DOCSLIB.ORG

The 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology Or Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology Or Medicine RESEARCH NEWS The 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine The 1973 Nobel prize for Physiology rel.ated flowers. His thorough experi- leading students. When a colony of bees or Medicine has been awarded jointly ments in the 1920's settled in the af- is swarming, scouts fly out from the to three zoologists: Karl von Frisch, firmative the long-standing question teeming cluster of bees that have left 86 years old, of the University of Mu- whether fish could hear. Unsophisti- their former hive and search for a nich; Konrad Lorenz, 69 years old, of cated in the best sense, these experi- cavity where thousands, of bees can the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral ments have been amply confirmed in fly to establish a new colony. When a Physiology at Seewiesen, near Munich; later years with appropriate monochro- scout has located a suitable cavity, she and Nikolaas Tinbergen, 66 years old, mators and hydrophones. An ardent signals its location by the same dance of the Department of Zoology at Ox- Darwinian who successfully defended pattern used for food. Individual bees ford University, for their discoveries his views at his oral examination in exchange information about the suit- concerning organization and elicitation philosophy against a professor who did ability and location of various cavities, of individual and social behavior pat- not believe in evolution, von Frisch sometimes the same bee acting alter- terns. The award is a new departure was motivated by a naturalist's faith nately as transmitter and receiver of for the Nobel Committee of the Karo- that phenomena such as the colors and information. linska Institute, acknowledging for the scents of flowers, or the Weberian os- Questions have been raised about first time major advances in our under- sicles of catfish, must have an adaptive the aocuracy with which information standing of sociobiology, especially in biological significance. is actually transmitted, and about the the area of behavioral science known In 1923 he described as a simple relative importance of the dances, as ethology. At a time when studies language the round and waggle dances odors, and sounds or vibrations. Phi- of learning in animals were generally of honeybees. In that heyday of be- losophers and linguists may debate conducted in the laboratory, thereby haviorism he observed simply that round whether the term language is appro- posing problems largely irrelevant to dances occurred when foraging bees priate. But, for behavioral scientists, the their natural biology, these three men brought sugar solutions into the hive revolutionary discovery was that an on October 11, 2013 discovered in the natural behavior of from artificial feeders, whereas waggle insect sometimes communicates with animals both learned and innate pat- dances accompanied the gathering of fellow members of a closely integrated terns, exquisitely adapted to their par- pollen. But in 1944 he found ;the real society by flexible, iconic, graded ges- ticular phylogenetically determined ways "Rosetta Stone" to decipher the lan- tures about distant objects that are of life. At one stroke they explained guage of bees: Round dances mean a urgently needed by the social group as some of the most remarkable examples food source nearby, waggle dances one a whole. Behavioral continuity between of the fine control of elaborate patterns at some distance. More important, the animals and men extends even to fruit- of behavior by external stimuli known direction of the straight portion of the ful comparisons between animal com- www.sciencemag.org to science, sometimes learned, some- waggle dance points the way to -the munication and human language. times not, while leaving in no doubt food, and its duration signals the dis- Konrad Lorenz, acknowledged found- the crucial importance of genetic dif- tance. On a horizontal surface the danc- er of the science of ethology, derived ferences in understanding the develop- ing bee points directly toward the food, his insights into the causation and or- ment of behavior. but ordinarily the dances take place ganization of behavior from studying Karl von Frisch, inspired pioneer inside a dark hive on a vertical surface. fish and birds. At Altenburg in Austria, of has open- IIere straight up corresponds to the the house of his father, a Viennese comparative physiology, Downloaded from ed our eyes to several unsuspected "sen- direction of the sun, which serves as orthopedist, was always full of animals sory windows" through which animals a directional reference point. But if and birds. A precocious naturalist, view the world, and to complex and the sun is obscured by broken clouds, Lorenz developed early what became versatile communication behavior con- the bees use instead the plane of polari- a lifelong passion for raising both wild trolled by insect nervous systems for- zation of light from patches of blue and domestic animals by hand, and for merly thought capable only of rigid sky. Thus behavioral experiments that living with them in the closest quarters, mechanical responses. Stimulated by a had stemmed from earlier studies of and so gaining insights into the relation distinguished family background in sensory physiology disclosed a new between genome and experience in Vienna, including the physiologist Sig- sensory channel. ontogeny. Medical training at the Uni- mund Exner, his boyhood enthusiasm Von Frisch also demonstrated that versity of Vienna was followed by for biology matured through studies odors are very important to identify excursions, inspired by Ferdinand with Richard von Hertwig, whom he the exact food source, and we now Hochstetter, Karl Buihler, and others, later succeeded as professor of zoology know that sounds or vibrations are also into comparative anatomy, psychology, at Munich. Shortly before World War involved in the communication process. and philosophy. One