resembling the 19th now than it was when uttered. There has, General Kennedy's remarks, I request century. A few hundred miles away, in the perhaps, never been a time in our history permission to include them in the RECORD remote hovels of Appalachia, the life of the when the gap between college and com­ and earnestly commend the attention of people is, if anything, worse than it was a munity has been smaller, when the need my colleagues to them: hundred years ago. for active involvement by young people has Such disparity cannot be tolerated in a been stronger, and the opportunity for them ADDRESS BY ATTORNEY GENERAL ROBERT F. society which believes in free opportunity, to do things of significance has been KENNEDY, COMMENCEMENT EXERCISES, MAR­ or even in one which only talks about it. greater. QUETTE UNIVERSITY, JUNE 7, 1964, MIL­ And I believe that our generation is com­ I would say to all of you that the most WAUKEE, WIS. mitted to seeking an end to such disparity meaningful and rewarding way of achiev­ Father Kelley, Father O'Donnell, Governor and solutions for the problems of the Nation ing that involvement is in politics, in Gov­ Reynolds, members of the faculty, and men and the communities in which we live. ernment service. Politics has not always and women of Marquette, it is a very great Labels for college generations are always been an honored profession and there still honor for me to come here today to accept risky. To call earlier college eras simply are those who would agree with the view · this degree and with it, membership in the the silly or the silent generations was to expressed years ago by humorist Artemus distinguished ranks of Marquette alumni. exaggerate. But I think it is fair to describe Ward: "I am not a politician and my other I have looked forward to visiting Marquette yours as a generation of unusually genuine habits are good also.'' with particular anticipation since I read up and intense concern with social justice and But that is not the only view. The word on your early history-! should now say our intellectual freedom. "idiot" comes from the Greek for a per­ early history-and discovered what interest­ Political and social involvement have son who did not participate in public af­ ing exercises Marquette has had at the end meaning to you and your contemporaries fairs. And in America, I believe we have of the school year. across the country. Thousands of students come to develop respect for the public serv­ After the first academic year, for example, work on behalf of civil rights, or remedial ants who make such an important contribu­ on June 28, 1882, there was a program which reading, or community problems. Peace tion to our society. I doubt could be matched today. Before as­ marchers or college civil rights demonstrators There is opportunity to share in that con­ sembled citizens of Milwaukee, one young may not always express their concerns in the man demonstrated how to calculate the num­ tribution for young people and there are wisest or most effective manner, but it is many in Government, whether in the Civil ber of gallons in a wine cask. Two students clear that those concerns are deeply felt. prompted hearty applause when they drew Rights Division of the Department of Jus­ Those concerns stem in part from the in­ tice, or as aids to President Johnson, or in a "beautiful map of Wisconsin on the black­ tensified concern of our whole society for board." There was singing and some acting State and local governments across the coun­ the problems of social justice. And they try. and then came the oration of the evening, also stem from your Marquette training as entitled, "Let My Actions Speak." educated, humane men and women. You The likelihood is that you will choose a The aspect of the oration that particularly will continue to feel these concerns as part private career, but the same point still ap­ attracted me was the crowd's reaction to the plies. Whichever arena you choose, you of the legacy of college. can still carry a sword against the common speaker. The speech, a newspaper account So there is no need for me to come and said at the time, "was listened to with exhort you, in the manner of so many of the concerns which affiict our communities. breathless attention." I am sure Marquette commencement speeches made since com­ "Our ordinary citizens," said Pericles in audiences have not changed in the inter­ mencements commenced, to develop such his funeral oration, "though occupied with vening years. concern. What I come instead to ask is the pursuits of industry, are still fair judges The purpose of those 1882 exercises was to whether you-and these like you in the col­ of public matters • • •. Unlike any other demonstrate to the citizens of Milwaukee leges of the Nation-will continue to act on nation (we regard) him who takes no part that Marquette could indeed provide a re­ behalf of those deeply felt concerns. in these duties not as unambitious but as spectable education. No such public dis­ The very college experience which has useless." play is needed now from what has grown helped to expand your awareness of these You, the beneficiaries of the best training into this great university. Its men and wom­ problexns is also the experience which pre­ our society can provide, have a particular en have demonstrated the importance of pares you for a place in society far removed obligation to be useful, an added responsi­ their Marquette experience by the contribu­ from the problems. bility for the welfare of society. tions they have made to Milwaukee, the Mid­ As lawyers or doctors or businessmen-or Certainly you will be concerned with the west, and the Nation. as their wives-you will be escalated be­ quality of schools-but let that concern ex­ The outstanding performance in the Peace yond contact with the large number of peo­ tend beyond the schools your own children Corps by Marquette graduates like Barbara ple in this country whose principal worries attend. Certainly you will