Part I: Earthquake Hazard and Strong Motion Chapter 3 Observation, Characterization and Prediction of Strong Ground Motion X. G
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Processing of Strong-Motion Accelerograms: Needs, Options and Consequences
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25 (2005) 93–115 www.elsevier.com/locate/soildyn Processing of strong-motion accelerograms: needs, options and consequences David M. Boorea, Julian J. Bommerb,* aUS Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA bCivil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK Accepted 25 October 2004 Abstract Recordings from strong-motion accelerographs are of fundamental importance in earthquake engineering, forming the basis for all characterizations of ground shaking employed for seismic design. The recordings, particularly those from analog instruments, invariably contain noise that can mask and distort the ground-motion signal at both high and low frequencies. For any application of recorded accelerograms in engineering seismology or earthquake engineering, it is important to identify the presence of this noise in the digitized time- history and its influence on the parameters that are to be derived from the records. If the parameters of interest are affected by noise then appropriate processing needs to be applied to the records, although it must be accepted from the outset that it is generally not possible to recover the actual ground motion over a wide range of frequencies. There are many schemes available for processing strong-motion data and it is important to be aware of the merits and pitfalls associated with each option. Equally important is to appreciate the effects of the procedures on the records in order to avoid errors in the interpretation and use of the results. Options for processing strong-motion accelerograms are presented, discussed and evaluated from the perspective of engineering application. -
Department D'analyse De Surete
COMMISSARIAT A LENERGIE ATOMIQUE XA04NO298 INSTITUT DE PROTECTION ET DE SURETE NUCLEAIRE DEPARTMENT D'ANALYSE DE SURETE INIS-XA-N--027 RAPPORT DAS/733 MAIN FACTORS AECTING STRONG GROUND MOTION CALCULATIONS CRITICAL REVIEW AND ASESSMENT. MOHAMMADIOUN B. PECKER A. RAPPORT DAS/733 MAIN FACTORS AECTING STRONG GROUND MOTION CALCULATIONS CRITICAL REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT. MOHAMMADIOUN B. , PECKER A. 1990 * DAS/SASC ** Soci6t6 G6odynamique et Structure I I MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING STRONG GROUND MOTION CALCULATIONS: CRITICAL REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT BAGHER MOHAMMADIOUN * AND ALUN PECKER" 1. 1. INTRODUCTION in the interests of guarding lives and property against the effects of earthquakes, building codes are frequently enforced when recting conventional structures, usually calling for simple, static calculations. Where more vulnerable facilities are involved, the failure of which, or of parts of which, could subject the environment to harmful substances, more sophisticated methods are used to compute or verify their design, often accompanied by safety margins intended to compen- sate for uncertainties encountered at various stages of the analysis that begins with input seismic data and culminates with an effective anti-seismic dsign. The forthcoming discussion will deal with what is known of the characteristics of strong ground motion, highly variable according to contM without entering into the problems raised by scismotectonic studies, which actually constitute the first aspect that must be addressed when performing such an analysis. Our conclusion will be devoted to cogent R & D work in this area. 1.2. STRONG MOTION DATA The earliest record obtained with a strong motion accelerograph dates back to 1933 and was triggered by the Long Beach, California earthquake. -
Behavior of Peak Values and Spectral Ordinates of Near-Source Strong Ground Motion Over the Smart 1 Array
REPORT NO. UCBjEERC-90j 17 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER JUNE 1990 BEHAVIOR OF PEAK VALUES AND SPECTRAL ORDINATES OF NEAR-SOURCE STRONG GROUND MOTION OVER THE SMART 1 ARRAY by MANSOUR NIAZI PREFACE by BRUCE A. BOLT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY For sale by the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161. DISCLAIMER Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California at Berkeley. if} !50271 101 REPORT DOCUMENTATION 11. REPORT NO. :::E9~-114djj PAGE NSF/ENG-90009 I 4. Title lind Subtitle S. Report Date Behavior of Peak Values and Spectral Ordinates of Near-Source June 1990 I Strong Ground Motion Over the SMART 1 Array 7. Author(s) A. Performin2 Oraanization Rept.. No. Mansour Niazi UCB/EERC-90/17 9. Performing O'\i:anizetion Name end Addren 10. ProjectfTask/Worit Unit No. Earthquake Engineering Research Center University of California, Berkeley 11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No. 1301 So. 46th Street (C) Richmond, Calif. 94804 (G)ISI-8619612 12. Sponsorin" Organiutlon Name end Add~. 13. Type of Report & Period Covered National Science Foundation 1800 G Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20550 14. i ~--------------------------------------------------------~.-----------------------'15. Supplementary Note. I I 16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words) The array recordings are used to investigate several important properties of, the seismic ground motions themselves. The results reported here address the question of the variability of the peak vertical and horizontal accelerations, velocities and displacements. -
