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Univerza V Ljubljani Filozofska Fakulteta Oddelek Za Etnologijo in Kulturno Anrtopologijo

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Univerza V Ljubljani Filozofska Fakulteta Oddelek Za Etnologijo in Kulturno Anrtopologijo UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA ODDELEK ZA ETNOLOGIJO IN KULTURNO ANRTOPOLOGIJO BLAŽ BAJIČ Fitnes: od nadzora do upora Diplomsko delo Študijski program: Etnologija in kulturna antropologija - E Mentor: red. prof. dr. Rajko Muršič Ljubljana, 2013 Zahvale Ker niti študijska dela, kot so diplomske naloge, ne nastajajo in ne morejo nastajati v družbenemu, materialnem, idejnemu ter čustvenemu vakuumu, in ker v tem oziru moja naloga ni nikakršna izjema, se ne čutim dolžnega, ampak hvaležnega, da se lahko ljudem, ki so mi pri pisanju naloge pomagali v kateremkoli zgoraj omenjenem smislu, zahvalim. Svojim staršem Mojci in Marinu se zahvaljujem za brezpogojno podporo, ki sta mi jo nudila tekom študija. Kolegicam in kolegom, prijateljicam in prijateljem sem hvaležen, ker so v meni ničkolikokrat vzbudili in okrepili željo po mišljenju, študiju in razumevanju sveta. Zahvaljujem se tudi vsem sogovornikom in sogovornicam, ki so bili z menoj pripravljeni deliti svoje misli in izkušnje. Posebna zahvala gre mentorju Rajku Muršiču, ki me je z nasveti in pripombami, kritikami in pohvalami, napotki in vprašanji bolj namučil, kot katerakoli utež, a s svojo teoretsko globino in sploh širokim znanjem vedno znova spodbudil k nadaljnjemu delu. Last but definitely not least se zahvaljujem Niki, ki mi je tekom zadnjih let vedno stala ob strani, me podpirala in ko je bilo potrebno »prizemljila«. Daljnosežnost njenih komentarjev in pronicljivost njenih vprašanj, ki mi jih je postavljala v pogovorih med nastajanjem naloge, sta bila in sta še vedno velikanski vir navdiha in samo-izpraševanja, brez katerega ta naloga ne bi bila to, kar je. 2 Izvleček Fitnes: Od nadzora do upora Diplomsko delo obravnava fitnes vadbo moških kot se odvija v fitnes centrih. Avtor na kratko predstavi zgodovino fitnes vadbe in njegovega »brata dvojčka«, bodibilding, ter jo poskuša povezati z nekaterimi pomembnejšimi družbenozgodovinskimi spremembami, predvsem tekom 20. stoletja. Oriše tudi zgodovino fitnes vadbe v Sloveniji, ki se steče v kratko diskurzivno analizo reprezentativnih spletnih besedil, ki fitnes vadbo ne le predstavljajo, temveč tudi promovirajo. Izhajajoč iz etnografske izkušnje predstavi dogajanje v fitnes centrih, medsebojno opazovanje obiskovalcev, primerjave in tekmovanja, ki potekajo v znamenju medijskih reprezentacij teles. Čeprav vaje večino časa izvajajo z veliko mero natančnosti in samonadzora, ko s pomočjo zrcal svoja telesa »odrežejo« od sebe, pa se občasno zgodi, da se prepustijo vadbi in bolečini. Takrat (svoja) telesa doživijo drugače, doživijo se kot telesa; izkušnja razbolelih mišic jim predstavlja zadovoljstvo v trpljenju in obratno, ki na neki točki postane preveč intenzivno, neznosno in grozljivo, a zahteva vztrajanje. Ob koncu dela avtor opiše tudi dogajanje v moških slačilnicah, ki se pogosto odvija na robu homosocialnosti, »v bližini« homoerotike. Moški jo preganjajo z načinom gledanja in diskurzivno, z objektivacijo deklet, čustveno odcepitvijo ter nenehno tekmovalnostjo. Ključne besede: fitnes vadba, nadzor, antropologija telesa, skrb za telo, antropologija športa Abstract Fitness: From Control to Resistance Undergraduate thesis discusses men exercising as it takes place in gyms. The author gives a short historical account of fitness exercising and of its “twin brother”, bodybuilding. He tries to connect it with some of the more important historical and social changes, especially those that took place in the 20th century. This account leads to a short discursive analysis of representative texts taken from the World-Wide-Web that do not only give instructions on how to exercise but also promote fitness training as respectable form of exercise. Drawing on his ethnographic experience he gives a description of what takes place in gyms, mutual observance of gym-goers, their comparisons and competitiveness that take place under the sign of mass media representations. Even though gym-goers mostly exercise slowly, with a 3 great deal of control and accuracy and are with the help of mirrors able to “cut of from” their bodies, from time to time they give in to the exercises and physical pain. In those moments they experience their bodies very differently; they experience themselves as bodies. This can be simultaneously enjoyable and traumatic. At certain point it becomes unbearable, but “it” whishes to continue. The author also gives an account of everyday proceedings in male locker-rooms that the place on the boundary between homosociality and homoeroticism. Key words: fitness exercising, discipline, anthropology of the body, body-care, anthropology of sport 4 KAZALO Preoblačenje: Predgovor…..…………………………………..