DOCSLIB.ORG

97 Extended Diaper Wearing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
97 Extended Diaper Wearing JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2004, 37, 97±100 NUMBER 1(SPRING 2004) EXTENDED DIAPER WEARING: EFFECTS ON CONTINENCE IN AND OUT OF THE DIAPER RACHEL S. F. TARBOX,W.LARRY WILLIAMS, AND PATRICK C. FRIMAN UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO Diaper use is widespread and possibly even increasing across diverse populations in the United States, ranging from infants to very old adults. We found no reports of an ex- perimental analysis of the effect of wearing diapers on the frequency of urinary accidents and the attainment of continence skills (e.g., urinating in the toilet). In this study, we used a withdrawal design to evaluate the effect of wearing diapers on daily urinary ac- cidents and successful voids for an adult who had been diagnosed with mental retardation. Results indicated that wearing diapers increased the rate of accidents and decreased the rate of successful voids. Clinical implications of these results are discussed. DESCRIPTORS: caregiver training, incontinence, toilet training Urinary incontinence causes an array of able bene®t, as are any increases in con®- problems ranging from personal embarrass- dence, mobility, or social participation the ment to imperiled public health. As just one use of diapers may provide for those who example, incontinence at day-care centers wear them. But whether extended diaper use can promote the spread of infectious diseases produces unwanted behavioral effects has yet (Berk & Friman, 1990). Yet, abundant ex- to be experimentally investigated. For ex- perimental evidence indicates that with skills ample, does wearing diapers merely capture training urinary continence can be estab- urinary accidents or does it also set the oc- lished and maintained effectively in diverse casion for their occurrence? More important, populations, including infants (Smeets, Lan- does wearing diapers promote or impede the cioni, Paul, & Oliva, 1985), emotionally dis- attainment of out-of-diaper continence turbed adolescents (e.g., Friman & Vollmer, skills? We address these questions in this ex- 1995), severely handicapped individuals perimental case study. (Azrin & Foxx, 1971), and very old adults (Burgio et al., 1990). A popular cultural and METHOD commercial trend toward increased diaper Participant. Ralph, a 29-year-old man usage, however, appears to promote conve- with mental retardation, lived in a commu- nience over continence by forestalling (e.g., nity residential setting for individuals with in the young) or even forgoing (e.g., in the developmental disabilities and attended a vo- handicapped or very old) skills training (e.g., cational workshop from 9:30 a.m. to 2:30 Goode, 1999; Lancaster, 1990). The con- p.m. weekdays. Prior to the investigation, venience for caregivers created through use Ralph was regularly placed in diapers (De- of diapers with those in care is an indisput- pendst adult diapers) at home by residential staff and was intermittently placed in diapers We thank Deborah Grinager for her assistance with the preparation of this article and Jay Summers and while at the workshop, depending on staff the staff at the Prevocational Assessment, Training and vigilance and inclination. Ralph arrived at Habilitation Center at the University of Nevada, the workshop in a diaper. This study was Reno, for their assistance with data collection. conducted to determine the effects of diaper Address correspondence to Larry Williams, Psy- chology Department/296, University of Nevada, use on Ralph's continence and attainment of Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557. continence skills. 97 98 RACHEL S. F. TARBOX et al. Procedure. The study was conducted at Experimental design. A withdrawal design Ralph's workshop. During all conditions, was used to assess the effects of diaper use Ralph was prompted to use the toilet every on urinary accidents and successful voids. half hour. The prompt consisted of telling Ralph ``it's time to go to the bathroom,'' and gently guiding him to the toilet. Once in the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION bathroom, Ralph independently pulled The results shown in Figure 1 suggest that down his pants and underwear (the staff wearing a diaper set the occasion for Ralph's took off his diaper when he was wearing urinary accidents. In the diaper condition, one) and he sat on the toilet. During the Ralph had substantially more accidents (M diaper condition, Ralph remained in a dia- 5 1.5 per day) than in the no-diaper con- per throughout the day unless an accident dition (M 5 0.1 per day). The results also was detected, whereupon the diaper was suggest that wearing a diaper had a decre- changed. During the no-diaper condition, mental effect on his using the toilet because, Ralph's diaper was removed when he arrived in the diaper condition, he used the toilet at the workshop and replaced when he left substantially less often (M 5 0.5 per day) for home. than in the no-diaper condition (M 5 1.8 Data collection. Trained