THE MEASUREMENT of GROUND MOTION of DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKES by D. E. HUDSON ABSTRACT Tile Need for a Greatly Expanded Network Of
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 419-437. February, 1963 THE MEASUREMENT OF GROUND MOTION OF DESTRUCTIVE EARTHQUAKES BY D. E. HUDSON ABSTRACT Tile need for a greatly expanded network of strong-motion accelerographs throughout the seismic regions of the world is stressed. A summary of the characteristics of currently available strong-motion accelerographs is presented, and the design details are given for an instrument suitable for acquiring the basic data needed by structural engineers for earthquake resistant design. It is shown that for such an instrument, the natural period must be less than 0.1 sec- onds, and that the recording speed must be at least 1 cm/sec. The critical nature of the inertia starting device is discussed, and some information is given on the transient response of the standard pendulum starter used in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Strong-Motion Accelerograph. The use of simpler, non-time-recording instruments such as the U.S.C.G.S. Seismoscope to supplement the accelerograph network is described. INTRODUCTION The occurrence of a great earthquake is a powerful stimulus to engineering re- searches in earthquake-resistant design, and structural engineers should always be prepared to make use of the general interest aroused by destructive earthquakes to further their studies in this field. At such times it is wise to evaluate anew the ade- quacy of our past knowledge, and to initiate new programs to supply deficiencies in it. The Chilean earthquakes of May 1960, with a main shock of magnitude 8.5, form one of the largest series of destructive earthquakes of history. -
British Columbia Smart Infrastructure Monitoring System (Bcsims)
16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 16WCEE 2017 Santiago Chile, January 9th to 13th 2017 Paper N° 1130 (Abstract ID) Registration Code: S-S1461908875 BRITISH COLUMBIA SMART INFRASTRUCTURE MONITORING SYSTEM (BCSIMS) Y. Kaya(1), C. Ventura(2) (1) Research Associate, The University of British Columbia, [email protected] (2) Professor, The University of British Columbia, [email protected] Abstract The British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure and the University of British Columbia, Canada, have recently embarked on a program to instrument key structures to provide confirmation of seismic capacity, assist in focusing retrofit efforts, detect damage from any cause and provide rapid damage assessment of those structures following a seismic event. The instrumentation system installed at each structure is capable of remote configuration and can automatically upload data to a central server via the Internet. As part of this collaboration effective damage detection algorithms that provide reliable intelligence close to real time have been developed and implemented. This technology is used to i) detect, analyze and localize damage to structures; ii) transmit the data regarding these structures in real time via the internet; iii) display in animated and static web pages the data as appropriate for use by the Ministry and UBC. The alert systems and public access web pages can display real time seismic data from the BC Strong Motion Network to provide input for assessments by the Ministry of non-instrumented bridges. These systems may also provide other agencies, emergency responders and engineers with situational awareness. This Project will help transform the current practice of inspecting and evaluating all structures after an earthquake to a more rational and effective one that makes effective use of sensing technology with fast and efficient techniques for data analysis and interpretation. -
International Aspects of the History of Earthquake Engineering
International Aspects Of the History of Earthquake Engineering Part I February 12, 2008 Draft Robert Reitherman Executive Director Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering This draft contains Part I: Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Japan The planned contents of Part II are chapters 3 through 6 on China, India, Italy, and Turkey. Oakland, California 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................i Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................1 “Earthquake Engineering”.......................................................................................................1 “International” ........................................................................................................................3 Why Study the History of Earthquake Engineering?................................................................4 Earthquake Engineering History is Fascinating .......................................................................5 A Reminder of the Value of Thinking .....................................................................................6 Engineering Can Be Narrow, History is Broad ........................................................................6 Respect: Giving Credit Where Credit Is Due ..........................................................................7 The Importance -