……………….7 Prvi del treninga………..……………………………………………………..10 Uvod: Ogrevanje………………….…………………………………………………………10 Kratek pregled zgodovine športa…………………………………………………………...14 Od antične Grčije do modernosti…………………………………………………………..15 Nastanek modernega športa…….…………………………………………………………..19 Telovadna gibanja v 19. in začetku 20 stoletja…………………………………………….22 Telovadna društva na Slovenskem…………………………………………………………27 Olimpijsko gibanje…………………………………………………………………………..32 Vaudeville in silaki…………………………………………………………………………..34 Eugen Sandow – Veličastni…………………………………………………………………39 Premor 1: »Kdor obvladuje, preteklost obvladuje prihodnost. Kdor obvladuje sedanjost, obvladuje preteklost«………………………………………………………………………..43 Drugi niz: zgodovina zgodnjega fitnesa v 20. stoletju……………………………………..46 Fitnes revolucija poznih sedemdesetih in osemdesetih……………………………………52 Fitnes v Sloveniji…………………………………………………………………………….59 Drugi del treninga……………………………………………………………..62 Ko spregovori fitnes…………………………………………………………………….62 Kdo dela diskurz?...................................................................................................................64 Natančnost in učinkovitost………………………………………………………………….67 Obljuba………………………………………………………………………………………73 Tretji del treninga………………………………………………………………………..74 V fitnes centru……………………………………………………………………………….75 Vzroki in razlogi za vadbo…………………………………………………………………..85 Začetki in nadaljevanja……………………………………………………………………..86 Nadzorovani gib……………………………………………………………………………..98 Od objektivecije telesa do njegovega užitka……………………………………………...110 Nenaden obrat……………………………………………………………………………...111 Kako razumeti fitneserski burn?..........................................................................................121 Burn kot telesenje in kot užitek…………………………………………………………...130 5 Četrti del treninga……………………………………………………………140 V slačilnici: »Za streching«…….………………………………………………………….140 V moški slačilnici z moškimi………………………………………………………………142 Fitneserska moškost?............................................................................................................155 Peti del treninga………………………………………………………………158 Zaključek: Ohlajanje in sproščanje………………………………………………………158 Summary……………………………………………………………………..162 Literatura ……………………………………………………………………163 Spletni viri……………………………………………………………………172 6 Predgovor: Preoblačenje Pričujoča naloga je nastajala dolgo, predolgo. Ko sem sredi četrtega letnika študija začel intenzivneje razmišljati o temi bodoče diplomske naloge in ko sem ob koncu študijskega leta začel zbirati relevantno literaturo, si nisem predstavljal, da bom za njeno dokončanje potreboval dve leti. Odločitev, da se bom v diplomski nalogi ukvarjal s fitnes vadbo, se je – tako kot domala vse odločitve – zgodila tako rekoč samodejno. Odločitev je padla na nekem sprehodu z nekdanjim dekletom, ko sva kramljala o navadah ljudi v najini okolici, ki so se nama zdele nenavadne. Tekom pogovora sva se »zataknila« pri ljudeh, ki obiskujejo fitnes centre in tam dvigujejo uteži. Ker sem v tistem obdobju razmišljal o temi, ki bi se je lotil v diplomski nalogi, sem pomislil, da bi bila fitnes vadba zanimiva in primerna tema naloge. Seveda pa se zamisel, da bi bila fitnes vadba zanimiva tema naloge, ni oblikovala iz niča, tam, v tistem trenutku, ampak se je »spela« z nekaterimi mojimi precej starejšimi (za)čudenji. Ta (za)čudenja o fitnes vadbi izvirajo še iz osnovnošolskega obdobja, ko sem v športnem centru Tivoli treniral plavanje. Da sem kasneje med tistim sprehodom sprejel odločitev, da se bom v diplomski nalogi ukvarjal s fitnes vadbo, je bila torej posledica starih (za)čudenj in svežih nenavadnosti. To sicer ne razloži, kaj »v« fitnesu, je fitnes delalo zanimivo in privlačno, a na to pač ne znam dati odgovora. Skozi vseh osem let osnovne šole in več let srednje šole sem treniral plavanje. Sprva sem v bazen skočil le nekajkrat na teden, kasneje, v letih, ko sem aktivno tekmoval, pa sem se »zmočil« tudi večkrat dnevno, naposled, zadnjih nekaj let pa zopet redkeje, pravzaprav vse redkeje, manj resno in precej bolj »sproščeno«. Slaba tri leta, ki so se razvlekla že v prvo leto študija, sem delal tudi kot vaditelj otrok in odraslih v nekem športnem društvu. Vsa ta leta sem se, ko sem skoraj vsakodnevno zahajal v športno središče Tivoli, sprehajal mimo velikanske steklene »izložbe«, kot smo s soplavalci včasih norčavo imenovali fitnes center v Tivoliju. V teh letih sem v predel stavbe, kjer se nahaja fitnes, zašel le nekajkrat – pa še takrat le zavoljo različnih testiranj, ki sem jih kot plavalec v klubu moral opraviti tam. Takrat – sam sem obiskoval šesti ali sedmi razred osnovne šole – smo si s soplavalci obiskovalce fitnesa najbolj privoščili. Ob takšnih priložnostih pa smo pogovarjali tudi o mogočih vzrokih, zakaj ljudje obiskujejo fitnese. Razlage so segale od šaljivih in naravnost absurdnih do za odtenek bolj resnih, takšnih, ki so se začele z »En moj prijatelj hodi na fitnes,
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