staff collected per day). In addition, increased accidents on data at Ralph's vocational workshop on the the 1st day of the second and third no-dia- daily occurrence of urinary accidents and per conditions suggest that when his diaper successful voids. An accident was recorded if was removed, it took Ralph at least a day to Ralph's garments (i.e., diaper, underpants, or recover his continence. pants) were seen or felt to be wet in any spot Although not addressed speci®cally by at the half-hour check. Successful voids were this study, the results suggest that the diaper de®ned as seeing or hearing urine contacting exerted discriminative control or was an es- the toilet during the scheduled toileting op- portunities. The time of day that Ralph was tablishing operation, or exerted a combina- taken to the toilet was also recorded for the tion of these functions. The reinforcers in- purposes of evaluating treatment integrity. volved cannot be identi®ed with certainty, Treatment integrity data were collected for but the most plausible candidates appear to 100% of sessions. Treatment integrity was involve negative reinforcement (e.g., decreas- assessed by dividing the number of times es in the sensation of wetness, social detec- that Ralph was taken to the toilet within 5 tion of accidents, or the effort necessary to min of the scheduled time per day by the urinate). In addition to the function of the total number of scheduled toilet trips per diaper, it is possible that social reinforcement day, yielding a mean percentage of integrity played a role in the increase in toilet usage of 92% across all days (range, 72% to in the no-diaper condition. Future research 100%). Interobserver agreement was as- could extend these results by addressing sessed for at least 30% of the toilet trips dur- these issues. ing each day. Agreement was measured by A potential concern involves ¯uid intake dividing the number of agreements on each across conditions. Ralph drank two glasses occurrence of an accident, a successful void, of milk a day throughout the study, but no and the time of day by the total number of record of his water intake was kept. Accord- agreements plus disagreements, yielding a ing to staff and observers, however, milk mean percentage of agreement of 100% comprised the major portion of his ¯uid in- across all days. take. A limitation involves the inclusion of DIAPERS AND URINARY INCONTINENCE 99 Figure 1. Number of toileting accidents per day are depicted in the top panel. Number of successful voids per day are depicted in the bottom panel. only 1 participant, which limits the gener- Although the participant in this study was ality of the ®ndings. an adult with developmental disabilities, the Concerns, limitations, and unanswered results have implications for other popula- questions notwithstanding, it seems prudent tions such as normally developing young to discuss some clinical implications of the children and very old adults. Market forces results. Incontinence is a problem across are promoting increased diaper use for both multiple normal and clinical populations, populations, and yet attaining and maintain- and an increasingly popular solution in- ing full continence is achievable for virtually volves the use of a diaper-like undergarment. all nonhandicapped children and many old- In some cases, use of the garments may be er, intermittently incontinent adults as well the only feasible solution, but in others, (Goode, 1999; Lancaster, 1990). The results their use, although convenient for caretakers, here suggest the importance of exploring may retard a wearer's progress in the attain- whether diaper use instigates accidents or ment of continence skills. Wet diapers often forestalls appropriate toileting in these pop- provide a rationale for their own continued ulations. use (i.e., the fact that they are wet indicates the need for their use, as was the case in this study). The results here, however, suggest REFERENCES that the need for a diaper may be more ac- Azrin, N. H., & Foxx, R. M. (1971). A rapid method curately determined through use of out-of- of toilet training the institutionalized retarded. diaper tests. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4, 89±99. 100 RACHEL S. F. TARBOX et al. Berk, L. B., & Friman, P. C. (1990). Epidemiologic http://www.nytimes.com/library/nationalscience/ aspects of toilet training. Clinical Pediatrics, 29, 011299sci-toilettraining.html 278±282. Lancaster, M. M. (1990). Urinary incontinence: Aids Burgio, L. D., Engel, B. T., Hawkins, A., McCormick, for management. In R. C. Hanby, J. M. Turnball, K., Scheve, A., & Jones, L. T. (1990). A staff L. D. Norman, & M. M. Lancaster (Eds.), Al- management system for maintaining improve- zheimer's disease: A handbook for caregivers (pp. ments in continence with elderly nursing home 108±115). St. Louis: Mosby. residents. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 23, Smeets, P. M., Lancioni, G.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Incontinence Care Now You Really Can Have It All