senses early ten- I von Frisch demonstrated that, con- Bees dance only when the colony is sion between the attractions of a career trary to prevailing scientific opinion, in severe need of something, but dances in medicine and academia, and fascina- fish and honeybees could discriminate are used not only for food but also for tion with the beauty and diversity of colors. After the war he turned to ex- water when it is needed in hot weather animals. During a two-semester stint -in periments on olfaction and showed that to cool the hive. The most remarkable the Columbia Medical School in New bees could distinguish among dozens use of the dances was discovered by York in 1922, he is said to have spent of odors, including the scents of closely Martin Lindauer, one of von Frisch's more time studying the inhabitants of 464 SCIENCE, VOL. 182 the New York Aquarium than at lec- tures. Comparative ethology was deemed an inappropriate pursuit in the department of anatomy, so to his M.D. degree he added, in 1936, a Ph.D. in zoology at the University of Munich, and remained in that department until 1941. The major features of his theory of behavior were laid during that pe- riod. After World War 11, under the aegis of the Institute for Marine Bi- ology, a Max Planck Institute was es- tablished at Buldern in Westphalia for Lorenz' group, and, in 1958, it became the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology, at Seewiesen in Bavaria. Ethological findings derive much of their force and generality from insight- ful use of comparative techniques and subjects selected appropriate to the Nikolaas Tinbergen Kail von Frisch problem. If Lorenz has a totem animal, it is surely the greylag goose in which, with his revered teacher Oskar Hein- motivation to perform certain activities wasps hunting other insects and pro- roth, he discovered imprinting, an espe- and endogenous changes in responsive- visioning nest burrows with the corpses, cially rapid anld relatively irreversible ness to different kinds of stimuli cannot as a tesLinig ground for hypotheses abou- learning process with an optimal critical be omitted from a behavioral theory the sensory control of behavior. An period early in the gosling's life. Im- if it is to have any general validity. opportunity while a graduate student printing, has repercussions not only on Some of his viewpoints as expressed in zoology at the University of Leiden what constitutes an acceptable parental in the popular book Oni Aggr-essionz, to participate in 1931-32 in an Arctic object, or companion as Lorenz called which suggests an endogenous motiva- expedition added snow buntings, phala- it, but also on what becomes an appro- tion to seek out opportunities for fight- ropes, and Eskimo sled dogs to a grow- priate sexual companion when the ing in fish, and perhaps in man as well, Ing list of animals into whose behavior gosling grows up, one of many findings proved highly controversial. However Trinbergen was to cast profound evolu- that have proved heuristically valuable one senses deeper roots to the outrage tionary insights. Returning to join the in psychoanalysis and psychiatry. with which some react to analogies be- zoology faculty at Leiden, a seminal This and other discoveries were in- tween animal and human behavior. In meeting with Lorenz in 1936, followed corporated in the panorama of ethologi- the introduction to the 1970 transla- by a 6-month visit to Altenberg, gave cal theory presented in 1935, and trans- tions of his work, Lorenz reflects wryly rise to their only joint paper, in 1938, lated into English soon afterward by on the egg-rolling behavior of the grey- Margaret Nice, that was at once a The fact thiat the behaviour not only of laig goose. and to more than 30 years treatise on the social behavior of ani- animals, btut of human beings as well, is of mutual cooperation, criticismn, and how the structure of a society to a lairge cxtent determined by nervous stimulation that brought the new science mals and mechanisms evolved in the phylogeny of relates to its component parts, and a the species, in other words, by "instinct", of ethology into full flower.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Way-Finding in Displaced Clock-Shifted Bees Proves Bees Use a Cognitive Map
    Way-finding in displaced clock-shifted bees proves bees use a cognitive map James F. Cheesemana,b,1, Craig D. Millarb,c, Uwe Greggersd, Konstantin Lehmannd, Matthew D. M. Pawleya,e, Charles R. Gallistelf,1, Guy R. Warmana,b, and Randolf Menzeld aDepartment of Anaesthesiology, School of Medicine, and bSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand; cAllan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Palmerston North, PN4442, New Zealand; dInstitute of Biology–Neurobiology, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; eInstitute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand; and fDepartment of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020 Contributed by Charles R. Gallistel, May 1, 2014 (sent for review January 22, 2014) Mammals navigate by means of a metric cognitive map. Insects, whether these abilities rest on the construction and use of most notably bees and ants, are also impressive navigators. The a metric cognitive map (11–18). question whether they, too, have a metric cognitive map is Way-finding, the ability to set a course from one familiar but important to cognitive science and neuroscience. Experimentally otherwise arbitrarily chosen location to another location that is captured and displaced bees often depart from the release site in not perceptible from the first, is the signature of a metric cog- the compass direction they were bent on before their capture, nitive map. Displacing an animal from its current location to an even though this no longer heads them toward their goal. When experimenter-chosen location within the territory the animal is they discover their error, however, the bees set off more or less presumed to be familiar with, and then observing its subsequent directly toward their goal.
