DOCSLIB.ORG

Determining Spin Polarization of Ferromagnets Using Superconducting Spectroscopy Jazcek Guy Braden

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determining Spin Polarization of Ferromagnets Using Superconducting Spectroscopy Jazcek Guy Braden Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Determining Spin Polarization of Ferromagnets Using Superconducting Spectroscopy Jazcek Guy Braden Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DETERMINING SPIN POLARIZATION OF FERROMAGNETS USING SUPERCONDUCTING SPECTROSCOPY By JAZCEK GUY BRADEN A dissertation submitted to the Department of Physics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2006 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Jazcek Guy Braden defended on January 27, 2006. Peng Xiong Professor Directing dissertation P. Byrant Chase Outside Committee Member Stephan von Moln´ar Committee Member Pedro Schlottmann Committee Member Ingo Wiedenhover Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my loving mother without whom none of this would have been possible iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to say first and foremost what an honor it has been to receive the guidance of Prof. Peng Xiong. His extensive knowledge of materials fabrication and experimental results has been an indispensable resource in my studies. I would also like to thank Prof. Stephan von Moln´ar for sharing his experience and resources with me, Prof. Pedro Schlottmann for his countless contributions and for developing the theory involved in this work, and our postdocs Dr. Daniel Read and Dr. Jens Mueller who provided considerable instruction and helping hands in the course of my work, and Dr. Cong Ren for his considerable help in my own research and for the work done on the barrier dependence. I would like to thank Ray Kallaher for his help in photolithography and Jeff Parker for all his assistance, specifically the measurements on (Ga,Mn)As. I would also like to thank Prof. Nitin Samarth and co workers at Penn State who provided the (Ga,Mn)As samples for this work. I offer my gratitude to the entire staff of MARTECH for providing the high level of support that made the lab function at it’s high level of excellence. Ian Winger and the rest of the MARTECH machine shop proved to be remarkably skilled and creative engineers, designing and building many components used in the work here. I would like to thank Jim Valentine for his maintenance, design and support of the electronics for our labs. I would also like to thank Kurt Koetz for maintaining a constant supply of Helium and for his support of our cryogenics. Lastly I would like to thank Eric Lochner for the instruction and maintenance provided with the various MARTECH facilities. All of the research presented here was funded by DARPA through the Office of Naval Research. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ...................................... vii List of Figures ..................................... viii Abstract ........................................ xiii 1. Introduction .................................... 1 2. Spintronics ..................................... 3 2.1 Spin Polarization ............................... 3 2.2 Spintronic device concepts .......................... 5 2.3 Spintronic Compatible Materials ...................... 10 3. Superconducting Spectroscopy .......................... 13 3.1 Review of Superconductivity ......................... 13 3.2 Zeeman Resolved Tunnel Junctions ..................... 16 3.3 Andreev Reflection Spectroscopy ...................... 20 3.4 Zeeman Resolved Andreev Contacts ..................... 27 4. Spin Polarization of (Ga,Mn)As .......................... 34 4.1 Background .................................. 34 4.2 Sample Fabrication .............................. 35 4.3 Experiment .................................. 36 4.4 Analysis .................................... 38 4.5 Interface Sensitivity ............................. 42 4.6 Conclusions .................................. 42 5. Spin Polarization of EuS .............................. 44 5.1 Introduction .................................. 44 5.2 Sample Fabrication .............................. 46 5.3 Experiment and Analysis ........................... 47 5.4 Conclusions .................................. 52 6. Spin Polarization Dependence on Barrier Thickness ............... 53 6.1 Introduction .................................. 53 6.2 Fabrication .................................. 53 v 6.3 Experiment and Analysis ........................... 54 7. CONCLUSIONS .................................. 59 APPENDICES ..................................... 61 A. Fabrication Techniques ............................... 61 A.1 Growth Techniques .............................. 61 A.2 Patterning ................................... 63 B. Measurement Techniques ............................. 68 C. List of Terminology ................................ 71 REFERENCES ..................................... 72 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................. 