SAFETY AND RELIABILITY OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES Safety and Reliability of Bridge Structures Edited by Khaled M. Mahmoud Bridge Technology Consulting New York City, USA Front Cover: Kanchanaphisek Bridge, Samut Prakan Province, Thailand Photo courtesy of Parsons Brinckerhoff, USA Back Cover: (From top to bottom) Grimselsee Bridge, Bern, Switzerland Rendering courtesy of Christian Menn, Switzerland Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge, Kingston, New York, USA Photo courtesy of New York State Bridge Authority, USA Cover Design: Khaled M. Mahmoud Bridge Technology Consulting, New York City, USA CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2009 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in the USA by Edwards Brothers, Inc, Lillington, NC All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Published by: CRC Press/Balkema P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk – www.balkema.nl ISBN: 978-0-415-56484-7 (Hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-86158-5 (Ebook) Table of contents Preface IX 1 Bridge safety, analysis and design The safety of bridges 3 T.V. Galambos LRFD versus ASD, the differences between the two standards for retaining wall and abutment design 11 S. Esposito & H. Najm Providing the best bridges for the best cost 23 R.A. Lawrie Taconic State Parkway Ramp ‘X’ Bridge project, Westchester, NY, USA 31 E.S. Jarosz & J. Kang Screening and analysis for the gusset plates of the Hawk Falls Bridge, Pennsylvania, USA 39 M.M. Myers Selection and design of the high load multirotational bearings for the St. Anthony Falls Bridge in Minnesota 49 K.L. Western, T.A. DeHaven & R.J. Watson 2 Cable-supported bridges Potential of multi main-spans suspension bridge 59 M. Inoue Kanchanaphisek Bridge: A cable-stayed bridge designed for a low maintenance budget 69 R. Hsu & P. Vineyard Design-build of the Indian River Inlet cable stayed bridge 81 K.V. Butler, D. Robb & P. Halvarsson A self anchored suspension pedestrian bridge over Harbor Drive in San Diego, California, USA 93 D. Fitzwilliam & J. Tognoli Stay cable replacement, high level engineering for an extended serviceability 103 E. Mellier, S. Joye & V. Maillet 3 Movable bridges Rehabilitation of Bridge Street Bridge preserving a nineteenth century historic bascule lift span 113 P. van Hagen & H. Protin V VI Table of contents Replacement of a rare Hanover skewed bascule—The Hamilton Avenue Bridge, New York City, USA 129 K. Griesing Innovative redesign for cost savings on a vertical lift bridge 139 E. Kelly & W. Nickoley 4 Advanced materials Lightweight concrete for long span bridges 149 R. Castrodale & K. Harmon Experimental study on hybrid steel-concrete beam connected with perfobond ribs 161 S-H. Kim, J-H. Won, J-H. Ahn, C.G. Lee & S-J. Kim Rehabilitation of bridges using Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete 167 E. Brühwiler Lightweight and recycled materials for the construction of the Messina Strait Bridge, Italy 177 G. Di Giannantonio 5 Bridge instrumentation and monitoring Modeling and instrumentation of the Tobin Memorial Bridge in Boston, Massachusetts, USA 189 B. Brenner, E. Santini-Bell, W. Durack, M. Sanayei & E. Pheifer Structural health monitoring using wireless acoustic emission sensor network 199 T. Hay, S. Jayaraman & D.R. Hay Bridge monitoring to measure corrosion rate and concrete resistivity 207 C.J. Moretti & S. Jerath 6 Bridge security and testing The security assessment of structural cable assemblies in bridges 215 T.W. Klein Overview of available detection technologies with applications to bridge security 223 J. Godoy & J. Chang Development of a baseline model for an arch using diagnostic tests 233 J. Liu & H.W. Shenton 7 Bridge inspection, management and assessment Developing a business process model for bridge management in Europe 251 T. Browne, J. Harvey & P. Owens Table of contents VII Use of public-private partnerships in bridge infrastructure delivery 265 J. Chang Special topics studies for baseline structural modeling for condition assessment of in-service bridges 273 E.S. Bell & J.D. Sipple Merging and moving forward with New Jersey Turnpike Authority’s Bridge inspection program 291 J.H. Laird & J.A. Paul Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority’s computerized structure inspection system 299 J.K. Shaffer & M.C. Schellhase 8 Bridge construction, maintenance and retrofit Construction engineering considerations for highway bridges 311 B. Chavel, S. Tunstall & R. Eaton Concept and practice of accelerated bridge construction in California, USA 327 P. Chung, J.J.Q. Fang & K.J. Thompson The maintenance of the main expansion joints on the Forth Road Suspension Bridge, Scotland 335 B.R. Colford, S. Jones, D. Timby & K. Brown Reinforcement design of the Filetto Bridge on the Santerno river near Bologna, Italy 