be concerned with Olsen, Mike Shea, and Rocky Santos provides are hunger and hope. You will be part of juvenile delinquency, but let your concern vivid illustration. the mere 9 percent of Americans with col­ extend beyond criticism to the treatment of There is a picture of Rocky in the Peace lege degrees and you will be equipped to the social conditions in your community Corps files in Washington showing him at work in the very latest day of the 20th which breed delinquency. the site of an extraordinary project in Ecua­ century. It is not enough in these times to lend dor. He and five fellow volunteers succeeded But will you also work to bring the bene­ your talents to your job, to raising f\ family, in organizing several hundred natives to fits of your preparation to the citizens who and to leading a self-sufficient, pleasant life. blast and carve a road to their village out of still live in the past? Will the problexns of You, with the advantage of a college educa­ a steep and stony 1,000-foot hillside. The race or poverty or underdeveloped nations tion and with the spirit of freedom and picture shows him with some dynamite, with exist for you only in the sympathetic but human dignity it releases, must participate a smile, and-loyal to the ends of the earth­ abstract world of the Sunday newspapers wholeheartedly in politics, government, and with a Marquette sweatshirt. and the political magazines? community affairs. The intelligence and energy of young It is not enough simply to be aware, or Two years ago, in this city, President Ken­ people like these Marquette alumni demon­ concerned, or sympathetic. While we are a nedy stated the alternatives. "I see this strate that America is modifying the axiom, free society, we are not yet a perfect society. country," he said, "as the most powerful, "youth will be served" to "youth will serve." One can find a squalid America as easily as a vital, vigorous country in the history of the 1964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13231 world, carrying responsibility all around the phasize, an integral part of this fight is Commerce Committee, chairmaned by Sena­ world • • • or I see it standing still." the strengthening of our free economy. tor MAGNUSON. Let us make our choice for progress. Let Government's proper role 1n our economy, Only recently, folloWing exhaustive hear­ us obliterate the past which is, for too many I repeat, is to help bolster American busi­ ings, it was approved by a Special Senate citizens, the somber present and the hopeless ness and industry in every way possible-­ Subcommittee on Quality Stab111zation. future. With the clarity and compassion of without regimenting or stifling the freedom We are hopeful that the quality stabiliza­ the university atmosphere, let us labor to of the marketplace. tion b111 will be passed out of these com­ build a future in which all Americans can And it is precisely because I believe that mittees and come before the Congress this share, with common prosperity and common Government has this special role of responsi­ year for final passage. pride. bility that I am one of the 24 Members of In this connection, much depends on the House of Representatives and 11 Sena­ whether those upon whom the real strength tors who have sponsored the quality stabili­ of our system rests-the people back home zation bill. at the grassroots-understand their interest Trapdoor of the Treasury-Speech of Quality stab111zation is a perfect example as consumers in this fight. Hon. Thomas M. Pelly, of Washington of legislation aimed at strengthening our The people must be given the true facts. economy without placing undue Government Confusion is the weapon of the opposition. restraint on business. It is legislation which The Saturday Evening Post, for example, re­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS Will , preserve wholesome competition cently carried an article. It implied my in­ OF and yet eliminate many of the economic terest was selfish and that I owned a sta­ ills now threatening the existence of the tionery store. HON. THOR C. TOLLEFSON independent retailer. I have no conflict of interest. 01' WASHINGTON Your own organization has long been on I own no such retail business. However, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the frontline in this effort to curb the pred­ as a former retailer, I know from experience atory evils of unethical, cutthroat retail com­ the importance of this legislation. Tuesday, June 9, 1964 petition. The electorate must understand the vital Mr. TOLLEFSON. Mr. Speaker, re­ You have recognized that the destruction life and death issues concerning our eco­ of the American independent retail merchant nomic system-and public opinion must cently our colleague, the Honorable would have serious, adverse, and far-reaching make itself felt. THoMAS M. PELLY, of the State of Wash­ effects on the national economy. That is why you here in this audience and ington, spoke before the Washington Indeed, one witness for a giant retail chain others like you throughout the country must Automotive Wholesalers Association at operation has gone so far as to boast to a make your support for quality stab111zation Spokane on the topic ''Trapdoor of the congressional committee that if present clear to your elected representatives in Treasury." Congressman PELLY has for trends continue, over 80 percent of our retail Washington. many years been an articulate spokesman businesses w111 be controlled by only 50 giant And this registering of your opinions is in behalf of constitutional government companies within the next 10 years. equally true regarding other issues involv­ How Will this effect the economy as a ing the preservation of constitutional gov­ and our free enterprise system. I believe whole? ernment generally. his Spokane address deserves the careful To begin with, there is always the human The center of this fight is in Washington, study of all of us concerned with the element involved-the loss of security for D.C.