    Incontinence care Now you really can have it all Clinicians can have the product quality they want. You can have the savings you need. And patients, the dignity they deserve. It doesn’t have to be complicated. Contents Briefs 4 Underwear 8 Pants 12 Insert pads 14 Premium underpads 16 Standard underpads 18 Juvenile care 20 Index 22 1 Collaboration is key To combat the effects of incontinence, we work closely with clinicians. Listening to their concerns and ideas about the products that can help solve their problems. Guided by that perspective, we develop new, advanced technologies. And a simplified set of products to help you save as you care for incontinence. Put advanced technology to work for you Guided by experienced hands — yours to deliver care, ours to deliver the most effective solutions — our products deliver the most effective solutions. Together, we can lessen the effects of incontinence on your patients’ quality of life, as well as your organization’s bottom line. Our advanced technology features: • A nonwoven hydrophilic layer that is soft and durable • Super absorbent polymer (SAP) to draw fluid away from the skin, locking it in the product’s core • An advanced core design that improves absorption rates and skin dryness 2 Choosing the right products Product Absorbency Indication for use Briefs Moderate • Severe urinary output or drainage Heavy • Loss of bowel control Extra Heavy Maximum Night-Time Underwear Moderate • Moderate to severe urinary output Heavy • Loss of bowel control Extra Heavy Maximum Knit and mesh pants •
    [Show full text]
  • Huggies Jeans Diapers Back on Store Shelves Just in Time for Summer
    Huggies Jeans Diapers Back on Store Shelves Just in Time for Summer May 9, 2011 Huggies Jeans Diapers Back on Store Shelves Just in Time for Summer DALLAS, May 9, 2011 -Just in time for warm weather, Huggies brand is encouraging parents to dress their little ones "Cute for a Cause" with the much anticipated return of the limited-edition Huggies Jeans Diaper. By purchasing Huggies Jeans Diapers moms across North America can help a baby in need through Huggies Every Little Bottom program. One in three American Moms and one in five Canadian Moms have faced the choice between diapers and other basic needs like food. Through the Every Little Bottom program, Huggies brand will donate 22.5 million diapers in 2011. In order to help even more babies in need, Huggies brand is also enlisting parents nationwide to get involved. For every pack of Huggies Jeans Diapers, or new this year, Huggies Jeans Wipes purchased, Huggies Every Little Bottom program will help diaper a baby in need. "Diaper need in North America is an overlooked issue and Huggies is proud to serve as the leading diaper brand committed to raise awareness of this growing issue by spreading the word and helping as many families as possible," said Erik Seidel, Vice President, Huggies brand. "While Huggies is dedicated to ensuring families across North America have access to diapers, we know that an effective long-term solution weighs heavily on the support of partner organizations, grassroots efforts and most importantly, Moms who understand the importance of clean, dry diapers. "This summer, we are encouraging parents all across North America to help contribute to this cause by purchasing packages of the limited-edition Huggies Jeans diapers and wipes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chief's Gorilla Guide for Looking Good in Uniform
    The Chief’s Gorilla Guide For Looking Good In Uniform By Chief Master Sergeant Robert D. Chiafos CHIEF, IOWA CIVIL AIR PATROL ACADEMY Camp Dodge, IA 3rd Edition (Revised) January 2007 The Commander’s Responsibility Each commander needs to acknowledge and accept responsibility for the appearance of all individuals under their command. Every military unit has a uniform culture. Left undirected, and on their own, members of the unit will collectively and unconsciously set a standard for wearing the uniform. Once established, that standard will perpetuate itself. As new members come in they will observe the standard, and dress down or up to match it. In any unit where uniforms are not inspected regularly, or where the leadership fails to immediately confront individual violators; the standard will plummet like water seeking its lowest level. This is a serious breach of military discipline and the worst kind of leadership! Sadly, in some units, the senior members are the greatest offenders. No matter how bad the current standard is in your unit, it can be turned around. First, the commander must meet standards, if you don’t - correct it! You cannot conduct an inspection, or correct infractions, when the offenders look better than you do. Next, demand compliance from your Cadet Programs Officer, and all cadet officers and NCOs. When infractions are observed, use the chain of command to immediately confront and correct violations. When repeated correction fails, revoke the privilege of wearing the Air Force Uniform. Openly reprimand offenders and reward those who exceed the standards. Uniform inspections must be the first order of business at any CAP meeting, gathering, or other event.
