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Thermal-Infrared Remote Sensing of Surface Water–Groundwater

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Thermal-Infrared Remote Sensing of Surface Water–Groundwater Received: 5 August 2016 Accepted: 29 November 2016 DOI 10.1002/hyp.11100 RESEARCH ARTICLE Thermal‐infrared remote sensing of surface water– groundwater exchanges in a restored anastomosing channel (Upper Rhine River, France) David Eschbach1 | Guillaume Piasny1 | Laurent Schmitt1 | Laurent Pfister2 | Pierre Grussenmeyer3 | Mathieu Koehl3 | Grzegorz Skupinski1 | Abdelaziz Serradj1 1 CNRS, LIVE UMR 7362, LTER ‐“Zone Atelier Environnementale Urbaine”, 3, rue de Abstract l’Argonne, F‐67083 Strasbourg, France Ecohydrological processes are a key element to consider in functional river restorations. In the 2 Environmental Research and Innovation framework of a LIFE+ European restoration program, we have investigated the potential for air- Department, Catchment and Eco‐hydrology borne thermal‐infrared remote sensing to map surface water–groundwater exchanges and to research group, Luxembourg Institute of identify their driving factors. We focused our attention on anastomosing channels on an artificial Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L‐4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg island of the Upper Rhine River (Rohrschollen), where a new channel was excavated from the 3 ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, floodplain to reconnect an older channel in its upstream part. These hydraulic engineering works Photogrammetry and Geomatics Group, INSA led to an increased inflow from the Rhine Canal. Here, we propose an original data treatment de Strasbourg, 24, boulevard de la Victoire, chain to (a) georeference the thermal‐infrared images in geographic information system based F‐67084 Strasbourg, France on visible images, (b) detect and correct data errors, and (c) identify and locate thermal anomalies Correspondence David Eschbach, University of Strasbourg, attributed to groundwater inputs and hyporheic upwellings. Our results, which have been com- CNRS, LIVE UMR 7362, LTER ‐“Zone Atelier pared to morpho‐sedimentary data, show that groundwater upwelling in the new channel is con- ” Environnementale Urbaine , 3 rue de trolled by riffle–pool sequences and bars. This channel is characterized by large bedload transport l’Argonne, F‐67083 Strasbourg, France. – Email: david.eschbach@live‐cnrs.unistra.fr and morphodynamic activity, forming riffles and bars. In the old channel, where riffle pool Funding information sequences no longer exist, due to impacts of engineering works and insufficient morphodynamic European Community, Grant/Award Number: effects of the restoration, thermal anomalies appeared to be less pronounced. Groundwater LIFE08 NAT/F/00471; City of Strasbourg; inputs seem to be controlled by former gravel bars outcropping on the banks, as well as by local University of Strasbourg and French National thinning of the low‐permeability clogging layer on the channel bed. Center for Scientific Research (IDEX-CNRS 2014 MODELROH project, specific CNRS applications); ZAEU (Zone Atelier KEYWORDS Environnementale Urbaine – LTER). airborne thermal‐infrared (TIR) remote sensing, functional restoration, hydromorphology, hyporheic processes, Upper Rhine anastomosing channel 1 | INTRODUCTION et al., 2006; Malard, Mangin, Uehlinger, & Ward, 2001; Poole & Berman, 2001; Torgersen, Price, Li, & McIntosh, 1999; Verneaux, Stream temperature is a key parameter in many river studies for char- 1977). This explains why, in most cases, tributaries feed relatively cold acterizing the ecological functioning of fluvial systems (Angilletta, water into larger channels (Dugdale, Bergeron, & St‐Hilaire, 2013; 2009; Magnuson, Crowder, & Medvick, 1979; Ward, 1992; Webb, Wawrzyniak et al., 2016). Hannah, Moore, Brown, & Nobilis, 2008). The thermal regime of fluvial At a finer spatial scale, geomorphically controlled features of systems is driven by heat flow between solar radiation, channel water, surface water–groundwater exchanges and riparian shade sediments, groundwater, and riparian vegetation modified by air tem- (Broadmeadow, Jones, Langford, Shaw, & Nisbet, 2011; Namour perature, humidity, and wind speed (Caissie, 2006; Poole & Berman, et al., 2015) induce thermal heterogeneities of surface water that 2001; Poole, Stanford, Frissell, & Running, 2002). Longitudinal stream control the spatial distribution of thermal habitats and the diversity temperature patterns are generally linked to climate gradients, channel of ecological functioning (Bernot & Dodds, 2005; Breil, Lafont, Vivier, size, and riparian vegetation‐induced shadow patches (Acuña & Namour, & Schmitt, 2007; Hannah, Malcolm, & Bradley, 2009; Tockner, 2009; Bornette, Amoros, & Lamouroux, 1998; Handcock Lafont, 2001; Schmitt et al., 2011; Stanford, Hauer, & Ward, 1988). Hydrological Processes 2017; 1–12 wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/hyp Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1 2 ESCHBACH ET AL. Groundwater inputs are generally confined to sections of gravel bars activity (Makaske, 2001; Makaske et al., 2009; Schmitt et al., 2016), it and downstream sections of riffles or steps, in riffle–pool or step– is necessary to develop specific methods for dealing with shadow pool sequences, respectively (commonly referred to hyporheic induced by riparian vegetation, as well as disturbance caused by upwelling when used at this scale; Boulton, Findlay, Marmonier, logjams. Stanley, & Valett, 1998). Groundwater inputs can also be enhanced Ecohydrological processes are a key element in functional river in channel banks and/or bottoms by the presence of coarse sedi- restoration projects (Descloux, Datry, Philippe, & Marmonier, 2010; ments, where hydraulic conductivity is relatively high (Brunke & Johnson, 2005). However, studies on surface water–groundwater Gonser, 1997; Cardenas, Wilson, & Zlotnik, 2004; Packman & exchanges in post‐restoration monitoring programs are rather scarce MacKay, 2003; Poole, Stanford, Running, & Frissell, 2006). Temporal (e.g., Poole & Berman, 2001). Here, we present results from a dynamics of groundwater inputs are linked to the hydrological cycle, European LIFE+ restoration program (European’s financial instrument including the relative variations between groundwater and surface supporting environmental, nature conservation, and climate action water levels (Burkholder, Grant, Haggerty, Khangaonkar, & Wampler, projects) of an anastomosing channel network of the Upper Rhine 2008; Constantz, Thomas, & Zellweger, 1994; Westhoff et al., 2007). River. The floodplain was excavated to create a “new channel” For most aquifers in temperate zones, groundwater is warmer than upstream of an “old channel,” leading to an increased inflow from surface water in winter and vice versa in summer (Caissie, El‐Jabi, the Rhine Canal. & Hebert, 2007; Lyons, Wang, & Simonson, 1996; Malard et al., We target a better mechanistic understanding of the spatial distri- 2001; Poirel, Lauters, & Desaint, 2008; Torgersen, Faux, McIntosh, bution of groundwater inputs (which refers to both groundwater and Poage, & Norton, 2001). During summer, groundwater inputs may hyporheic upwellings). More specifically, we hypothesize that (a) in provide thermal refuges for many stenothermal coldwater species the new channel, groundwater inputs are induced by riffles and bars; such as salmonid fish. This cooling effect is particularly important (b) in the old channel, they are controlled by former gravel bars out- for these species during heat waves (Burkholder et al., 2008; cropping on the banks as well as local thinning of the clogging layer Dugdale, Bergeron, & St‐Hilaire, 2015; Tockner, Paetzold, Karaus, at the channel bottom. To test these hypotheses, we searched for Claret, & Zettel, 2006; Tonolla, Acuña, Uehlinger, Frank, & Tockner, thermal anomalies along the studied channels and investigated how 2010; Torgersen et al., 1999). Cool thermal refuges are therefore their spatial distribution maps the hypothesized controlling factors. increasingly important in the context of future climate change (Arnell We compared and discussed the spatial distribution of groundwater & Reynard, 1996; van Vliet, Ludwig, Zwolsman, Weedon, & Kabat, inputs between (a) the new channel, characterized by active 2011). morphodynamics, bedload transport or deposition, and a high‐geomor- Conventional stream temperature surveys are based on in situ phological diversity (bars and riffles), and (b) the old channel, which is thermal sensors. Although they are well suited to monitor surface marked by relatively inactive morphodynamics, a sediment‐clogged water temperature over time (Broadmeadow et al., 2011; Pfister, channel bed, and a poor geomorphological diversity due to impacts McDonnell, Hissler, & Hoffmann, 2010; Torgersen et al., 1999), they of engineering works. reflect rather poorly spatial heterogeneities in surface water tempera- ture (Cardenas, Harvey, Packman, & Durelle, 2008; Tonolla et al., 2010). To overcome this spatial limitation, we use airborne thermal‐ 2 | STUDY AREA infrared (TIR) remote sensing for nearly 2 decades on river stretches extending up to 60 km (Torgersen et al., 2001). This approach is The Rohrschollen is an artificial island and wildlife park that is increasingly used in ecology and hydrology, notably to infer located 8 km southeast of the city of Strasbourg (Figure 1a). It has groundwater inputs (Loheide & Gorelick, 2006) from thermal been built and reshaped through three successive engineering pro- anomalies. The latter can be natural, like thermal refuges driven by jects (consisting of correction, regularization, and canalization) that groundwater inputs (Dugdale et al., 2013, 2015; Torgersen et al., first started at the beginning of the 19th
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