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Healing and Cultural Formation Bush Cree Comrnunity

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Healing and Cultural Formation Bush Cree Comrnunity University of Alberta Healing and Cultural Formation Bush Cree Comrnunity A thesis subrnitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial Mientof the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Edmonton, Alberta Spring 1999 National übrary Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 0fCa"ada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your & Votre réfererr~~ Our IW Notre réldrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic fonnats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts f?om it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pe~mission. autorisation. This thesis is based on fieldwork conducted with the Cree and Métis cornmunity of Wabasca-Desmarais, Alberta in 1996 and 1997. By comparing three case studies involving Cree traditionalism, northem industry, and Pentecostalism, traditional knowledge is explored as a critical resource for the formation of healthy and effective worldviews within rapidly changing circumstances. This process of cuitural formation involves developing rnodels of the world that are both aesthetically meaningful and pragmatically rewarding within individual lived contexts. If northem development is to be tdysustainable, we must recognise that industrial activities have an impact not only upon material resources critical to traditional health and healing (e.g. plants and animais), but also upon the institutions in which traditional knowledge is encoded and transmitted. The thesis concludes with a set of recommendations as to how such impacts might be recognised, reduced, or mitigated in the future. Acknowledgements First and foremost, 1 would like to thank the people of Wabasca-Desmarais and the Bigstone Cree First Nation for allowing me into their worlds. 1am especiaily grateful to dlthose who invited me into their homes to taik about their lives, always offering me cups of sweet tea or coffee when 1 needed them. 1 owe a special debt and thanks to ny fi-iend and elder, Denys Auger, who opened his door, as well as mmy others for me; even tnisting me with the keys to some of them. 1 look forward to when we cari taik together again. In the mean the 1'11 take good care of these keys. To al1 those grandmothers and grandfathers who continue to heip me find better understandings and who have helped me unroll this hide and tum it into sornething that might be usefùl: ay-ay. 1 would like to give special thanks to dl of those who worked directly on the project as CO-researchers,especially Jeanne Cardinal and Marion Cardinal who worked long hours delivering questionnaires and giving much needed feedback and encouragement. Several community agencies lent assistance and advice and were partners at various stages of the project. These include the Pekiskwetan "Let's Talk" Society, the Bigstone Cree education authority, and the Ai-Pac community office in Wabasca. 1 would also like to recognize the ongoing fmancial, material and acadernic support of the Canadian Circumpolar Institute (CCI), the Centre for the Cross-Cultural Study of Health and Healing (CCSHH), and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Alberta. Also, thanks to the Network of Centres of Excellence in Sustainable Forest Management (NCE-SFM) for their initial fmancial support of the project: without it this research would never have been possible. Additional thanks go to my thesis advisor, Dr. David E. Young, who has been my teacher, mentor and fiiend since my undergraduate years, and who 1hope will remain so for many years to corne. I am honoured to be one of the Iast students to benefit fiom his knowledge and wisdorn before he retires from the university stage. Thanks also to the other members of my thesis cornmittee, Dr. Ray Le Blanc and Dr. Earle Waugh, and to al1 of the other faculty, staff, and students who have made my years at the University of Alberta so hitful. Last, but not least, 1would like to thank my farnily and fnends for the constant emotional support and the occasional sarcastic jibes that have kept me from straying too far from this thesis. My colleague and companion, Tracey Spack, has inspired me and helped me through everytbg over the last two years and she has my deepest love, respect, and gratitude. To my best and oldest friends Francesca and Robyn, Maury and Anne, Scott and Nairn I owe my thanks and my sanity. To Mom and Dad, 1owe you everything. Thanks to you, and to my grandparents, 1have some roots to cal1 my own. To Scott and Jen, thanks for providing a roof over my head to write under, and to David and Kitty, Quinn, Maya, and Ethan, thanks for always reminding me to keep things in perspective. To everyone else, and to al1 those I forgot to mention, thanks also. And fmally, to the horse 1hit with my VW van on my last trip up to Wabasca, 1 owe my apologies. 