-in the U.S. Congress and in the other preservation of constitutional safeguards thousands of men and women whose liveli­ branches and bureaus of our Government. and our way of life. With unanimous hood depends on the small, independent mer­ But the frontline is back here at home, consent, I insert Congressman PELLY's chant. for public opinion is a powerful force. remarks in the CONGRESS!ON AL RECORD: Then there is the affect of monopoly and It is up to you, the people, to enter into the reduction of retail outlets, the affect the battle against those who distrust power TRAPDOOR OF THE TREASURY on producers, manufacturers, and distribu­ in the hands of the people and who would (Text of speech by Congressman THoMAS M. tors-not to mention the loss of responsible break down and destroy the institutions PELLY before the Washington Automotive service to American consumers. created and fostered by the Founding Wholesalers Association, Spokane, Wash., The elimination of competitive neighbor­ Fathers. May 23, 1964) hood service will place every consumer and We in the Congress who believe in an un­ It is a real pleasure to speak here today distributor at the mercy of the giant mer­ fettered thriving economy ask, and must at this meeting of the Washington Automo­ chandisers. have, your support and help back home if tive Wholesalers Association. Quality stab111zation is directed at prevent­ we are to succeed. Having spent the greater part of my busi­ ing such an eventual economic catastrophe The topic I chose, by the way, for these re­ ness life as an active trade association mem­ by providing brand-name manufacturers marks, "Trapdoor of the Treasury," has to ber, I can assure you I feel more at home With a means of protecting the good name do With the use of your money and the dan­ talking to a group of businessmen such as and reputation of their products. ger posed to our constitutional system by the yourselves than I do talking in the House The misuse of national brand-name mer­ surrender of legislative powers to the execu­ of Representatives to my fellow legislators. chandise as "loss leader" and "bait" for un­ tive branch. However, both as a former businessman suspecting customers is one of the chief Originally, I labeled this type of uncon­ and as a six-term Representative in Con­ devices of the unethical retailer. trollable and unconstitutional expenditure gress, I hold firmly with the great Daniel As you know, the quality stab111zation b111 as "backdoor spending." However, I have Webster, who once said the Constitution of would give the independent brand-name decided that "trapdoor spending" comes the United States was adopted for no single manufacturer the same right over his prod­ closer to describing the evil and insidious reason so much as the protection of busi­ uct as is now employed by chainstores nature of this type of financing. Now, I refer ness. marketing their own private-label goods. to it as "trapdoor spending." In fact, every one of the early Presidential And by providing protection for brand­ How about those forefathers who created addresses to Congress recognized our Gov­ name merchandise, quality stab111zation the remarkable document that is our Con­ ernment's responsibillty to promote the would also give the small independent re­ stitution? What would they say were they well-being of the Nation's business. tailer protection for his most precious stock alive today to see their Government in opera­ Thomas Jefferson once referred to agri­ in trade his reputation and the quality of tion? What of their safeguards? culture, manufacturers, commerce, and navi­ his merchandise. The line of their thoughts disturbs me. gation as the four pillars of prosperity. I should point out, too, that quality stabil­ For I can hear Jefferson, Hamilton, Frank­ When left most free to individual enter­ ization is purely voluntary legislation, and lin, and Madison protesting the steady break­ prise, these four pillars, he said, would be therefore is in keeping with the principles down of separation of powers among the re­ most thriving. of our free enterprise system. No manufac­ spective branches of our Government. Unfortunately, especially during the past turer would be compelled to come under the Did not Madison, in the Federalist, once few decades, centralized government has provisions of the law; nor would any dis­ warn us, saying: "The accumulation of all grown and its bureaucratic regulatory func­ tributor or retailer be required to handle powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, tions have increased to the extent that busi­ any product. in the same hands, whether of one, a few, ness has not been most thriving. It has not And finally, let me stress that those of us or many, and whether hereditary, self-ap­ been left most free to individual enter­ who support this legislation-who believe it pointed, or elective, may justly be pro­ prise. is vital to preserve our free retail economy­ nounced the very definition of tyranny"? It has been taxed and regulated and red­ do not claim it 1s a cure-all. But we do Yet, what Madison feared and warned taped almost beyond thriving. maintain it will represent Government ac­ against--the accumulation of powers into Nevertheless, I assure you, there are many tion to stem the present loss of American the same hands-has been transpiring 1n of us in the Nation's Capital who intend retail lifeblood and add vigor and new Washington !or more decades than many 1n to keep fighting to preserve const1tut1onal­ strength to the meaning of competition in this room have lived. lsm and the independent, profit incentive the Nation's marketplace. Much of this has transpired during the system that has pr~uced the highest living The b111 is now awaiting action by the past three decades and were powers inher­ standards in the world. And let me em- Houae Rules Committee and the full Senate ent 1n Government spending programs. 