    [Show full text]
  • The Honey Bee Dance Language
    The Honey Bee Dance Language Background Components of the dance language Honey bee dancing, perhaps the most intriguing aspect of their biology, is also one of the most fascinating behaviors When an experienced forager returns to the colony with in animal life. Performed by a worker bee that has returned a load of nectar or pollen that is sufficiently nutritious to to the honey comb with pollen or nectar, the dances, in warrant a return to the source, she performs a dance on the essence, constitute a language that “tells” other workers surface of the honey comb to tell other foragers where the where the food is. By signaling both distance and direction food is. The dancer “spells out” two items of information— with particular movements, the worker bee uses the dance distance and direction—to the target food patch. Recruits language to recruit and direct other workers in gathering then leave the hive to find the nectar or pollen. pollen and nectar. Distance and direction are presented in separate compo- The late Karl von Frisch, a professor of zoology at the Uni- nents of the dance. versity of Munich in Germany, is credited with interpret- ing the meaning of honey bee dance movements. He and Distance his students carried out decades of research in which they carefully described the different components of each dance. When a food source is very close to the hive (less than 50 Their experiments typically used glass-walled observation meters), a forager performs a round dance (Figure 1). She hives and paint-marked bee foragers.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 51 Animal Behavior
    Chapter 51 Animal Behavior Lecture Outline Overview: Shall We Dance? • Red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) gather in groups to dance, prance, stretch, bow, and leap. They grab bits of plants, sticks, and feathers with their bills and toss them into the air. • How does a crane decide that it is time to dance? In fact, why does it dance at all? • Animal behavior is based on physiological systems and processes. • An individual behavior is an action carried out by the muscular or hormonal system under the control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus. • Behavior contributes to homeostasis; an animal must acquire nutrients for digestion and find a partner for sexual reproduction. • All of animal physiology contributes to behavior, while animal behavior influences all of physiology. • Being essential for survival and reproduction, animal behavior is subject to substantial selective pressure during evolution. • Behavioral selection also acts on anatomy because body form and appearance contribute directly to the recognition and communication that underlie many behaviors. Concept 51.1: A discrete sensory input is the stimulus for a wide range of animal behaviors. • An animal’s behavior is the sum of its responses to external and internal stimuli. Classical ethology presaged an evolutionary approach to behavioral biology. • In the mid-20th century, pioneering behavioral biologists developed the discipline of ethology, the scientific study of how animals behave in their natural environments. • Niko Tinbergen, of the Netherlands, suggested four questions that must be answered to fully understand any behavior. 1. What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response? 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Displacement Activities During the Honeybee Transition from Waggle Dance to Foraging
    Animal Behaviour 79 (2010) 935–938 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Displacement activities during the honeybee transition from waggle dance to foraging Meredith Root-Bernstein* Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A. article info Displacement activities, which are typically locomotory, grooming and object-manipulation behaviours, Article history: have been shown to reduce stress. However, their function within the motivational system remains Received 17 June 2009 unclear. I tested the hypothesis that displacement activities have a functional role during transitions Initial acceptance 3 August 2009 between motivational states, using the honeybee model system. I observed a number of locomotory and Final acceptance 12 January 2010 grooming behaviours performed when foraging honeybees returned to the hive to dance. These focal Available online 19 February 2010 behaviours occurred significantly more frequently during the period of transition from waggle dancing to MS. number: A09-00396R exiting the hive to forage than during the periods before the waggle dance or during the waggle dance. By contrast, the control behaviour, trophallaxis, was distributed across time periods significantly Keywords: differently, occurring with equal frequency in all periods. These results are consistent with the Apis mellifera hypothesis that displacement activities have a functional role during motivational transitions. Evidence displacement activity from other species suggests that the most likely function is facilitation, rather than inhibition, of the honeybee trophallaxis transition. The wide range of species in which displacement activities have been identified suggests that waggle dance they are a universal feature of motivational control.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dancing Bees: Karl Von Frisch, the Honeybee Dance Language
