20130913 EXPO Overview.Indd

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

20130913 EXPO Overview.Indd JO COENEN “Architecture in transforma on” 1982 1991 1995 1995 1996 1996 1997 1997 1998 2001 2001 Since 2001 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2006 2006 2007 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2009 2010 Since 2010 2010 Expo Friends of the Biennale. 1986 Lecturer at Royal Ins tute of Bri sh Architectural Award BNA-Kubus Honorary Member Bund Deutscher Professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale Professor at the Rheinisch-Wes älische Expo - Third Architecture Retrospec ve. Jo Coenen Lecturer at the Universidade Lecturer at the Royal Australian Founder Atelier Rijks- Professor of Architecture, Expo Housing the Book, Lecturer at Harvard 2002 Ini ator “Het Experiment” Lecturer at the Universidade “Jo Coenen from urban design to Honorary Doctorate Lecturer at the Politechnika Krakowska, Par cipant Interna onal Symposium on the Founder ®MIT (Research Modifi ca on, BNA Na onal Best Building Award Amsterdam Most Sustainable Public Building Chicago Athenaeum Interna onal Architecture Victor de Steurs Award for Cultural Heritage WAN-Award Civic Building of the Year, Honorary Fellowship of the American Shanghai Interna onal Crea vity Chicago Athenaeum Interna onal Member of the Scien fi c Commi ee 2010 Green Life Exhibi on, 2012 1997 Open University (NL) Development of the World Heritage Site, Olinda (BR) Interven on, Transforma on), TU Del (NL) Vesteda Tower (NL) Award, Amsterdam Public Library (NL) Award, Amsterdam Public Library (NL) Mosae Forum (NL) Amsterdam Public Library (NL) Ins tute of Architects (USA) Industry Week, Shanghai (CN) L’Industria delle Costruzioni La Triennale di Milano (IT) “De Innovatoren” San Fransisco (USA) Member of the Prix de Rome Jury (IT) “SUSTAINABILITYSUSTAINABILITY Architects (RIBA), London (UK) En re Oeuvre Architecten (DE) de Lausanne (FR) Technische Hochschule, Aachen (DE) “Jo Coenen & Co, building the territory” Biennale Premio, São Paulo (BR) Aedes Galerie, Berlin (DE) de São Paulo (BR) Ins tute of Architects, Sydney (AU) bouwmeester (NL) Del Technical University (NL) Aedes Galerie, Berlin (DE) University, Boston (USA) Co-autor “Duurzaam Bouwen” (NL) (NL) de Coimbra (PT) “SUSTAINABILITY:SUSTAINABILITY: architectural detail” Cracow (PL) “SUSTAINABILITY Architecture Award, Mosae Forum (NL) “NOTIES” 1987 - 1989 1988 - 1990 1988 - 1991 1988 - 1998 1989 - 1993 1991 - 1996 1992 - 1996 1992 - 1998 1993 - 2000 1994 - 1997 1994 - 1999 1995 - 1999 1995 - 2000 1996 - 2001 1996 - 2003 2001 - 2007 2001 - 2011 2003 - 2008 2003 - 2010 2003 - 2012 2005 - 2011 2006 - 2014 Villa Oisterwijk Lecture Hall Chamber of Masterplan Haans Offi ce, Academy of Music, Concert Hall, Transforma on Reconstruc on Police Derlon Centre Restora on Maas Apartments, DOCK Offi ce, 1997 - 2002 2000 - 2006 Public Library, Masterplan Villa DeLaMar Innovatoren, Amici a, Parmavera, (NL) Maastricht LIES WITHIN THE ART Commerce KNSM-island, Tilburg (NL) Tilburg (NL) Tilburg (NL) Willemsplein, Oranje Nassau, Sta on, Theatre, Céramique, Glass Palace, Maastricht (NL) TOP PRIORITY WHEN Düsseldorf Apartment Vesteda Toren, Amsterdam Belval- La-Croix- CAN BE AS Theatre, Venlo NL) Leeuwarden Parma (IT) University (NL) Maastricht Amsterdam Tilburg (NL) Heerlen (NL) Si ard Café Zuid, Maastricht (NL) Heerlen(NL) (DE) Complex Q30, Eindhoven (NL) (NL) West, Esch- Valmer (FR) Amsterdam (NL) (NL) (NL) (NL) Maastricht Berlin (DE) sur-Alze e (NL) (NL) 1997 - 2003 (LU) OF BLENDING THE BUILDING THE Apartment Complex, BEAUTIFUL AS Berlin (DE) EXISTING WITH THE TERRITORY” INSPIRATIONAL” NEW” Jo Coenen - Chief Government Jo Coenen - Architect & 1999 - 2007 Architect Markt Maas, Urbanist Jo Coenen - Professor Maastricht (NL) © Ruben Reehorst Natural light enters Recycling the Innovatoren: from entrance building of the the building Floriade 2012 into mul -used and highly fl exible offi ce PHILIPS MOVES OUTT, tower of Greenport Venlo FORBIDDEN CITY BECOMES Sketch VIBRANTT, Photovoltaic cells as integrated parts of the LED light façade illuminated HIGHLY URBAN bookcases ENVIRONMENT Carefully designed street profiles & natural elements PUBLIC LIBRARY “INVISIBLE Lo interior: FOCUS ON THE industrial elements WINS SUSTAINABILITY” characterise USER’S EXPERIENCE the living Cycle shed environment for nearly AMSTERDAM’S 60 bicycles & facili es MOST SUSTAINABLE NATURAL ELEMENTS PUBLIC BUILDING FORM LINKING AWARD Sec on FACTORS BETWEEN 2008 NEW ‘QUARTIERS’ Amsterdam Public Library Innovatoren Triangle Strijp S Eco-Quar er Fluvial 2001 -2007 Amsterdam (NL) 2003-2012 Venlo (NL) 2006 -2013 Eindhoven (NL) 2010 - Mantes-la-Jolie & Rosny-sur-Seine (FR).
Recommended publications
  • Jo Coenen 40 Jaar Werken in Europa
    BUREAU EUROPA PRESENTEERT JO COENEN 40 JAAR WERKEN IN EUROPA JO COENEN 40 YEARS OF WORKING IN EUROPE Jo Coenen, bouwmeester van internationale bekendheid, behoort tot de generatie van Nederlandse architecten die gestudeerd hebben in de 70er jaren en architectuur nog steeds als kunstvorm benaderen. Die liefde voor architectuur, voor het ontwerp en het vakmanschap, overkoepelt een aantal overpeinzingen die Coenen tijdens zijn 40-jarige carrière hebben beziggehouden en die door zijn iconische architectuur in heel Europa sterk worden weerspiegeld. JO COENEN 40 JAAR WERKEN IN EUROPA De architectuur van Jo Coenen hecht supervisor drukt hij zijn stempel op Internationally renowned architect Jo from Eindhoven University of Technology waarde aan de balans tussen functie en steden in binnen- en buitenland, Coenen belongs to the generation of Dutch in 1975. He started his first practice in the schoonheid, een betekenisvolle architectuur waaronder natuurlijk Maastricht met de architects who studied in the 1970s and same city in 1980. Architects were entrusted die nooit slechts een gebouw vormt, maar wijk Céramique en met het centrum van still approach architecture as an art form. with respecting their predecessors, and ook een hele ruimte vult. Gebouw en Leidsche Rijn in Utrecht. This love of architecture, of design and from the outset, Coenen has advocated omgeving beïnvloeden elkaar zoals ze ook craftsmanship, encompasses numerous greater historical awareness and respect ons, de alledaagse gebruiker, beïnvloeden. In 2000 werd Coenen voor vier jaar subjects that have preoccupied Coenen for every context. Depth of thought and Architectuur is dan ook een kwestie van tot Rijksbouwmeester benoemd en during his 40-year career and which continuity are crucial when designing new compositie en combinatie.