13232 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 9 These powers accompanied the dollars which Congressmen who, to a considerable degree, Under a House parliamentary ruling in passed through the trapdoor of the Treasury. were under pressure to support their respec-. 1949, this method of borrowing from the They accompanied borrowed trapdoor money tive programs. Individual Members gen­ Treasury was declared a loan and not an ap­ which has bypassed constitutional safe­ erally speaking have always sought to use propriation. This decision held that "trap­ guards. their committee assignments to guard the door" Treasury borrowing did not violate As a Member of the U.S. House of Repre­ special interests of their districts. To have House rule XXI(4), because it was based on sentatives, I have had to watch the steady a watchdog independent committee with the intention that the Treasury would be erosion of powers of the legislative branch virtual veto power overseeing projects and repaid. by the executive branch of Government. programs which these other committees had There are many Members of the House who World war and the cold war-the menace of authorized was hardly conductive toward regard this parliamentary ruling permitting international communism-have provided engineering popularity with Members of this practice in bills from legislative commit­ the executive branch with ever-increasing Congress not on the Appropriations Commit­ tees as unsound and contrary to the clear in­ powers to meet successive crises. The Ameri­ tee. tent of the rules change of 1920. We cite, can people have grown used to government Consequently, in 1880, the House Commit­ also, the Constitution, which provides that by crisis. We have therefore come to accept tee on Agriculture succeeded in obtaining the only way money can be drawn from the the exercise of Presidential powers which appropriations as well as authorization juris­ Treasury is by appropriation made by law. generations of Americans before us would diction, and a few years later, several other We contend, with complete logic, that by­ have considered dictatorial. committees likewise were given this privilege passing the established appropriations proc­ The Executive invasion of the powers and under the rules of the House. ess is nothing short of cutting the heart out rights of the legislative branch embraces all This divided arrangement over spending of the objective of the 1920 rules change. phases of our Government, foreign and do­ bills resulted in weakened overall control over "Trapdoor" financing that started in 1932 mestic. In matters relating to foreign policy, the financial affairs of the Government. has been used frequently in the intervening recent years have seen an increasing use of During the ensuing quarter of a century years. To authorize an agency to borrow Presidential decree, Executive order, and and more, without a single safeguard com­ from the Treasury for loaning purposes was Executive agreement to bypass the legisla­ mittee to relate all expenditures to the one thing, but in time the device came to be tive powers of advice and consent held by amount of its revenue, our Government's used for soft loans and for payments of grants the Senate. But nowhere is the Executive's annual deficits averaged about a billion where the funds expended were not subject effort to circumvent the powers of Congress dollars a year. And a billion dollars was to repayment. more evident than with "borrowing" Treas­ an almost unheard of sum in those days. "Trapdoor" spending thereby offers a ury funds. I would suppose $1 billion then would means of postponing losses and deficits. As As you know, trapdoor spending is the amount in value to about $10 billion today. such, more than $16 billion of these Treas­ device whereby the executive branch bor­ The resulting lack of control and a na­ ury borrowings has been canceled, and in the rows money from the Treasury and spends tional debt of close to $24 billion was cause future more losses will have to be forgiven. it on projects without a year-to-year scrutiny for alarm. In the 87th and 88th Congresses, however, by congressional Appropriations Committees. So it was that in accordance with pre­ I organized a bipartisan effort to eliminate The end result of this is the transfer of con­ viously adopted planks of both political this procedure. Unfortunately, my plan to trol of the Government purse strings from parties, in 1920, two reforms were proposed; rewrite the House rules to tighten up and elected officials--from representatives di­ one was to have the Chief Executive submit bring "trapdOQr" spending under the juris­ rectly responsible to the people-to executive a budget each year, which should be an esti­ dlction of the Committee on Appropriations department bureaucrats. mate of the necessary sums to carry on the has never succeeded. But on the other hand, Needless to say, the power of the purse is Government. The second plan was to amend great progress has been made in meeting this a controlling factor in any government. the House rules to provide a single Commit­ issue, when the House has been considering Recognizing this, the Founding Fathers tee on Appropriations, such as had been the measures with "trapdoor" spending in them. placed spending of the taxpayers' money in practice earlier. So much so that in 1963 and 1964, so far, the hands of that body of public servants In this connection, finally, on June 1, 1920, there have been no additional Treasury bor­ closest to the people-the House of Repre­ rule X:XI(4) of the House rules was adopted rowing programs authorizations enacted, sentatives, whose Members are directly an­ to provide that no measure carrying appro­ and some have been eliminated. swerable to the people for their actions every priations should be reported by any com­ I very much hope that from now on all 2 years. mittee except the one committee having new spending bills will be channeled through Through this provision, the Constitution jurisdiction over spending. one