DOGAMI Open-File Report O-81-09, Seismic and Volcanic Hazard
STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES 1005 State Office Building, Portland, Oregon 97201 OPEN-FILE REPORT 0-81-9 SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC HAZARD EVALUATION OF THE MOUNT ST. HELENS AREA, WASHINGTON RELATIVE TO THE TROJAN NUCLEAR SITE, OREGON John D. Beaulieu Deputy State Geologist Norman V. Peterson Geologist Conducted in conformance with ORS 516.030 Funded by Oregon Department of Energy GOVERNING BOARD STATE GEOLOGIST John L. Schwabe Portland Donald A. Hull C. Stanley Rasmussen Baker Allen P. Stinchfield North Bend September 1981 CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...•.•.. 1 2.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING 3 2.1 General ...•.... 3 2.2 Plate Tectonic Boundaries in the Northwest United States 4 2.3 Mount St. Helens Seismic Zone . • . • . 9 2.4 Tectonic Setting of Mount St. Helens Area . 14 2.5 Selected References ••.•• 15 3.0 SEISMIC EVALUATION OF MOUNT ST. HELENS SEISMIC ZONE RELATIVE TO THE TROJAN SITE . • • • • • • . • . • • • 19 3.1 Fault Interpretation 19 3.1.1 General 19 3.1.2 Measures of Earthquake Magnitude. 19 3.1.3 Earthquake Magnitude as a Function of Source Parameters . 22 3.1.4 Earthquake Magnitude Determined by Seismic Moment 24 3.1.5 Recurrence Frequency of Maximum Possible Earthquake . 30 3 .1.6 Summary 32 3.1.7 Selected References 36 3.2 Ground Motion at Trojan Site 40 3.2.1 General 40 3.2.2 Acceleration 40 3.2.3 Velocity, Displacement, and Period 45 3.2.4 Response Spectrum 50 3.3 Conclusions .••.. 50 3.4 Selected References . 52 4.0 VOLCANIC EVALUATION OF MOUNT ST. -
Full Scale Measurements of Strong Earthquake Motions
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RECORDING STRONG EARTHQUAKE MOTION – INSTRUMENTS, RECORDING STRATEGIES AND DATA PROCESSING M.D. Trifunac Report CE 07-03 September 2007 Los Angeles, California www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/Earthquake_eng/ ABSTRACT This report describes the advances in recording of strong-motion. It emphasizes the amplitude and spatial resolution of recording starting with the first accelerographs, which had an optical recording dynamic range of about 50 dB, and a useful life longer than 30 years. When digital accelerographs started to become available in the late 1970s, their dynamic range increased progressively, and at present it is near 135 dB. However, most models have had a useful life shorter than 5 to 10 years. One benefit from a high dynamic range is early trigger and anticipated ability to compute permanent displacements. Another benefit is higher sensitivity and the possibility of recording smaller-amplitude motions (aftershocks, smaller local earthquakes and distant large earthquakes). The present trend of upgrading existing stations and adding new stations with high-dynamic-range accelerographs has lead to deployment of a relatively small number of new stations (the new high-dynamic-range digital instruments are 2 to 3 times more expensive than the old analog instruments or new digital instruments with a dynamic range of 60 dB or less). Thus the spatial resolution of recording, both of ground motion and structural response, has increased only slowly during the past 20 years ⎯ by a factor of about two. Future increase in the spatial resolution of recording will require orders of magnitude more funding for instruments and maintenance and for data retrieval, processing, management, and dissemination. -
PEAK ACCELERATION SCALING STUDIES the Seismogram Recorded by a Strong Motion Accelerograph Represents the Accumulative Effect Of
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. 72, No.3, pp. 959-979, June 1982 PEAK ACCELERATION SCALING STUDIES BY DAVID M. HADLEY, DONALD v. HELMBERGER, AND JOHN A. ORCUTT ABSTRACT An acceleration time history can be decomposed into a series of operations that transfers energy from each point on the fault to the recording station ACC(t) = 5* R* E* Q where 5 is the source time function, R represents rupture over a finite fault, E is the elastic propagation through the earth, and Q is the path attenuation, assumed to be linear. If these operators were exactly known, a deterministic approach to predicting strong ground motions would be straightforward. For the current study, E was computed from a velocity model that incorporates a stiff sedimen tary layer over a southern California crust. A range of realistic rupture velocities have been obtained by other investigators and is incorporated into the simula tion. Assumptions of the path averaged attenuation, Q, can be tested by com paring with observational data, as a function of distance, the parameters peak acceleration, and computed ML. This provides a check on both the high fre quency(- 5Hz) and long-period (-1 sec) behavior of E* Q. An average crustal shear wave Qfi of 300 is found to be compatible with observational data (ML = 4.5 to 5.0). Assumptions of 5 can be avoided by using real sources derived from accelerograms recorded at small epicentral distances (epicentral distance/ source depth < 1 ). Using these operators, accelerograms have been simulated for strike-slip faulting for four magnitudes: 4.5; 5.5; 6.5; and 7.0. -