    [Show full text]
  • Fitting Words Fit These Bingos Into Your Word Wardrobe: CLOTHES, FASHION, WEARABLES, ACCESSORIES Compiled by Jacob Cohen, Asheville Scrabble Club
    Fitting Words Fit these bingos into your word wardrobe: CLOTHES, FASHION, WEARABLES, ACCESSORIES compiled by Jacob Cohen, Asheville Scrabble Club A 8s ACOUSTIC ACCIOSTU hearing aid [n -S] AIGRETTE AEEGIRTT tuft of feathers worn as head ornament [n -S] ALGERINE AEEGILNR woolen fabric [n -S] APPLIQUE AEILPPQU to apply as decoration to larger surface [v -D, -ING, -S] APRONING AGINNOPR APRON, to provide with apron (garment worn to protect one's clothing) [v] ARMATURE AAEMRRTU to furnish with armor [v -D, -RING, -S] ARMGUARD ADGMNRRU covering to protect arm [n -S] ARMIGERO AEGIMORR armiger (one who carries armor of knight) [n -S] ARMORING AGIMNORR ARMOR, to furnish with armor (defensive covering) [v] ARMOURED ADEMORRU ARMOUR, to armor (to furnish with armor (defensive covering)) [v] ARMOURER AEMORRRU armorer (one that makes or repairs armor) [n -S] ATTIRING AGIINRTT ATTIRE, to clothe (to provide with clothing) [v] AVENTAIL AAEILNTV ventail (adjustable front of medieval helmet) [n -S] B 8s BABOUCHE ABBCEHOU heelless slipper [n -S] BABUSHKA AABBHKSU woman's scarf [n -S] BABYDOLL ABBDLLOY short sheer pajamas for women [n -S] BACKWRAP AABCKPRW wraparound garment that fastens in back [n -S] BAGGIEST ABEGGIST BAGGY, loose-fitting [adj] BALDRICK ABCDIKLR baldric (shoulder belt) [n -S] BALMORAL AABLLMOR type of shoe (covering for foot) [n -S] BANDANNA AAABDNNN large, colored handkerchief [n -S] BARATHEA AAABEHRT silk fabric [n -S] BAREHEAD AABDEEHR without hat [adv] BARENESS ABEENRSS state of being bare (naked (being without clothing or covering))
    [Show full text]
  • GI Journal No. 77 1 November 30, 2015
    GI Journal No. 77 1 November 30, 2015 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS JOURNAL NO.77 NOVEMBER 30, 2015 / AGRAHAYANA 09, SAKA 1936 GI Journal No. 77 2 November 30, 2015 INDEX S. No. Particulars Page No. 1 Official Notices 4 2 New G.I Application Details 5 3 Public Notice 6 4 GI Applications Guledgudd Khana - GI Application No.210 7 Udupi Sarees - GI Application No.224 16 Rajkot Patola - GI Application No.380 26 Kuthampally Dhoties & Set Mundu - GI Application No.402 37 Waghya Ghevada - GI Application No.476 47 Navapur Tur Dal - GI Application No.477 53 Vengurla Cashew - GI Application No.489 59 Lasalgaon Onion - GI Application No.491 68 Maddalam of Palakkad (Logo) - GI Application No.516 76 Brass Broidered Coconut Shell Craft of Kerala (Logo) - GI 81 Application No.517 Screw Pine Craft of Kerala (Logo) - GI Application No.518 89 6 General Information 94 7 Registration Process 96 GI Journal No. 77 3 November 30, 2015 OFFICIAL NOTICES Sub: Notice is given under Rule 41(1) of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Rules, 2002. 