    [Show full text]
  • Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam)
    Tailor Made Concrete Structures – Walraven & Stoelhorst (eds) © 2008 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47535-8 New Amsterdam Public Library (Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam) Joop Paul, Frank van Berge Hengouwen, Hugo Mulder & C. Tait van der Putten Arup Amsterdam, The Netherlands ABSTRACT: The new Amsterdam Library is the largest library in Europe. Arup provided structural, MEP and lighting design services. Through an integrated approach to architecture and engineering it was possible to create a stunning building. The building is equipped with energy saving measures such as long term energy storage and the use of the structural frame as thermal mass. The plenums underneath the raised floors and the large vertical atrium are used to distribute and extract air. By integrating structural and MEP elements, height could be reduced, making it possible to add one extra floor within the building envelope. A carefully designed grid, compatible with both the below ground car park and the library building, and the theater box, which is situated on the top floors of the building, prevented the need for transfer structures. This allowed for a further reduction in height. By placing cores outside the building, the use of spectacular sculptural columns and suspending structural elements such as walls and columns, an exciting dynamic design was achieved. 1 INTRODUCTION Figures: • 8 kilometres of bookshelves 1.1 Largest library in Europe • 25 kilometres of storage shelves On 7 July 2007 the new Amsterdam Public Library • 1000 library seats of which 600 equipped with PC opened its doors to the public, officially becoming and free internet connection the largest library in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagine Experiences Into Future Requirements for the Library
    Listening to Mozart makes you smarter How can we turn the library into a stimulating environment where Workshop by the people are challenged to share inspiration, knowledge and insight? To find answers we will go out and explore the Ministry of surrounding area, using the five senses of sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. Afterwards we will try to translate our Imagine experiences into future requirements for the library. What do you Imagination want to see when entering a library? What is the right soundscape? By which fragrances do you want to be surrounded? We will also ask you to think about the ‘sixth sense’ of the library. the Library Mozart | Clarinet Concerto Is it empathy, community spirit or something else? And how to experience that in a library? Goal of our research-project is to develop design criteria for the Next Library Berlin 2018 library from a completely new perspective. It will help us to of Senses develop ‘a sense of place’, new insights into the way we want people to perceive the library. Ministry of Imagination We design Libraries Our starting points (1) The Dutch Ministry of Imagination is a unique Public libraries need to rethink and cooperation of 1 architect, rework their spaces and their 2 librarians, 2 designers and 1 cultural programmer. We strategies to promote deeper combine our creativity and understanding of their collections, expertise to realize exiting one-off library buildings and greater interactivity and a more matching new work meaningful range of activities. processes. Gouda Schiedam Deventer Our starting points (2) Our starting points (3) We think it’s important For us a library is that every so much more than library is meets the eye ! unique in its own place.
    [Show full text]
  • Jo Coenen from Urban Design to Arcnitectural Detail
    Jo Coenen From urban design to arcnitectural detail Hilde de Haan with contributions by Umberto Barbieri, Neave Brown, Otto Maier and Luigi Snozzi Birkhauser Loci Interventions 28 Preface 42 Interview with Jo Coenen 94 Interview with Jo Coenen about loci about interventions 30 Jo Coenen: Honing the architec- tural conscience 46 Villa Oisterwijk 98 Library Technical University Delft 38 Jo Coenen Beside the Drdme 54 Villa Aerdenhout near Die 102 Library Dortmund 58 Villa Swalmen 106 Kunstmuseum Aarhus 64 Villa in the Eifel region 110 Concert Hall Bruges 68 Villa Lanaken 114 Jubi site The Hague 82 Residence for the Dutch ambassador Berlin 118 Valkhof Nijmegen 86 Villa La Croix-Valmer 122 Cultural and sports centre Vigevano 90 Otto Maier Notes on 126 Regional library and cultural a sketchbook centre Milan 132 Central Public Library Amsterdam 140 Musical Theatre Amsterdam 144 Luigi Snozzi No suspicion of monumentalism The measure of Metamorphoses Knowledge Directing things 148 Intervisw with Jo Coenen 260 interview with Jo Coenen 340 Interview with Jo Coenen 432 Interview with Jo Coenen about the measure of things about metamorphoses about knowledge about directing 152 Lecture had Limburg University 264 City plan Hotwijckstraat 346 New Maastricht on the Mas* Maastricht The Hague 266 Hofwijckstraat apartment blocks 348 Chamber of Commerce and 160 Netherlands Architecture The Hague St. SwvatfcM Building 438 Biography and Bibliography Institute Rotterdam AMOciation offices Maastricht 445 Collaborators 270 Vaillantlaan maater plan 448 Index 172 Haans office Tilburg The Hague 356 Man Market and Maas Banks 447 Picture credits 276 Vaillantlaan apartment master plan Maastricht 1B0 Centre-South Tilburg 362 Maas Market Maastricht 180 Concert Hall.