committee, such as was intended when provides a check against an all-powerful The Committee on Appropriations, it was the 1920 reform was adopted. However, Executive. believed, would stand as an impartial arbiter many programs, and many very popular pro­ Without this constitutional scrutiny, with­ over all the legislative committees, so far as grams, I might say, have been financed by out funds which have been properly justi­ appropriations were concerned. This single borrowing from the Treasury, and frankly, fied and approved by Congress, the executive committee, when retrenchment was neces­ any action which might endanger or disrupt branch has what amounts to a blank check. sary, could lay down the rule by which such the operation of these programs will prob­ Bypassing in this way the normal legisla­ retrenchment could be brought about. It ably not meet with House approval. tive appropriations procedure makes of the could exercise overall control. Frankly, the present leadership of Con­ Legislative Branch a mere rubberstamp. It Now, again, one House committee had the gress does not favor closing the trapdoor erodes congressional power and eliminates a heavy responsibility to weigh the needs of completely, so until a Speaker and the legis­ safeguard written into the Constitution to each Government department as against lative House leaders are willing to see all protect you and all the taxpayers of America. other departments and also to evaluate all jurisdiction over appropriations contained in Our forefathers knew that dictators must expenditures against the condition of the one House committee, the issue is apt to go have money and that tyranny is easy to Federal Treasury. unresolved, even though at the moment the establish but difficult to displace. But, as indicated earlier, the members of majority of House Members oppose trapdoor Furthermore, the purpose of the appro­ the respective legislative committees have spending in principle. priations process was to provide for the never been too happy about this rule, which Let me cite another important example of weighing of the urgency and need for ex­ deprived them of reporting bills carrying how Congress' constitutional powers are be­ penditures as against the amount of revenue appropriations for programs under their ing eroded. Many times we hear it said by available and the general condition of the committee jurisdiction. ' spokesmen for the executive branch and by Treasury. others that foreign policy is wholly an ex­ Let me briefly trace the history of this Nevertheless, the new system did contrib­ ute an improved system of checks and bal­ ecutive responsibility under the Constitu­ method of authorizing Federal expenditures. tion. We hear this line of argument when­ In 1789, the Ways and Means Committee ances. For the ensuing 10 years, a budget surplus averaging about $1 billion a year ever the President desires to push ahead of the U.S. House of Representatives was with a particular international program by created with authority to report both reve­ followed. But unfortunately, in 1932, a new device Executive decree, without congressional nue and appropriations bills. This jurisdic­ approval. tion of one committee over revenue and ex­ to obtain funds for Government agencies penditures continued for 76 years. It was a without the traditional appropriations proc­ Now, what does the Constitution say con­ logical basis of keeping Treasury outgo and ess was initiated. Instead of a regular ap­ cerning executive and legislative powers in income in balance. propriation, a bill containing language pro­ the area of foreign pollcy? If some of the However, with the growth of our Govern­ viding for borrowing from the Federal Treas­ proponents of unchecked Executive power ment through the years, the committee's ury to finance programs was used, thus by­ in international affairs would take the time workload became too heavy. Thus, in 1865, passing the normal appropriations procedure. to reread their Constitution, they might a new committee was created, to handle ap­ As a result, a means of avoiding an annual understand why Congress so stubbornly in­ propriations. Under the new arrangement, reporting and regular scrutiny of the Com­ sists on exercising its rights in this vital one House committee had jurisdiction over mittee on Appropriations was established, area. revenue matters and a second committee of and over the next 30 years, Congress used this For the Constitution does not-despite the House was given jurisdiction over all method to finance many Government pro­ what propagandists for an all-powerful ex­ appropriations. grams. A total of in excess of $150 billion of ecutive say-give the President total author­ The other legislative committees, mean­ "trapdoor" borrowing has since been author­ ity in handling our country's foreign affairs. while, were largely composed of individual ized. As a matter of fact, the reverse is almost 1961, CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 13233 true. It is Congress that is intended to Congress' right to do so-it is Congress' duty the question can seriously be posed: Can the exercise the real power in this area, with under our Constitution, article I, section 8, Congress survive? the executive merely carrying out the poli­ paragraph 3. By that, I mean can it survive not as a cies set out by the legislative branch. Congress-not the President-is em­ rubber stamp, but as an autonomous, ac­ Presidential powers in the foreign policy powered to "define and punish piracies and tive political entity. area are mentioned in only one place in felonies committed on the high seas, and Emperor Augustus did not abolish the the Constitution. offences against the law of nations. • • •" Roman Senate or Hitler the German Reich­ "He shall have power," says the Constitu­ Thus, those who argue that Congress has stag. An assembly is convenient to a dic­ tion, "by and with the advice and consent no right to distinguish in any foreign aid