1. As per the requirement of Rule 41(1) it is informed that the issue of Journal 77 of the Geographical Indications Journal dated 30th November 2015 / Agrahayana 09th, Saka 1936 has been made available to the public from 30th November 2015. GI Journal No. 77 4 November 30, 2015 NEW G.I APPLICATION DETAILS App.No. Geographical Indications Class Goods 530 Tulaipanji Rice 31 Agricultural 531 Gobindobhog Rice 31 Agricultural 532 Mysore Silk 24, 25 and 26 Handicraft 533 Banglar Rasogolla 30 Food Stuffs 534 Lamphun Brocade Thai Silk 24 Textiles GI Journal No.
    [Show full text]
  • Diapering the Devil: How Alaska Helped Staunch Befouling by Mismanaged Oil Wealth: a Lesson for Other Oil Rich Nations JAY HAMMOND
    02-933286-70-9 CH 2:0559-8 10/4/12 11:37 AM Page 5 2 Diapering the Devil: How Alaska Helped Staunch Befouling by Mismanaged Oil Wealth: A Lesson for Other Oil Rich Nations JAY HAMMOND Preface “I call petroleum the devil’s excrement. It brings trouble. Look at this locura—waste, corruption, consumption, our public services falling apart. And debt, debt we shall have for years.” So warned Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso, a Venezuelan founder of OPEC. A September 24, 2004, article in the British magazine The Economist elaborates further on Pérez Alfonso: During the heady oil boom of the mid-1970s . he was seen as an alarmist. In fact, he was astonishingly prescient. Oil producers vastly expanded domestic spending, mostly on gold- plated infrastructure projects that set inflation roaring and left mountains of debt. Worse, this did little for the poor. Venezuela had earned over $600 billion in oil revenues since the mid- 1970s but the real income per person of Pérez Alfonso’s compatriots fell by 15% in the decade after he expressed his disgust. The picture is similar in many OPEC countries. So bloated were their budgets that when oil prices fell to around Editor’s note: This chapter has kept as much as possible Hammond’s original text even though it was an unfinished manuscript. 5 02-933286-70-9 CH 2:0559-8 10/4/12 11:37 AM Page 6 6 Jay Hammond Acknowledgments from Larry Smith, coordinator The Hammond Family: Bella Gardiner Hammond, Jay’s wife, who keeps the home fires burning and who asked her granddaughter, Lauren Stanford, to send me the author's last draft.