78 vi LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Normalized spin-orbit scattering rate b from tunneling measurements. .... 15 3.2 Table of P values determined via Zeeman Resolved Tunnel Junctions and ARS 19 3.3 Probabilities for transmission and reflection at the interface of an S/NM for both above and below gap regions from the original BTK model [42] 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 E2−∆2 (γ = [u0 + Z (u0 v0)] and u0 =1 v0 = (1 + 2 )) ......... 21 − − 2 q E vii LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Schematic diagram of the spin resolved DOS available to electrons in (a) a normal metal, (b) a ferromagnetic metal, and (c) a half metal. ........ 4 2.2 Longitudinal magnetoresistance of three different Fe/Cr superlattices at 4.2K. Taken from Ref [6] ................................ 6 2.3 Schematic representation of spin-polarized transport in GMR structures where for anti-parallel moments certain conduction channels are forbidden, resulting in a increased resistance in a) CPP configuration and b) CIP configuration. c) Diagram of a GMR spin valve based read head in a hard drive. The resistance of the spin valve (shown in green) is measured through iin and iout as it passes over magnetic bits (shown in red) which rotate the soft layer up or down. Figures taken from [8] .............................. 6 2.4 Representation of the MR switching behavior in a MTJ. The arrows indicate the orientations of the magnetic moments. ................... 7 2.5 Schematical outline of MRAM designs taken from [8] (a) GMR spin valve based structure in which the bit and word lines are electrically isolated from the sense line (b) MTJ based structure where they are not electrically isolated, allowing for a four terminal resistance measurement. .............. 9 2.6 Spin FET structure described in Ref [15]. Spin is injected and detected by the FM electrodes and is transported through the 2DEG where it can be made to rotate by an electric field created by the Au electrode. ............ 10 2.7 Parallel resistor model of spin oriented conduction in a spin FET structure in the case of (a) parallel aligned magnitizations and (b) anti-parallel aligned magnetizations taken from Ref [16] ....................... 12 2.8 Injected polarization versus injector polarization for different ratios of semi- conductor (σsc) to ferromagnetic (σfm) conductivities. ............. 12 3.1 (a)Normalized parallel HC versus reduced temperature (t = T/Tc) for various thicknesses of Pt. (b) Spin orbit scattering rate versus Pt thickness. Both taken from [24] .................................. 15 viii 3.2 Theoretical density of states for spin-down (solid lines) and spin-up (dashed lines) electrons in a magnetic field H = 0.2 ∆/µ with b values of (a) 0.02, (b) 0.1, (c) 0.3, and (d) 0.6 .............................. 16 3.3 (a) The band structure depiction of an S/I/N junction with an applied bias voltage. (b) A plot of normalized conductance versus eV/∆ of a S/I/N structure at T = 0, directly reflecting the BCS DOS (Eq. 3.1) of the superconductor. (c) The effects of a finite temperature on the conductance of a tunnel junction, plotted same as previous with T/Tc = 0.25. ........ 19 3.4 (a) The up (down) spin density of states at zero temperature plotted in blue dotted (red dashed) lines Zeeman split by a field H. (b) The conductance spectra for the up (down) spin plotted in red dashed (blue dotted), along with the normalized sum of the components plotted in black. σx corresponds to the G(V) values chosen in the Meservey-Tedrow approximation of P . .. 19 | | 3.5 Dependence of P of LSMO on the chosen V taken from [33], the arrow denotes the value that would have been chosen in the Meservey-Tedrow approximation. 20 3.6 Energy vs momentum diagram taken from Ref [42]. Open circles denote holes, solid circles denote electrons, and the arrows indicate group velocity. Starting with an incident electron with momentum q+ (0), the possible transmitted (2,4) and reflected particles (5,6) are diagrammed. ............... 21 3.7 (a) AR process at a normal metal/superconductor interface where an incident electron with E < ∆ pairs with an electron of opposite spin to form a Cooper pair, reflecting| | a hole and doubling the conductance. (b) AR in a ferromagnet/superconductor (P = 75%) where the same incident electron finds no opposite spin to pair with, is normally reflected and decreases the conductance enhancement. ............................ 23 3.8 Spin-polarized BTK model applied in planar configuration on (a) Al/Al2O3/NiFe and (b) Al/Al2O3/EuS structures with intermediate to high Z values.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • S-Electron Ferromagnetism in Gold and Silver Nanoclusters
