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Land Tenures in India, Part XI-A

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~CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME I I N.D I A PART XI-A ( i ) LAND TENURES IN INDIA A "iOK MITRA Regist,.ar GenerAl7 India ex-officio Census Commissioner; India & BALDEV R.AJ KALRA llesea ch ()~cer Office of the . RegIstrar General, India CENSUS OF INDIA 1961-UNION PUBLICATIONS PA'RT I G~neral Report on the Census, sub-divided into three sub-parts viz.­ Part I-A General Report Part l-A(i) (Tc:;xt) Levels of Regional Development in India Part I-A(i) (Tables) Levels of Regional Development in India Part I-B Vital Statistics of the decade Part I-C Subsidiary Tables PART II Census Tables of Population, sub-divided into: Part II-A(i).. General Population Tables Part II-A(ii) Union 'Primary Census Abstracts Part I1-B(i} GeneraJ Economic Tables (H-I to B-IV) Part II-B{ii) General Economic Tables (B-V)' Part II-B(iii) General Economic Tableq (B-VI to B-IX) Part I1-C(i} Social and Cultural Tables Part II-C(i i) Language Tables Part I1-C(iii) Migration Tables (D-I toTI-V) Part II-C(iv) Migration Tables (D-VI) PART III Part In(i) Householr.l Economic Tables (14 States) Pa(t IIT(ii) House~old Economic Tables (India, Uttar Pradesh & Union Territories) 'f: PART IV Part IV-A(i) Housing Report Part IV-A(ii) Report on Industrial Establishments Palt IV-A(iii) House Types & Village Layouts Part IV-B Housing & Establishment Tables PART V Spec~al Tables of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Ethnographic Notes, sub· divided into two sub--parts viz.- ' Part V-A(i) Special Tables for SCheduled Castes Part V-A(ii) Special Tables for Scheduled Tribes Part V-B Ethnographic Notes PART VI Village Survey Monograph PART VII - Monographs on Rural Crops ~urvey and list of Fairs and Festivals Part VII-A Handicraft Survey Monograph Part VlI-B Fairs and Festivals PART VIII Administration Report Part VIII-A Administration Report (Enumeration) Part VIII-B Administration Report (Tabulation) Not for sale' ,i PART IX Census Atlas Volume PART X Special Report on fities with population of one million and gvet,­ PART XI Special Surveys CONTENTS A- FOREWOltD .... PAGES-... B-INTRODUCTION i-lxiv C-TABLES 1. Andhra Pradesh 1- 9 2. Assam 10- 17 3. Bihar 18- 45 4. Gujarat 46- 53 5. Jammu and Kashmir 54- 69 6. Kerala 70- 71 7. Madhya Pradesh 72- 83 8. Madras 84- 87 9. Maharashtra 88-103 10. Mysore 104-115 11. Orissa 116-155 12'. Punjab 156-159 13. Rajasthan 160-167 14. Uttar Pnfdesh 168-171 15. West Bengal 172-199 16. Andaman and Nicobar, Islands 200-201 17. Delhi 202-203 18. Himachal Pradesh 204-209 19. Laccadive Minicoy and Amindivi Islands 210-211 20. Manipur 212-215 21. Tripura 216-219 22. Pondicherry 220-223 . " FOREWORD, Land Reforms provide the social, eoonomic and institutional framework fOl' agricultural development and social justice. A study of the new land tenure pattern that has emerged after immense ~nd unprecedented wave of land reforms since 1947 is, there­ fore, of crucial importance. Information on land tenures in India was collected for the first t,ime in 1961 through the Household Schedule. The present study gives a complete inventory of various types of tenures and tenancies in terms of their local and legal terminologies, and classifies them according to the natures of rights held by them. ... Though the principal aim' of the Tables is to present a qualitative picture of tenures and tenancies of a great . variety still prevalent in different parts of the country and their classification, yet some broad statistical picture is discernible which throws some light on the dimensions of the problem. The Tables indicate that in 1961, the tenanted households still...oonstituted about,23% of the total cultivating' households. The propor­ tion wa.s still higher in certain States such as Bihar, Kerala arid Punjab 'Yhich suggests uneven pace of land reforms in different States. The Report focuses its a.ttention on the problem of 'disguised tenancies' whic;h. do n~t enjoy any protection under the law. It points out that the phenomenon of 'disguised tenancies', as reflected througll the ratio of leased-out households .to leased-in households, is fairly widespread throughout the country and is a major impediment in effective implementation of land reforms and the avowed objective of the 'land to the tiller'. Even in respect of the 'tenancies recorded under the Census, 82% of the tenants and share-oroppers still do not enjoy permanency of tenure. They are either tenants-at-will, are subjeot to landlords' right of resumption or enjoy tempo:r;ary protection only. The position in this respect is worse in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Madras, Bihar, ~rissa, Punjab and West Bengal. ( While before 1947, zamindaries, jagirs and inams covered nearly half the country, such non-raiyatwari tenures constituted hardly 2.75% of tb,e total households