    [Show full text]
  • Vesteda Project BV Report
    vesteda project bv report developing and acquiring residential properties in the higher-rent sector that meet quality and yield requirements to provide new investment properties for vesteda group developing and acquiring residential properties in the higher-rent sector that meet quality and yield requirements to provide new investment properties for vesteda group vesteda project bv 2006 report Contents Profile | 5 Objectives | 6 Management | 7 Strategy | 9 Management and letting by Vesteda Group | 13 fReport o market developments | 14 Completed projects | 14 Projects under construction | 18 Projects in preparation | 26 Projects under development | 33 Area developments | 38 Staff and organisation | 42 Result | 43 Outlook | 44 oQuality t rent | 46 Y Impression of the Wilhelminapier, Kop van Zuid, Rotterdam. In the fore- ground the Hotel New York, to the right Montevideo, behind it New Orleans 2 vesteda project bv 2006 report | Contents and Havana. Right: New Port Center Profile Developing and acquiring residential properties in the higher-rent sector that meet quality and yield requirements to provide new investment properties for Vesteda Group. This is the mission of Vesteda Project bv. Part of Vesteda Group Vesteda Project bv is part of Vesteda Group. Vesteda Group develops, finances, lets, manages and sells residential properties and concepts. It is thus continuously raising the quality of its residential portfolio, which is held by its own residential property investment fund with which Vesteda offers property investors access to the Dutch housing market. Vesteda meets households’ high quality residential requirements by offering comfortable and luxurious homes. Vesteda is, therefore, an enterprising property investment fund operating in the residential property sector.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Bureau Europa Archibox
    Exhibition Jo Coenen 1. Bureau Europa Archibox The Limburg architect takes you into the world of architecture by Parents with children aged 6 to 10 can request an Archibox and looking at the practice of design, developing visions for cities and an assignment sheet from Bureau Europa’s reception. Children areas and teaching a new generation. Jo Coenen’s iconic work can choose their favourite items to draw, craft or build their ranges from the realisation of neighbourhoods, such as Céramique own architecture. With fun clues, the kids create their own little in Maastricht and Leidsche Rijn in Utrecht, to prominent buildings, workshop and learn to think about their home, their street, such as the Amsterdam Public Library, the Vesteda Tower in their city or even the fantastic architecture from other parts of Eindhoven and the Het Nieuwe Instituut building in Rotterdam. the world! The exhibition embraces his many visions on spatial development, his tenure as Chief Government Architect and his chairs in the Netherlands and Europe. The collected images and stories show the complexity and richness of the profession and provide insight into why architecture is also called the Mother of the Arts. 2. Exhibition at Intro in Situ 3. Documentary ‘Refuge’ at Lumière Intro in Situ has been Maastricht’s production Tickets: €5 via Lumière’s website house for music and sound art for 35 years. Intro provides a platform for contemporary music and is You can enjoy the documentary Accommodation on committed to the development of new contemporary Saturday 10 and Sunday 11 October at Lumière. It music productions and compositions.