349 G. Gasparini, S. Silvestri, T. Trombetti & C. Ceccoli Retrofit and replacement of Dumbarton railroad bridges, California, USA 365 K.S. Go, S. Treyger, M. Jones, S.J. Hill, B. Susanto & W. Yang 9 Bridge deck evaluation Understanding the limitations of exodermic bridge decks: A case study on the Kingston-Rhinecliff Bridge 383 W.J. Moreau Multi-level bridge deck evaluation combining Ground Penetrating Radar and Infrared Thermography methods 397 K.R. Maser & B.C. Miller The history and benefits of prefabricated grid reinforced concrete decks 405 P.M. Gase & M.R. Kaczinski 10 Bridge history and aesthetics Christian Menn’s recent bridge designs—Reducing structural elements to the simplest solution 413 E. Brühwiler VIII Table of contents A study of the evolution of arch forms: Eiffel’s Maria Pia Bridge and Ammann’s Bayonne Bridge 421 A.P. Thrall & D.P. Billington Design and construction of the Third Millennium Bridge over the Ebro River in Zaragoza, Spain 429 J.J. Arenas de Pablo, G. Capellán Miguel, H. Beade Pereda & J. Martínez Aparicio Walkway over the Hudson—Fast track design and construction 445 P. Melewski, J. Brizzell, H.J. Marcelle & J. DiStefano Verrugas Viaduct and its reconstruction, Peru, South America 461 K. Gandhi Design and erection of four signature urban bridges recently built in Spain 481 J.J. Arenas de Pablo, G. Capellán Miguel, E. Merino Rasillo & M. Sacristán Montesinos Author index 497 Preface Recent surveys of the U.S. infrastructure’s condition have rated a staggering number of bridges structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. While not necessarily unsafe, a structurally defi- cient bridge must be posted for weight and have limits for speed, due to its deteriorated structural components. Bridges with old design features that cannot safely accommodate current traffic volumes, and vehicle sizes and weights are classified as functionally obsolete. In addition to affecting safe and efficient people mobility and movement of goods and services, these structural and functional deficiencies contribute to traffic congestion. The restrictions may also result in increased response times for emergency vehicles required to use alternate routes. As importantly, such deficiencies may adversely affect the performance of transportation systems in emergency situations or for disaster response. This narrative has become part of the public debate sparked by the collapse of the I-35W Bridge over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, during rush hour on August 1, 2007, plunging dozens of cars and their occupants into the river. Ever since, numerous technical and news articles have been written to answer the persistent ques- tion, why did the bridge collapse? Exhaustive examination of the details of a specific bridge failure, typically, reveals the reasons for the collapse and lessons are drawn from the experience. Each bridge failure, since the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster in 1940, has served as a wakeup call for the bridge engineering community, initiating radical changes in the design and construc- tion standards. However, a paradigm shift is necessary in the inspection and monitoring practices of the bridge engineering community to provide preventive maintenance and restore the public’s confidence in the safety of bridges. Concerns about bridge safety and reliability are shared by bridge engineers from different coun- tries. This book contains a number of selected papers that were presented at the Fifth New York City Bridge Conference, held on August 17–18, 2009. These papers cover a wide range of topics in the design, construction, maintenance, monitoring and rehabilitation of bridge structures. The book leads off with a paper by Galambos on “The safety of bridges”, in which the author attempts to present an explanation to the tragic events of August 1, 2007, when the bridge carry- ing the Interstate Highway I-35W over the Mississippi River in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, collapsed unexpectedly, plunging the afternoon rush-hour traffic down with the bridge. The author recommends more thorough design checks for new bridges, inspection of older bridges by expe- rienced bridge engineers and the employment of monitoring techniques so that a collapse like the Minneapolis Bridge remains a very rare event. In October of 2007 the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification became the mandatory design code for highway structures in the United States, to establish better representation of applied loads and strength of materials. In “LRFD versus ASD, the differences between the two standards for retaining wall and abutment design”, Esposito and Najm take an in-depth look at the differences between the Standard Specifications and the LRFD Specification and how they apply to earth retaining structures.