tator-in fact, it has been called an indis­ of the Senate, to make treaties, provided appropriation between countries that are pensablEil instrument of managerial rule. two-thirds of the Senators present concur; friendly to us and countries that are not and The Soviets maintain an assembly; that is and he shall nominate, and by and with the which commit offenses against international proof of its advantage in lending a false advice and consent of the Senate, shall ap­ law, are wholly incorrect. For this, too, is front of respectability to a dictatorship. point Ambassadors, other public ministers Congress' duty-under article I, section 8, So, when I ask if Congress can survive­ and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, paragraph 10 of the Constitution. What I mean is, can constitutional govern­ etc." And let us not forget that although the ment, a sovereignty of the people, survive in Incidentally, an example of the intergov­ President is Commander in Chief, Congress the United States? ernment power struggle in respect to foreign alone can-1 quote-"raise and support Formal shifts in power from Congress to a affairs arose immediately after President Armies" and "provide and maintain a President, such as by reorganization, by Johnson became President. Navy • • •," under provisions of paragraphs specific grants of authority, are relatively On November 22, 1963, President Johnson 12 and 13 of the same article. easy to identify. But the influence gained addressed the Congress immediately after he We see, then, that the notion that for­ by slow accretion, through long-developing took over the reins of Government. He eign policy powers are held by the Presi­ trends, or even by isolated aggressive seizures boasted that after more than 30 years in the dent alone is not supported by the Constitu­ of the initiative through extralegislative legislative branch, its independence and tion. Even the power held by the President channels, is much more difficult to assess. integrity were in the marrow of his bones. in the field of foreign relations--that of In the executive branch, administrations But in a matter of days, he was at odds treatymaking and appointment of Ambassa­ and individual political appointees come and with Congress over these historic constitu­ dors-is subject to approval by the Senate. go; but, as I pointed out earlier, the basic tional powers. He complained in the case Who, then, is responsible for circulating power exists in the permanent bureau heads. at my amendment to the space appropria­ the erroneous idea that Congress is power­ Congress itself has no adequate machinery tion bill to require congressional approval less, or should be powerless, to act in foreign for uncovering how and when agency spend­ to any joint lunar landing project with the affairs? A small but vocal group of congres­ ing plans and programs originate. The de­ Soviet Union. He said this violated his Ex­ sional critics which maintains a constant tails are well camouflaged and it is known ecutive powers. Of course, he overlooked the propaganda barrage aimed at undercutting that the bureaucrats can manipulate with­ fact that this was an appropriation limita­ the powers and prestige of our legislative in their respective agencies. tion and that under the Constitution, it is branch of Government. This group views Under our present system, the road to Congress that decides where and how the the elected officials in Congress as a constant advancement with higher civil service rating taxpayers' money shall be spent. threat to their plans to replace Government and pay for a career employee or bureaucrat Congress also wrote a provision into a of, by, and for the people with Government is expansion of Government activity-more bill regarding the Panama Canal Company. of, by, and for the bureaucrats. personnel and more responsibilities, more It provided that no U.S. rights or property But the American system is based on re­ funds to expand. That is the one and sure could be transferred to a foreign power with­ method of upgrading positions. out referring the matter back to Congress. sponsibility of our public servants to the people. You know your Congressman and Therefore, a barometer of executive de­ In signing this bill, President Johnson said he partment influence and power can be related would ignore this language, because it tres­ you therefore can hold him responsible for his actions. On the other hand, the faceless tq Federal spending and employment fig­ passed on Executive prerogative to handle ures. This year, President Johnson sub­ foreign affairs. bureaucrat, hidden away in the cubicle of some executive agency, is responsible to the mitted a budget request which he called In addition to the President's power to austere-$97.9 billion-which is the biggest make treaties and appoint Ambassadors-­ people only indirectly. As a result, through various bureaucratic subterfuges, responsi­ spending budget in history. That represents subject to the advice and consent of the more power in the hands of a President than Senate--the Chief Executive is also com­ b111ty for policymaking in executive agencies becomes diffused and impossible to pinpoint. in any period in our history. mander in Chief of the Army and Navy. Think of it-during the administration ot And here is the point at which a recital of Today, the Nation is always in an emer­ gency. We are in a continuing season of Abraham Lincoln, when our country's econ­ congressional powers in the foreign policy omy was primarily agricultural, our Depart­ area is in order. For the greatest of all national crisis. Out of m111tary as well as economic mobilization. there has been a con­ ment of Agriculture operated on an $80,000 powers in our foreign relations-the power a year budget-and had only nine employees. to declare war-rests with the Congress. To stant growth and centralization of Govern­ ment. In 1963. however. no less than 116,000 persons be sure, this is a power that the executive were