    [Show full text]
  • Vesteda Project BV Report
    VESTEDA PROJECT BV 2003 REPORT VESTEDA PROJECT BV 2003 REPORT CONTENTS 5 PROFILE OF VESTEDA PROJECT BV 9 STRUCTURE OF VESTEDA PROJECT BV 10 OBJECTIVES OF VESTEDA PROJECT BV 11 STRATEGY OF VESTEDA PROJECT BV 13 AFTER HAND-OVER: MANAGEMENT AND LETTING BY THE VESTEDA GROUP 14 MARKET DEVELOPMENT REPORT 27 STAFF AND ORGANISATION 28 RESULT 29 OUTLOOK 31 FLEXIBLE CONSTRUCTION A separate 2003 report on Vesteda Project BV has been added to the Vesteda Group 2003 Annual Report. This specifically addresses Vesteda Project BV, which was formed at the end of 2001, with the aim of providing information on its objectives, strategy and activities during the financial year. P ROFILE OFVESTEDAPROJECT BV Vesteda Project BV’s mission is to acquire, develop and let rental properties that meet the agreed yield requirements for the portfolio of the fiscal investment institution of the Vesteda Group. Vesteda Project BV acquires and develops residential construction projects which are built by third parties. It is closely involved in its role of commissioning authority. The high-quality residential properties and residential concepts, aimed primarily at the mid-segment and higher-rental segment, meet the Vesteda Group’s ongoing demand for new, luxury rental properties. The Vesteda Group is a property fund, specialising as a management organisation that develops and lets residential property in the higher-rent segment. At the end of 2003, the Vesteda Group was letting some 33,000 residential properties, with a value of over ¤ 4 billion. The Vesteda Group’s strategy requires the regular rejuvenation of the portfolio. Vesteda Project BV’s objectives on incorporation in 2001 were to facilitate this.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Co N Tin U E W Ith C U Ypers P Aul Me U Rs Ren Ovation O F the Rijksmu Seu
    3 Renov 102 103 Continue a tion o with f The selection of architects for the new Rijksmuseum took place in 2000. The inten- the tion was to split the task in three and to select three architects: a chief architect, a restoration architect and an architect for the Atelier Building on Hobbemastraat. Cuypers Rijksmuseum For government commissions of this magnitude a European tender procedure is mandatory. Around the turn of the century, the Rijksgebouwendienst (Government Buildings Agency; Rgd) was handling some 20 such procedures a year, in all of which the Chief Government Architect played a key role. To avoid having to make repeated expensive and time-consuming public announcements, the Rgd made do with an annual call for architects to submit their documentation. For each project a prelim- inary selection was made from this documentation database, and then an invited competition was held in order to arrive at a final choice. This procedure was also followed for the Rijksmuseum. In March 2000 Chief Government Architect Wytze Patijn, in consultation with the Rgd, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and the Rijksmuseum, came up with a list of 17 potential chief architects, including five foreign firms.1 The long list for the restoration architect contained just five 2 names, all of whom were eventually approached. In the summer of 2000 it became clear that the next Chief Government Architect would be Jo Coenen. Although he was not due to take up his position until 30 November, he was involved in the choice of architects before then, seeing that he would be heading the assessment committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Museological Institutions and the Construction Of
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The NAi Effect: Museological Institutions and the Construction of Architectural Discourse A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture by Sergio Miguel Figueiredo 2014 © Copyright by Sergio Miguel Figueiredo 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The NAi Effect: Museological Institutions and the Construction of Architectural Discourse by Sergio Miguel Figueiredo Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Dana Cuff, Chair While historically, institutions shaping architectural discourse have been primarily academic, recently, architecture museums and institutes have emerged as increasingly influential platforms in furthering architectural debate. As nexus of architectural knowledge, these institutions have become particularly operative in contemporary society, primarily by involving a wide audience. By not only engaging the concerns of a broad audience, but allowing a broad audience to engage with the stakes, processes and concerns of architecture, architecture museums have effectively democratized the architectural discipline, inevitably altering architecture’s perception, blurring its boundaries and exploring new territories for presentation, reflection, and discussion. This dissertation attempts to precisely elucidate the question of how architecture museums have continued to impact the production and consumption of architecture, particularly as primary ii interfaces between the interiority
    [Show full text]
  • Floriade 2012 Daniel Jauslin of the Landscape Architecture School at TU Delft, Reviews the Once-A-Decade Extravaganza