owning or holding from the Government in 1961. It shows the extent to whioh legislation for the abolition of intermediaries has succeeded, which is by far the most redeeming feature of agraIian reforms in India. The .raiyatwari system or. plot proprietorship with right of occupancy is the most prevalent form of land ownership in India now and is expected to be the keynote of agricultural development and soQial justice. This compilation and analysis has been possible on account of the dedication which Shri B. R. Kalra, Research Officer, brought to the t·ask from the inception of the project until its completion. To him will go much of the credit of the clarity witli"which the concepts aJ}d categories were evolved and the thoroughness with which all entries in ,this compendium were checked. It is hoped that the attempt made in the Report which has be~n a pioneering venture will serve a useful purpose in the field of agricultural econom1CS. New Delhi. ASOK MITRA Apri115. 1968. Registrar General, India. INTRODUCTION The canvassing of Household Schedule in and collection of information about these two 1961 Census was done for the first time in Indian occupations with a household .a.s a unit would Census. It was considered .that cultivation and give more meaningful results. The form of th~ household industry were household enterprises Household Schedule is reproduced below: CONFIDENTIAL CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 [ To be filled up during Enumeration] Is this an institution'! PART I-HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE 1 LOCATIONCODE:.__________________________________________________ ~ I Full Name of Head ~ ______s'S_-I- ! of Household S.T. f A. CultivRtioD Local name of nght Area III acres . on land 1. Land under cultivation by Household . (i) owned or held from Gt>vernment -_ .. ----.- (ii) held from private persons or institutions for payment in.money. kind or share (iii) Total of items (i) and (ti) .6 .•.•••.••.•••...••••.••.•••••.•..••.••...•..••.•.••.•..•.•.•••••.. ........... -......... 2. tand given to private person$ for cultiva- tion for payment in money. kind or share B. Housebold. Industry Nature of Industry Household Indllstry (not on the scale of a Number of registered factory) conducted by the Head months in of the household himself and/or mainly the year ~- members of the household at home or during which within the village in rural areas and only conducted at home in urban areas I (a) ---.--.- (b) , C. Workers at CuItiTation or Housebold Industry Members of family working : Members including Head of family working Hired and hired workers. if any. kept wholetime Workers during current or last working season Head Other Other Total .. - males females . 1. Household Cultivation only -·------i- -----,-- 2. Household Industry only I - I 1----- 3. Both in Household Cultivation & , Household Industry ii Part 'A' of the Household Schedule related to family worker in (a) cultivation of land or super­ cultivation only. While sub-part A.I, covered all vision or direction of cultivation of land owned or cultivating households, the ~ub-part A.2 related held from G?,:ernment,. a.q? (b) cultivation of to households who had leased out or sub-leased land or superVISIOn or dIrectIOn of cultivation of their lands. All cultivating households under land 'held from private persons or institutions for sub-part A.·l were classified into two categories: payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation viz., (i) owned or 1).eld from Government and involves ploughing, sowing and harvesting . and (ii) held from private p~rsons or institutions for does not include fruit growing or keeping orchhrds payment in money, kind or share. Against each or groves or working -for plantations. like tea, category, local names of rights on land and also coffee, rubber, cinchona and other medicinal area in acres were recorded. The Instructions t(l plantations". ,r the Enumerators issued in this behalf were as under.- Apart from the nature of work, the 1961 Census laid down a'minimum norm of quantum of , 'Sub-part 'A' relating to euitivation will have to be work for making a person eligible to be recorded filled in only where the household cultivates land. as cultivator. A person was a cultivator if he (Land includes all land normally used for cultivation had sonie regular work of more than one hour a purposes including temporary fallows). Three cate­ gories of land, are given in items 1 (i), 1 (ii) and 2. day throughout the greater part of the working Items 1 (i) and 1 (ii) relate to land actually culti­ season. Work included not only actual work but vated by the household. Item 2 relates to land effective supervision and direction of work. which is not cultivated by the household but has been given by it to private persons for cultivation It- can be seen from above that the terms for payment in money, kind or share.
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