    The Dancing Bees: Karl von Frisch, the Honeybee Dance Language, and the Sciences of Communication By Tania Munz, Research Fellow MPIWG, [email protected] In January of 1946, while much of Europe lay buried under the rubble of World War Two, the bee researcher Karl von Frisch penned a breathless letter from his country home in lower Austria. He reported to a fellow animal behaviorist his “sensational findings about the language of the bees.”1 Over the previous summer, he had discovered that the bees communicate to their hive mates the distance and direction of food sources by means of the “dances” they run upon returning from foraging flights. The straight part of the figure-eight-shaped waggle dance makes the same angle with the vertical axis of the hive as the bee’s flight line from the hive made with the sun during her outgoing flight. Moreover, he found that the frequency of individual turns correlated closely with the distance of the food; the closer the supply, the more rapidly the bee dances. Von Frisch’s assessment in the letter to his colleague would prove correct – news of the discovery was received as a sensation and quickly spread throughout Europe and abroad. In 1973, von Frisch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with the fellow animal behaviorists Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen. The Prize bestowed public recognition that non-human animals possess a symbolic means of communication. Dancing Bees is a dual intellectual biography – about the life and work of the experimental physiologist Karl von Frisch on the one hand and the honeybees as cultural, experimental, and especially communicating animals on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vibration Signal, Modulatory Communication and the Organization of Labor in Honey Bees, Apis Mellifera
    Apidologie 35 (2004) 117–131 © INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2004 117 DOI: 10.1051/apido:2004006 Review article The vibration signal, modulatory communication and the organization of labor in honey bees, Apis mellifera Stanley S. SCHNEIDER*, Lee A. LEWIS Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA (Received 10 July 2003; revised 17 October 2003; accepted 15 December 2003) Abstract – Cooperative activities in honey bee colonies involve the coordinated interactions of multiple workers that perform different, but interrelated tasks. A central objective in the study of honey bee sociality therefore is to understand the communication signals used to integrate behavior within and among worker groups. This paper focuses on the role of the “vibration signal” in organizing labor in honey bee colonies. The vibration signal functions as a type of “modulatory communication signal”. It is directed toward diverse recipients, causes a non-specific increase in activity that may alter responsiveness to a wide array of stimuli, and thus may influence the performance of many different tasks simultaneously. We review the empirical evidence that the signal is involved in coordinating at least three colony-level activities: food collection and foraging-dependent tasks, queen behavior during swarming and queen replacement, and house hunting by honey bee swarms. Signals that function like the vibration signal may be widespread in highly social insects and social animals in general, and may help to fine-tune the collective decision-making processes that underlie cooperative actions in a wide array of species. vibration signal / modulatory communication / collective decision making / Apis mellifera / multimodal signals 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vibration Signal, Modulatory Communication and the Organization of Labor in Honey Bees, Apis Mellifera Stanley Schneider, Lee Lewis
    The vibration signal, modulatory communication and the organization of labor in honey bees, Apis mellifera Stanley Schneider, Lee Lewis To cite this version: Stanley Schneider, Lee Lewis. The vibration signal, modulatory communication and the organiza- tion of labor in honey bees, Apis mellifera. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2004, 35 (2), pp.117-131. 10.1051/apido:2004006. hal-00891881 HAL Id: hal-00891881 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891881 Submitted on 1 Jan 2004 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 35 (2004) 117–131 © INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2004 117 DOI: 10.1051/apido:2004006 Review article The vibration signal, modulatory communication and the organization of labor in honey bees, Apis mellifera Stanley S. SCHNEIDER*, Lee A. LEWIS Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA (Received 10 July 2003; revised 17 October 2003; accepted 15 December 2003) Abstract – Cooperative activities in honey bee colonies involve the coordinated interactions of multiple workers that perform different, but interrelated tasks. A central objective in the study of honey bee sociality therefore is to understand the communication signals used to integrate behavior within and among worker groups.