    ProFessional Zone Event review FLORIADE 2012 Daniel Jauslin of the Landscape Architecture school at TU Delft, reviews the once-a-decade extravaganza WHAT: Horticultural World Expo Floriade WHEN: 5 April to 7 October 2012 WHERE: Venlo, The Netherlands THIS SUMMER, the sixth edition of the Horticultural World Expo Floriade takes place in Venlo, The Netherlands. Unlike other national or regional garden exhibitions around the world, many crafted after the Chelsea Flower Show, Floriade has global aspirations – rather peculiar given that Floriade has never left the Netherlands since its first appearance in 1960 in Rotterdam. However, the Office of World Exhibitions in Paris will not attribute the name World Fair to any event that is held more than once in ten years in one country. So the CLOCKWISE based on a specific regional Floriade happens roughly every decade FROM ABOVE BIG IN GERMANY development concept. The Horticultural xxxxxx xxxxxxx in The Netherlands but nowhere else. xxxxxxx xxxxxxxx; Of the expected two million visitors to Expo is only the beginning of a long-term Floriade 2012 is at once regional, national architect Jo this year's Floriade, 40% are expected to business real estate development plan and international – a balance that is Coenen's Innova come from Germany and 40% from the called Venlo Green Park. An obvious sign Tower is the struck not through a structured plan, but undoubted focal Netherlands; 20 million Germans live of this development plan is the rather through a thematic zoning akin to point at the Floriade; within 100km of Venlo (mostly in the Innovatoren or Innova Tower, a a Disney-style amusement park.
    [Show full text]
  • About Maastricht
    The city of Maastricht Maastricht is a city and a municipality in the southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg, of which it is the capital. The city is situated on both sides of the Meuse river (Dutch: Maas) in the south-eastern part of the Netherlands. Maastricht is on the Belgian border (with both the Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Walloon region) and near the German border. Maastricht is widely known as a centre of tradition, history and culture and popular with tourists for shopping and recreation. History After the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became a part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 and the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg. When the southern provinces sought independence from the North to form Belgium in 1830, the garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, though the surrounding countryside came under Belgian control. Arbitration by the Great Powers in 1831 awarded the city and the eastern part of Limburg, despite being geographically and culturally closer to Belgium, to the Netherlands and the rest to Belgium. The North and the South did not initially agree to this and it would not be until the 1839 Treaty of London that this arrangement became permanent. Because of the resulting eccentric location Maastricht often remained more focused on Belgium and Germany than on the rest of the Netherlands. Due to its proximity to the Walloon industrial basin, Maastricht industrialized earlier than most of the Netherlands. It thus retained a distinct non-Dutch character until the First World War forced the city to look northwards.
    [Show full text]
  • Claudy Jongstra: Transmitting Craft Heritage Through Contemporary Architecture
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings Textile Society of America 2008 Claudy Jongstra: Transmitting Craft Heritage through Contemporary Architecture Susan Brown Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf Part of the Art and Design Commons Brown, Susan, "Claudy Jongstra: Transmitting Craft Heritage through Contemporary Architecture" (2008). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. 256. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/256 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Textile Society of America at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Claudy Jongstra: Transmitting Craft Heritage through Contemporary Architecture Susan Brown [email protected] Felt has a unique history as both a craft medium and an industrial material. Recently, it has become a material of intense interest to architects and designers. Felt is a very ancient and primitive material, made by simply matting together wool fibers with moisture and friction. It is a manufactured product, yet it shares many properties with purely natural materials. As a raw material for design, felt has incredible range — it can be made thin and translucent, or very dense and thick, even hard. Its plasticity is inviting a shift in the relationship of textiles to architecture and design. Claudy Jongstra is a Dutch designer and felt-maker who is known for her particularly raw- looking felt fabrics. Through intense experimentation with the wool fleece and the felting process, she has developed a completely unique style which is highly refined in its craftsmanship, yet feels primal, with the gravitas of a natural material like wood or stone.
    [Show full text]