1hope your ribs get better, and 1'11 see you up there next tirne. Maybe we cm bave some tea. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the Thesis Problem Statement Project Overview Research Objectives and Thesis Structure Field Methods Analytic Methods CHAPTER 2: Introduction to Wabasca-Desmarais How to Get There from Here Community Background Geography and Demographics Ethno-Historical Overview Father Vanderstein's Wabasca A Current Pictute Project Background Project Origins and Transformations Unrolling the Hide: A Reflexive Narrative CHAPTER 3: An Industry Case Study Context: Alberta-Pacific Industries Inc. Text: textual material from Elmer Ghostkeeper Hermeneutic Exposition CHAPTER 4: A Traditionalist Case S tudy Context: Bush Cree Traditionalism Text: textual material from Denys Auger Hermeneutic Exposition CHAPTER 5: A Born-again Christian Case Study Context: Cree Pentecostalism Text: textual material from Paul Hunter Hermeneutic Exposition CHAPTER 6: Healing and Cultural Formation Analysis Comparative Analysis of Case Studies Why Pentecostaiism? Synthesis: knowledge and the formation of culture CHAPTER 7: A Full Circle Project Recommendations Natural Resources Intetlectual Resources Human Resources Spiritual Resources Summary and Conclusions BLBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES 1: Questionnaire 2: Al-Pac Aboriginal Affairs Policy Objectives 3: Permission from Chief and Council 4: University of Alberta Ethics Clearance LIST OF FIGURES 1: Map of Northern Alberta 2: Map of the Wabasca-Desmarais Area 3: Map of FMA's in Northern Alberta 4: Mode1 of Localisation and Culture Formation CHAPTER ONE Introduction to the Thesis Too ofien theory is left ungrounded by the expenences of life. Ideas, concepts, dreams become dry and hollow shells, meaningless and empty, when they are not rooted in the lived rhythms of our everyday worlds. Our families, our bodies, our memones, our desires: these are the kinds of existential rocks upon which we test our theories and our dreams. We search for stories, songs, beliefs, hypotheses and models that are both practical and beautifui, simultaneously blending pragmatic function and aesthetic meaning. Where they ring hollow we will likely abandon them. Where they ring tnie we use them to expand our understanding of the worlds within which we live (Candler and Spack 1998, Young 1982). This process of testing ideas and dreams upon the rocks of lived experience is both the beginning and the ending of this thesis. During fieldwork with the community of Wabasca-Desmarais in northern Alberta it ha.sewed as both my methodology, and my eventual solution. niat one concept has served as both a methodology and solution is not as strange as it might seem. After dl, why should the anthropological process of seeking to understand an unfamiliar community and culture be any different fiom the human processes whereby we seek to understand the changing circumstances around us? Our epistemologies of knowledge are not so different. We weave our worlds and ourselves, our disciplines and our societies fiom the knowledge that we gain. Problem Statement How has northem industrial change affected community health and traditional healing in northem aboriginal communities? In particular, how has it affected the resources necessary for traditionai healing and community heaith to occur? Wabasca- Desmarais is a largely Cree community rooted within the boreal forests of northem Alberta. Since the late 1950's the people of Wabasca-Desmarais, like many other northerners, have witnessed the rise of massive resource extraction industries within the temtories that have traditionally sustained their community. In the 1950's and 60's the expansion of Alberta's oil and gas industry into the northem forests began. In the late 1980's the petroleum companies were joined by multinational forestry corporations in a massive government supported initiative to develop the northem forests for the production of pulp and paper. These recent industrial developments have made major contributions to the massive economic, cultural, social, and political changes that have swept through Wabasca-Desmarais and many other northem Canadian aboriginal communities over the past century. To attempt to understand the whole range of effects that these industries have had upon northem communities would be a mammoth undertaking. Instead, 1chose to approach the issue of northern change through explorhg how industrial development has affected one aspect of one community: traditional health and healing in Wabasca- Desmarais.
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