employed by the Agriculture Depart­ department has been circumventing by vari­ The equilibrium of power as between the respective branches of our Government has ment, operating on "trapdoor" spending and ous methods in recent years. But the es­ a $7 billion budget. Considering that a large sential fact remains that Congress alone has shifted, on this account, from the legislative to the executive. part of that budget went toward paying the life-or-death power under our constitu­ people not to farm, I am not so sure that tional system. In our early history there was a congres­ we can prove we've made progress in the past sional predominance, but since 1933 the Con­ Let us look at other areas in which Con­ 100 years. If so, it is the kind of progress gress, and not the President, holds con­ gress has been more a junior partner. that a commonsense President like Abraham stitutional powers and duties in the foreign It seems almost incredible that of the first Lincoln might have difficulty understanding. policy area. 16 Presidents, through and including Abra­ Our Agriculture Department bureaucracy, One quarrel with President Johnson was ham Lincoln, 7 did not exercise the veto like a number of other Government agencies, over a House proposal to prevent the Federal power even once. The others, in these first is massive and powerful in the Washington Government-owned Export-Import Bank 76 years of our existence vetoed a total of scheme of things. We have the greatest agri­ from guaranteeing Soviet credits in connec­ only 48 bills--in most cases on constitutional cultural plant in the world--one that Nikita tion with wheat sales to Russia by private objections and in one of these instances, Khrushchev, with his controlled farm econ­ brokers. George Washington exercised his power for omy, can only envy. Yet the master planners The President took a firm position that a technical reason. in Washington are intent on a total bureau­ Congress was proposing to legislate in the As I indicated, especially since 1933, ex­ cratic takeover of the American farmer-and area of foreign policy. He insisted the Con­ ecutive encroachment on legislative func­ a total usurpation of congressional powers in stitution gave him the authority to conduct tions has resulted in more "presidential gov­ the area of farm policy. foreign affairs. ernment" rather than "congressional gov­ So it is that the Kennedy administration Of course, this was a commercial trans­ ernment." This has not been good for in recent years proposed an omnibus farm action, and the President ignored the fact business. This has not been good for the program that would have clamped rigid and that sole authority under the Constitution people. This has not been good for the absolute controls on our American farmers-­ is given to Congress to regulate foreign com­ freedom of enterprise, or for the freedom making them subject to jail sentence and fine merce. of the individual. 1f they did not conform to the bureaucratic As I say, Congress--not the President--is Actually, historians tell us Congress has master plan. The same legislation went so empowered to "regulate commerce with for­ been dropping in relative power along a far as to try completely to eliminate congres­ eign nations.'' descending curve of 60 years duration, with sional powers over farm policy. Under these . Thus, those who argue that Congress has this rate of fall markedly increased since New Kennedy administrations proposals--fortu­ no right to check the executive branch's ef­ Deal days. nately defeated by a firm congressional forts to trade with Communist countries are Indeed, shocking as it may sound, consid­ stand-the Secretary of Agriculture would therefore wholly incorrect. It is not only ering the record and the trends of history, have written farm legislation and Congress 13234 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE June 10 would have had only the power to veto those the guarantees of freedom contained in the balances and marvelous system written into laws. In other words, there would have been Bill of Rights-limited by its very structure our Constitution. a complete reversal in the constitutional roles as a system of checks and balances. A free society, a free people, free enter­ set out for the executive and legislative The Constitution, happily, endures. We prise-where there is protection against un­ branches. still enjoy much of the freedoms guaran­ due power and big government-freedom in As I say, Congress stood firm against these teed in the Bill of Rights-freedom of speech the marketplace, such as under quality sta­ farfetched plans-but regrettably, the bu­ and of assembly; freedom of the press; free­ bilization, must be maintained. reaucrats have won more than their share dom of religion; due process of law, the right The greatness of this country depends on of Washington battles in the area of domes­ to keep and bear arms, the right against un­ initiative, integrity, and decision of the indi­ tic policy, as well as fiscal and foreign policy. reasonable search and seizure, the right of vidual, with an opportunity to compete and So much for my report on the danger to trial by jury, etc. a chance to make a profit. the checks and balances under the Consti­ I suggest that these rights will survive­ That kind of opportunity today has some tution. and they will only if enough Americans un­ champions. Let me in closing remind you that ours derstand, if enough Americans are taught to I am proud to count myself as one of them. was to be a limited government, limited by understand, the importance of the delicate With public support we will succeed.