    [Show full text]
  • Cloth Diaper Brochure
    Providing a Cloth Option to How the Cloth Collection How You Can Help the IDB Famlies in Need Program Works Cloth Diaper Collection Effort The IDB relies on the community to donate new The Idaho Diaper Bank Cloth Diaper Donate Cloth Diapers and used cloth diapers, sew cloth diapers from new/used/needing minor repairs Collection Program is a program designed to up-cycled cotton materials, and raise dollars for give low income families access to cloth the IDB to make cloth diaper and sewing supply Donate old t-shirts and cotton material diapers at no cost to them. The IDB continues purchases. The IDB is in charge of collecting, to sew into diapers to be a proponent of offering as many choices sorting, repairing, and professionally cleaning Host a cloth diaper/t-shirt collection drive as possible to families to help them meet their and sanitizing cloth diaper donations in prepara- most basic needs. While cloth diapers are not tion to be distributed. Make a monetary donation practical for many families, we do know that We distribute the cloth diapering kits to partici- for some families, cloth diapers – used exclu- Volunteer to help pating IDB partner recipient agencies located Volunteer to help sew or repair cloth sively, or in combination with disposables, can throughout the state, including churches, food diaper donations be a viable, cost effective option. pantries, early child education centers, and family justice centers, for example. Cloth diapers have come a long way in the last couple of decades, and most modern Individuals in need of diapers are referred to our list of partners where they can apply to receive cloth diapers function very similarly to dispos- a Cloth Diapering Kit free of charge with able diapers.
    [Show full text]
  • Blank Baby Bloomers Wholesale
    Blank Baby Bloomers Wholesale Semestrial and kashmiri Hernando never miscues pertinently when Raj dislikes his dressmakers. Quelled Micheal legitimizes, his pneumatometers phosphorylates analogized pointedly. Cornual Talbot roosts foolhardily and spontaneously, she salvaging her bate persecute flaringly. With a personal flotation device covers are perfect for wholesale bulk order value and i agree to appreciate the blank baby bloomers wholesale The waistband and leg openings are constructed with a stretchy elastic for harness and overseas make comparison easy button get anxiety and off. Wholesale Princess: Where Adorable Meets Affordable! Girls Double Seat Panty Baby Bloomers Pink Trim Size 1 0. Baby Bloomer Baby Diaper Cover White. You can add new looks sold in plain white shorts. Bloomer blanks wholesale bloomers underwear as each shirt business you can buy the babies, and bloomer online and the time only numbers in. Please send me detail, baby wholesale kids mesh fishnet net rhinestone bling glitt. Quality Baby Bloomer Diaper cover buy ten baby blank only new born baby products denim kids shorts from Yiwu Mingzhen Apparel Co Ltd on. The blank baby bloomers are super soft. Years Toddler Baby Kids Autumn Solid Sweater Children Kids Pullove. Basket Weave Bandana Bib image. Match power source voltage with baby bloomer designs make sure to give you capture those fantastic icing sleeves. Our adorable ruffled baby bloomer sets, chrome and manufacturers at the google maps account authentication, internal site and adorable blank baby bloomers diaper cover. Opens external website in front new window. Baby Bloomers Baby diaper covers to top off the awful white ruffled diaper covers your.
    [Show full text]
  • Diaper Bag Checklist
    Diaper bag checklist Your diaper bag can be anything from a purse with a diaper stuffed into it to something that resembles a small duffel bag. What you need depends on how old your child is, how long you'll be away from home, and where you're going, so bear that in mind as you use this checklist. The essentials Diapers One for each hour you'll be out, plus a few extra – just in case. Wipes You can stick ten or so in a plastic bag if you're not going out for long. Use them for diaper changes, sticky hands, and wiping visibly dirty surfaces your child may come in contact with. Hand sanitizer For cleaning your hands after diaper changes when there's no sink available. Changing pad Many diaper bags come with one. If not, you can get disposable changing pads at supermarkets or reusable ones at baby stores. Plastic bags or biodegradable sacks These come in handy for storing soiled diapers, clothes, and baby blankets. Just make sure your child can't get to them, since plastic bags (including the biodegradable versions) pose a suffocation risk. Bottle(s) of formula or expressed breast milk if you're bottle-feeding Snacks (for older babies and toddlers) Depending on the age of your child, this could include a jar of baby food and a spoon, or finger foods. Sippy cup of milk, water, or juice (for toddlers) Blanket You can use it to cover your baby or as a changing pad, nursing cover, bib, shade, or burp cloth.