    [Show full text]
  • ISN - March, 1998 Newsletter
    ISN - March, 1998 Newsletter http://neuroethology.org/newsletter/news_archive/isn.news.mar98.html Newsletter March 1998 International Society for Neuroethology c/o Panacea Associates phone/fax: +001 (850) 894-3480 744 Duparc Circle E-mail: [email protected] Tallahassee FL 32312 USA Website: www.neurobio.arizona.edu/isn/ LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT With the arrival of a new year, an important transition began for the ISN. After many months of negotiations and planning, the ISN began a partnership with professional society managers, Panacea Associates (PA) of Tallahassee, Florida. PA is a small enterprise operated by Susan Lampman and Patricia Meredith, both of whom have had extensive experience in conference services, management of professional organizations, etc. PA has been managing the Association for Chemoreception Sciences (AChemS) for many years, and in that capacity they have earned a fine reputation for efficient and attentive service tailored to the needs of the organization. For a trial period of two years, most of the routine management operations of the ISN will be handled by PA. These services will be phased in over the next few months. For example, please notice that the membership form published in every issue of this Newsletter has changed. All completed membership forms, with payment as appropriate, should be mailed to the ISN at its new business address: International Society for Neuroethology, c/o Panacea Associates, 744 Duparc Circle, Tallahassee FL 32312, USA The ISN's new business phone/fax number is +001 (850) 894-3480, and its new business E-mail address is [email protected]. The URL of the ISN's Website will remain unchanged: www.neurobio.arizona.edu/isn/ I hope you have discovered by now that a searchable version of the ISN's Membership Directory is available at the Website.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanosensory Hairs in Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris) Detect Weak Electric Fields
    Mechanosensory hairs in bumblebees (Bombus SEE COMMENTARY terrestris) detect weak electric fields Gregory P. Suttona,1,2, Dominic Clarkea,1, Erica L. Morleya, and Daniel Roberta aSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom Edited by Richard W. Aldrich, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, and approved April 26, 2016 (received for review January 29, 2016) Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) use information from surrounding ecologically relevant magnitudes cause motion in both the antennae electric fields to make foraging decisions. Electroreception in air, a and body hairs, but only hair motion elicits a commensurate neural nonconductive medium, is a recently discovered sensory capacity of response. From these data we conclude that hairs are used by insects, yet the sensory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we inves- bumblebees to detect electric fields. tigate two putative electric field sensors: antennae and mechanosen- sory hairs. Examining their mechanical and neural response, we Results show that electric fields cause deflections in both antennae and hairs. Bumblebee Hairs and Antennae Mechanically Respond to Electric Hairs respond with a greater median velocity, displacement, and Fields. The motion of the antennae and sensory hairs in response angular displacement than antennae. Extracellular recordings from to applied electric fields was measured by using a laser Doppler the antennae do not show any electrophysiological correlates to vibrometer (LDV) (Fig. 1). LDV measures the vibrational velocity these mechanical deflections. In contrast, hair deflections in response (v) of structures undergoing oscillations, which was transformed into to an electric field elicited neural activity. Mechanical deflections of displacement (x) and angular displacement (θ)(SI Results).