75Th Anniversary of Strong Motion Observation—A Historical Review
ARTICLE IN PRESS Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 29 (2009) 591– 606 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/soildyn 75th anniversary of strong motion observation—A historical review Mihailo D. Trifunac Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA article info abstract Article history: This review describes the experience accumulated in the field of recording earthquake motions up to the Received 22 January 2008 early 1900s, and then it discusses the key players who contributed to the first successful strong motion Received in revised form observation program in earthquake engineering in the 1930s. It begins by summarizing the 17 May 2008 accomplishments of the preceding seismological observations, which provided the stepping-stone Accepted 27 May 2008 ideas on how to construct the first strong motion accelerograph. Next, it describes the lack of optimism among the engineers in the early 1900s, who doubted that structural response could ever be calculated Keywords: for irregular earthquake ground motion—this was, of course, half a century before the appearance of First strong motion earthquake fast digital computers—but also their realization that something needed to be done to reduce the accelerographs hazards from earthquakes. The roles of the two pioneers Kyoji Suyehiro and John Freeman, whose vision, First strong motion record leadership, and perseverance launched the strong motion observation program in 1932, are then briefly Long Beach earthquake of 1933 Kyoji Suyehiro discussed. Finally, the mechanical characteristics of the first strong motion accelerograph are outlined. John Freeman The review is completed by illustrating the growth of the strong motion observation programs in selected seismic areas of the world and the fruits of these programs—the cumulative number of uniformly processed strong motion records in southern California. -
Procedures for Estimating Earthquake Ground Motions
Procedures for Estimating Earthquake Ground Motions PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS High-altitude view of the San Francisco Bay region showing surface traces of the Hayward and Calaveras faults. The Hayward fault was the source of two large earthquakes in 1836 and 1868 that caused surface rupture along as much as 64 km of its trace. The Calaveras fault, with a length of approximately 160 km, is one of the largest in northern California. The San Andreas fault passes offshore near Mussel Rock (arrow at bottom of photograph). Fault systems such as these must be critically studied when evaluating the seismic hazards and risk in an urban area. Procedures for Estimating Earthquake Ground Motions By WALTER W. HAYS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1114 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1980 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hays, Walter W. Procedures for estimating earthquake ground motions. (Geological Survey professional paper ; 1114) Bibliography: p. 69-77. Supt.ofDocs.no.: 119.16:1114 1. Earthquakes-United States. 2. Seismology United States. 3. Earthquake resistant design. I. Title. II. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper ; 1114. QE539.H39 363.3'495 79-607183 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-03276-7 CONTENTS Page Page Glossary ____________________________VII -
Global Symposium for Hazard Risk Reduction
APPLIED RESEARCH GRANTS FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Global Symposium for Hazard Risk Reduction Lessons Learned from the Applied Research Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction Program 26–28 July 2004 Washington, DC WORKING PAPERS The World Bank To explore innovative ways to address human vulnerability to hazards(natural and human-made), the ProVention Consortium invited a special disaster management audience—the world’s youth. The Consortium launched a program of Applied Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction in 2002. Sixty-five grants were awarded and fifteen projects have now been selected for presentation at this Global Symposium. This outreach program was managed by the World Bank’s Hazard Management Unit (HMU) in collaboration with the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), Cranfield Disaster Management Centre (CDMC) and the University of Wisconsin–Disaster Management Center (UW-DMC). This collection of working papers presents current research on disaster management issues and practice. For additional regional information, please contact: Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 THAILAND Website — http://www.adpc.net/ Cranfield Disaster Management Centre (CDMC) Cranfield University (RMCS), Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK Website — http://www.rmcs.cranfield.ac.uk/ddmsa/dmc/view University of Wisconsin–Disaster Management Center (UW–DMC) University of Wisconsin-Madison, 432 North Lake Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA Website — http://dmc.engr.wisc.edu/ COVER PHOTOS Aliou Mamadou Dia, Chipo Muvezwa, Gabriela Muñoz Rodriguez, Rose Berdin COVER DESIGN Susan Kummer, Artifax To explore innovative ways to address human vulnerability to hazards(natural and human-made), the ProVention Consortium invited a special disaster management audience—the world’s youth.