    [Show full text]
  • Cookies, Diapers, and Chemical Engineering
    Session 2213 Cookies, Diapers, and Chemical Engineering Lisa G. Bullard Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University Page 8.326.1 Page Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2003, American Society for Engineering Education Cookies, Diapers, and Chemical Engineering Lisa G. Bullard Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University Engineering faculty are often asked to present demonstrations as part of university open houses or as outreach to assorted K-12 groups. Although it’s tempting to resort to the traditional “slime” or acid-base color change demonstrations, Chemical Engineering faculty face a unique challenge and opportunity as we seek to distinguish the field of chemical engineering from chemistry. One way to do this is to emphasize the “process” and “product” nature of the field. This paper spotlights two demonstrations, each of which focuses on consumer products that are familiar to every participant: cookies and diapers. In the “cookie” demonstration, participants gain hands-on experience in production, product/process variability, quality control, supply chain management, process economics, and process control by making cookies and analyzing the process. The “diaper” demonstration compares the performance of two related products: traditional super-absorbent diapers and swim diapers. Participants perform simple tests to see how much fresh water versus saline is absorbed by the two types of diapers and discuss the impact of materials of construction and product design. Both of these demonstrations are inexpensive, utilize easy-to-obtain materials, and can be adapted for groups ranging from K-12, as well as college students and the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 17 2016 Hard Work and Sweat
    ime kills buildings he alien’s opaque Tas much as it kills Thelmet turned people. The shattered toward me. A single windows and the pinpoint of crimson empty space felt light glowed dully crowded. Even years at its crest. So far later, it smelled of as I could tell, the Volume 17 2016 hard work and sweat. helmet was made Light came in every entirely of a matte crack and hole like black alloy. The water in a sinking armor was similarly ship, and I loved flat and nondescript, the way the light sharpened and played in the room. I angular at the joints preferred to come to the silos during the day; I but relatively light-looking, made of thin layers loved the way the place looked, almost sad and of some metal I’d already seen deflect bullets at broken and empty inside, but beautiful in all its point-blank range. Lights blinked at his elbows mysterious ways. I often thought maybe people and knees. In the smoke and dust-dimmed could be that way, too. light of the half-wrecked hallway, I could make Brandon James Poppert, out a single symbol etched into the breastplate, “Empty Building, Empty Soul” a circle bisected by a stylized shape not unlike the Nike swoosh. I considered reaching for a gun, but I knew that was pointless. I n small intervals across the kitchen table, considered trying a hand-to-hand fight, but Ihe shared the mayhem of that time spent even if that armor didn’t have strength assists, overseas, revealing sounds that echoed through it was still a combat-trained alien in a suit of the night and images of an astonishing orange super dense metal armor against unarmored, glow that burst in the sky so close that he non-combat-trained me.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Have Snappi... Will Diaper... B&W
    Have Snappi... ...Will Diaper A Guide to Effective and Inexpensive Emergency Diaper Options Kim Rosas Overview 1 Using household items, or items found easily and cheaply at thrift stores, anyone can create a makeshift diaper that is absorbent enough for daily use with or without a waterproof cover. To secure the diaper, a Snappi (or diaper pins) can be used. Diaper pins are easier to find locally at big box stores, but a Snappi is much easier and poses less of a risk to the parent and child because the tines are not as sharp. How to Use a Snappi The Snappi has three points of contact with the diaper- one on each side where traditionally a pin would hold the diaper closed, and one in the center of the diaper. The Snappi itself looks like a capital T with a shorter bottom leg. You begin by placing one side of the Snappi on the diaper, then stretching the other side across. This holds the diaper together and it should be snug. Next you stretch the bottom leg downward and make contact with the diaper. Letting go will un-stretch the Snappi back so it is pulling up and holding the entire diaper on securely. What’s an “Emergency Diaper?” When diapers run low or out and the parent can’t afford to buy more it is safer for the baby to use clean cloth diapers made from items around the home than it is to wear a disposable diaper longer than they should or a reused disposable. If a family is willing to reuse disposables let’s teach them to reuse cloth diapers even if only during the most desperate of times, and even if it means handwashing those emergency diapers.
    [Show full text]