    [Show full text]
  • Dyer, 2002. the Biology of the Dance Language
    1 Nov 2001 11:4 AR AR147-29.tex AR147-29.SGM ARv2(2001/05/10) P1: GSR Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2002. 47:917–49 Copyright c 2002 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved THE BIOLOGY OF THE DANCE LANGUAGE Fred C. Dyer Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; e-mail: [email protected] Key Words Apis, honey bee, communication, navigation, behavioral evolution, social organization ■ Abstract Honey bee foragers dance to communicate the spatial location of food and other resources to their nestmates. This remarkable communication system has long served as an important model system for studying mechanisms and evolution of complex behavior. I provide a broad synthesis of recent research on dance commu- nication, concentrating on the areas that are currently the focus of active research. Specific issues considered are as follows: (a) the sensory and integrative mechanisms underlying the processing of spatial information in dance communication, (b) the role of dance communication in regulating the recruitment of workers to resources in the environment, (c) the evolution of the dance language, and (d ) the adaptive fine-tuning of the dance for efficient spatial communication. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .....................................................918 THE DANCE AS A SPATIAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM .................918 SPATIAL-INFORMATION PROCESSING IN DANCE COMMUNICATION ..................................................921 Measurement of Distance .............................................922 Measurement of Direction:
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Von Frisch
    EntomologistBugBug BUMBLEBEEKARLSWEAT VON FRISCH BEE MIMIC ofof theof the the (1886 - 1982)(LaphriaSubject: flavicollis)Honey bees Month Field:(Agapostemon Ethology Nationality: spp.) Austrian MonthMonth The round dance (left) indicates resources that are a short distance from the hive, while the waggle dance (right) communicates longer distances. Credit: Oliver Feldwick Karl von Frisch is most famous for his discovery and interpretation of the honey bee dance language, for which he and his colleagues were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. His experiments relied on training paint-marked bees to feeders at known locations relative to their hive. Then, through careful observation, von Frisch discovered that honey bees per- form a ‘waggle dance’ to communicate the distance and direction of food resources to other Agapostemon is a widespread preference. Like other members of cases, multiple females may share foragers. von Frisch is less well known for many other important contributions that he made Atgenus first of bees glance, in North youAmerica, may flavicollisHalictidae, ,they is commonly are short-tongued found aand single beetles. nest entrance, Once but they each have towithbelieve the 14 studyknown this ofspeciesis honeya bumblebee. across bees, the which acrossand included have the difficulty eastern investigations Unitedextracting States. nectarinto honeyindividualcollected bee builds their vision and prey, andprovisions they the return her studyUnitedHowever, ofStates a microsporidianit’s and shortCanada. straight Most parasite
    [Show full text]
  • ZOOLOGIE 2007 ZOOLOGIE 2007 Herausgegeben Von Mitteilungen Rudolf Alexander Steinbrecht Der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft
    Umschlag_Zoologie_2007.qxd 27.08.2007 11:14 Seite 1 ZOOLOGIE 2007 ZOOLOGIE 2007 Herausgegeben von Mitteilungen Rudolf Alexander Steinbrecht der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft . Mitteilungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft Mitteilungen 99. Jahresversammlung Münster 16. – 20. September 2006 Biohistoricum · Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig · Bonn Basilisken-Presse · Marburg an der Lahn ZOOLOGIE 2007 Mitteilungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft Herausgegeben von Rudolf Alexander Steinbrecht 99. Jahresversammlung Münster 16.-20. September 2007 Basilisken-Presse Marburg an der Lahn 2007 Umschlagbild Gedächtnisspuren im Fliegengehirn. Markante Nervenzellen im Zentralkomplex, die sich in zwei etwa waagerechten Schichten verzweigen, speichern Gedächtnisspuren aus einem Lernversuch (vgl. Beitrag Heisenberg, Abb. 4). Werte für die Höhe der Muster sind in den rot dargestellten, Werte für die Neigung der Musterkanten in den grün gezeigten Zellen gespeichert. Vermutlich durch diese Verzweigungen können Fliegen visuelle Muster, die sie an einer Stelle gelernt haben, an jeder Stelle des Sehfeldes wieder erkennen (Bild: Arnim Jenett und Martin Heisenberg). Die Mitteilungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft erscheinen einmal jährlich. Einzelhefte sind bei der Geschäftsstelle (Corneliusstr. 6, 80469 München), zum Preis von 7,00 € erhältlich. Gesamtherstellung Danuvia Druckhaus Neuburg GmbH, Nördliche Grünauer Str. 53 86633 Neuburg an der Donau Copyright 2007 by Basilisken-Presse Marburg an der Lahn Printed in Bundesrepublik Deutschland ISSN 0070-4342 ISBN 978-3-925347-92-4 Inhalt Diethard Tautz 5 Ansprache des Präsidenten der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft Franz Huber 9 Laudatio zur Verleihung der Ehrenmit- gliedschaft in der Deutschen Zoologi- schen Gesellschaft an Dr.rer.nat.Dr. h.c. mult. Rüdiger Wehner, Professor Emeritus und vormals Direktor am Zoologischen Institut der Universität Zürich Klaus Peter Sauer 13 Laudatio zur Verleihung der Ehrenmit- gliedschaft in der Deutschen Zoologi- schen Gesellschaft an Dr.
    [Show full text]