The SPEAKER. Is there objection The SPEAKER. Is there objection HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES to the request oi the gentleman from to the request oi the gentleman from Ohio? Ohio? WEDNESDAY, JUNE 10, 1964 There was no objection. There was no objection. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Mr. DEVINE. Mr. Speaker, I never Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, I would like The Chaplain, Rev.Bernard Braskamp, cease to be amazed when publications to say to my friend from Ohio that not D.D., offered the following prayer: such as the Washington Post suddenly all of the people who are making state­ begin to feel constrained to worry over ments and writing editorials against I John 1: 3: Truly our fellowship is the future of the Republican Party. I Senator GoLDWATER are some kind of with the Father and with His Son Jesus have never read anything in the Wash­ liberals or Democrats or anti-Republi­ Christ. ington Post particularly favorable to the can. I was somewhat surprised and not Almighty God, we humbly acknowledge Republican Party, but now, suddenly a little bit interested to read in the Pitts­ that this is a great spiritual truth which after Senator GoLDWATER's victory in burgh Press of the past Sunday a state­ our minds and hearts cannot fathom or California, they become quite concerned. ment from the Republican Congressman formulate in terms of thought and On the other side of the coin, however, from Pittsburgh, Mr. JAMES FuLTON, in words. I would like to quote an editorial by the which he said he was not going to stand Grant, however, that our daily life Taft Broadcasting Co. and WTVN Broad­ idly by and let the "kooks from Kooks­ may be primarily a real and blessed fel­ casting Co. at Columbus, Ohio, of ville" dictate the policy of the Republican lowship with Thee, transforming our Wednesday, June 3, 1964, as follows: Party. He also made it clear by this ap­ darkness into light, our weakness into plication he was referring to GoLDWATER GOLDWATER'S VICTORY, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 3, power, our fear into courage. supporters. Help us to cultivate a feeling of com­ 1964 munity that will constrain us to live to­ The victory of BARRY GOLDWATER in the California primary is one of the most po­ gether with our fellow men in honor litically significant events in a generation. HOUR OF MEETING TOMORROW and peace and may the day draw near Arrayed against him was the combined Mr. ALBERT. Mr. Speaker, I ask when these bonds of fellowship shall power of the liberal establishment, which unanimous consent that when the House be strong enough to overcome all hatred since the Roosevelt era, has controlled most adjourns today it adjourn to meet at 11 and enmity. of the means of communication in this o'clock tomorrow. country • • • the national press services, the May we see clearly that tolerance is The SPEAKER. Is there objection to not enough but that we must expand political pollsters, most of the TV network commentators, and three of the four so­ the request of the gentleman from Okla­ and enlarge our faculties and capacities homa? for insight and understanding, for ap­ called national news magazines. In California the establishment used all There was no objection. preciation and cooperation. the smear tactics they have learned so well To Thy name we shall ascribe all the over the years. They slanted and distorted praise. Amen. facts throughout the campaign to make their POLLSTER LOU HARRIS side look good and GoLDWATER's look bad. The immediate beneficiary of this massive Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ THE JOURNAL and concerted propaganda drive was sup­ imous consent to address the House for 1 posed to be Governor Rockefeller, but the minute, to revise and extend my remarks, The Journal of the proceedings of real purpose of the liberal establishment was yesterday was read and approved. and to include extraneous matter. to maintain its control of the Republican The SPEAKER. Is there objection Party. It's all the more remarkable that a majority of the Republican voters in Cali­ to the request oi the gentleman from COMMITI'EE ON APPROPRIATIONS, fornia saw through the smoke and voted as Missouri? PERMISSION TO FILE A REPORT they did. There was no objection. We suspect yesterday's result means that Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, in the ques­ Mr. KIRWAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask BARRY GOLDWATER Will be nominated at the tions I have recently raised regarding the unanimous consent that the Committee Republican Convention in San Francisco next objectivity of Pollster Lou Harris; I on Appropriations have until midnight month. This is all to the good. The voting find some rather fascinating implica­ Thursday, June 11, to :flle a privileged public in this country has not had a clean tions in the fact that none of the major report on the public works appropria­ cut liberal-conservative choice for the news media, and particularly none of the tion bill for 1965. Presidency since 1932. BARRY GOLDWATER Will Washington press, has made mention of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to give them that choice-which in our opinion, is the best and perhaps only chance for vic­ my key premise-the fact that Harris the request of the gentleman from Ohio? has a long record of affinity and dedica­ There was no objection. tory in November. But, win or lose, theRe­ publican Party will be better off in the long tion to causes of the Democratic Party, Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Speaker, I reserve run for having stood for something. and slants his findings to their benefit. all points of order on the bill. To further document this background, which ~ncludes employment by the late SENATOR BARRY GOLDWATER President Kennedy and the Democratic SENATOR BARRY GOLDWATER National Committee, I call attention to Mr. DEVINE. Mr. Speaker, I ask Mr. HAYS. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ an article carried almost a year ago, page unanimous consent to address the House imous consent to address the House for 17A of the September 22, 1963, issue of for 1 minute and to revise and extend my 1 minute and to revise and extend my the Washington Post. The article, en­ remarks. remarks. titled "More and More Democrats" by