    NANO LETTERS 2007 s-Electron Ferromagnetism in Gold and Vol. 7, No. 10 Silver Nanoclusters 3134-3137 Weidong Luo,*,†,‡ Stephen J. Pennycook,‡ and Sokrates T. Pantelides†,‡ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt UniVersity, NashVille, Tennessee 37235, and Materials Science and Technology DiVision, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 Received July 12, 2007 ABSTRACT Ferromagnetic (FM) ordering in transition-metal systems (solids, surface layers, nanoparticles) arises from partially filled d shells. Thus, recent observations of FM Au nanoclusters was unexpected, and an explanation has remained elusive. Here we report first-principles density- functional spin-polarized calculations for Au and Ag nanoclusters. We find that the highest-occupied level is highly degenerate and partially filled by s electrons with spins aligned according to Hund’s rule. The nanoclusters behave like “superatoms”, with the spin-aligned electrons being itinerant on the outer shell of atoms. Ferromagnetism in bulk Fe, Co, and Ni originates from shells is crucial to achieve FM ordering. The case of Au partially filled 3d shells. In contrast, transition metals in the nanoparticles is particularly intriguing because the d orbitals 4d and 5d series do not exhibit FM ordering. The difference are completely full and bulk Au is diamagnetic. Hori et al.8,9 has been explained by the Stoner theory of itinerant electron reported that Au nanoparticles capped by a polymer exhibit magnetism.1 A combination of large density-of-states at the ferromagnetism (the presence of transition-metal impurities Fermi energy, NF, and a large Stoner exchange constant I is with partially filled d shells was ruled out), whereas Crespo essential.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetism on the Nanoscale I
    Joseph Dufouleur, Quantum Transport Group, [email protected] Magnetism on the nanoscale I. What is spintronics? 1. A brief introduction Conventional electronic: manipulate the charge of the electron. One of the most important technological projection of the second half of the 20th century. Few decades after the discovery of the transistor (1947) ⇓ manipulate the spin of the charge carrier instead of its charge: ⟶ improve many different properties of the electronic/spintronc devices ⟶ explore new functionalities of spintronic devices. For instance: •using ferromagnet-based electronics ⟶ very stable memory (M-RAM) and devices with very fast switching properties. •It was demonstrated that heterostructures of semiconductors and ferromagnetic metals can be used to build a spin-polarized light emitting diode. •As a prospective aim: spin transistor: (https://slideplayer.com/slide/5189531/) •to be able to manipulate one single spin as a q-bit would be a great achievement on the way of building a quantum computer. commercial applications following discoveries in spintronics field: •GMR (Fert and Grünberg, Nobel prize in 2007) or TMR: Magnetic field sensors. In 2008, the term GMR appeared in more than 1500 US patents! •TMR: Read heads of magnetic hard disk drives and non-volatils random access memory. •Spin injection -> polarized LED, ... Principle: interaction ferromagnet spin of the conduction electrons - spin polarized a current (spin injection) - orientation of the magnetization determine the current flow ie. the resistance - the current flow can influence the orientation of the magnetization -> „Spin transfer torque“ Key points for building spintronic devices: • To be able to inject spins into a device or, equivalently, to create a spin current by polarizing for instance a charge current.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Observation of High Spin Polarization in Co2feal Thin Films
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Direct observation of high spin polarization in Co2FeAl thin flms Xiaoqian Zhang1, Huanfeng Xu1, Bolin Lai1, Qiangsheng Lu2,3, Xianyang Lu 4, Yequan Chen1, Wei Niu1, Chenyi Gu5, Wenqing Liu1,4, Xuefeng Wang 1, Chang Liu2, Yuefeng Nie5, Liang He1 1,4 Received: 11 December 2017 & Yongbing Xu Accepted: 3 April 2018 We have studied the Co2FeAl thin flms with diferent thicknesses epitaxially grown on GaAs (001) by Published: xx xx xxxx molecular beam epitaxy. The magnetic properties and spin polarization of the flms were investigated by in-situ magneto-optic Kerr efect (MOKE) measurement and spin-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-ARPES) at 300 K, respectively. High spin polarization of 58% (±7%) was observed for the flm with thickness of 21 unit cells (uc), for the frst time. However, when the thickness decreases to 2.5 uc, the spin polarization falls to 29% (±2%) only. This change is also accompanied by a magnetic transition at 4 uc characterized by the MOKE intensity. Above it, the flm’s magnetization reaches the bulk value of 1000 emu/cm3. Our fndings set a lower limit on the thickness of Co2FeAl flms, which possesses both high spin polarization and large magnetization. Spintronic devices rely on thin layers of magnetic materials, for they are designed to control both the charge and the spin current of the electrons. Half-metallic ferromagnets (HMFs) have only one spin channel for conduction at the Fermi level, while they have a band gap in the other spin channel1–4. Terefore, in principle this kind of material has 100% spin polarization for transport, which is perfect for spin injection, spin fltering, and spin trans- fer torque devices5.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Spin Polarization on the Structural Properties and Bond Hardness of Fexb(X = 1, 2, 3) Compounds first-Principles Study
    Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 39, No. 6, October 2016, pp. 1427–1434. c Indian Academy of Sciences. DOI 10.1007/s12034-016-1263-2 Effect of spin polarization on the structural properties and bond hardness of FexB(x = 1, 2, 3) compounds first-principles study AHMED GUEDDOUH1,2,∗, BACHIR BENTRIA1, IBN KHALDOUN LEFKAIER1 and YAHIA BOUROUROU3 1Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, BP37G, Laghouat 03000, Algeria 2Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université A.B. Belkaid Tlemcen, BP 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria 3Modeling and Simulation in Materials Science Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel-Abbès, 22000 Sidi Bel-Abbès, Algeria MS received 14 November 2014; accepted 17 March 2016 Abstract. In this paper, spin and non-spin polarization (SP, NSP) are performed to study structural properties and bond hardness of Fex B(x = 1, 2, 3) compounds using density functional theory (DFT) within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to evaluate the effect of spin polarization on these properties. The non-spin-polarization results show that the non-magnetic state (NM) is less stable thermodynamically for Fex B compounds than spin- polarization by the calculated cohesive energy and formation enthalpy. Spin-polarization calculations show that ferromagnetic state (FM) is stable for Fex B structures and carry magnetic moment of 1.12, 1.83 and 2.03 μBinFeB, Fe2BandFe3B, respectively. The calculated lattice parameters, bulk modulus and magnetic moments agree well with experimental and other theoretical results. Significant differences in volume and in bulk modulus were found between the ferromagnetic and non-magnetic cases, i.e., 6.8, 32.8%, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Spin-Polarized Exotic Nuclei
    Spin-polarized exotic nuclei: from fundamental interactions, via nuclear structure, to biology and medicine Magdalena Kowalska UNIGE and CERN Outline Decay of polarized nuclei Spin polarization with lasers Spin-polarized radioactive nuclei in: Fundamental physics Nuclear physics NMR in biology MRI in medicine Summary and outlook 2 Decay of spin-polarized nuclei Beta and gamma decay of spin-polarized nuclei anisotropic in space Beta decay, I>0 Gamma decay, I>1/2 B0 푊 휃푟 = 1 + 푎1cos(휃푟) a1=P ab depend on degree and order of spin polarization and transition details (initial spin, change of spin) Observed decay asymmetry can be used to: Probe underlying decay mechanism (GT) Determine properties of involved nuclear states Derive differences in nuclear energy levels3 Spin polarization via optical pumping Multiple excitation cycles with circularly-polarized laser light Photon angular momentum transferred to electrons and then nuclei Works best for 1 valence electron nuclear spin-polarization of 10-90% Polarization buildup time < us fine structure hyperfine structure Magnetic sublevels 3p 2P 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 3/2 2 1 0 F 29Mg + I =3/2 D2-line s+ light 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 2 3s S1/2 1 frequency 4 Optical pumping and nuclear spins Polarization of atomic spins leads to polarization of nuclear spins via hyperfine interaction (PF->PI) Decoupling of electron (J) and nuclear (I) spins in strong magnetic field Observation of nuclear spin polarization PI possible Magnetic field B 3p 2P 3 3/2 2 1 0 Dm = +1 for s+ or -1 for s- light 29Mg F I =3/2 3/2
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: an In-Bore Approach
    Dynamic Nuclear Polarization for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An In-bore Approach Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich 14 der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit¨at in Frankfurt am Main von Jan G. Krummenacker aus V¨olklingen Frankfurt, 2012 D30 vom Fachbereich 14 der Johann-Wolfgang Goethe-Universit¨atals Dissertation angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Thomas F. Prisner Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas F. Prisner, Prof. Dr. Laura M. Schreiber Datum der Disputation: Contents 1 Introduction 7 2 Theoretical Background 11 2.1 NMR Basics . 11 2.1.1 The Zeeman Term: Thermal Polarization . 12 2.1.2 Magnetization . 15 2.1.3 The RF Term: Manipulation of Magnetizations . 16 2.1.4 The Bloch Equations . 17 2.1.5 NMR Experiments . 18 2.2 EPR Basics . 21 2.2.1 EPR Spectrum of TEMPOL . 23 2.3 Dynamic Nuclear Polarization . 25 2.3.1 The Overhauser Effect . 25 2.3.2 Leakage Factor . 28 2.3.3 Saturation Factor . 29 2.3.4 Coupling Factor . 31 2.3.5 DNP in Solids . 34 3 Liquid State DNP at High Fields 37 3.1 Hardware . 37 3.1.1 The DNP Spectrometer . 38 3.1.2 Microwave Sources . 40 3.1.3 Power Transmission . 41 3.1.4 Experimental Procedures . 41 3.2 Experimental Results . 43 3.2.1 DNP on Water . 43 3.2.2 DNP on Organic Solvents . 53 3.2.3 Beyond Solvents: DNP on Metabolites . 56 3.3 Conclusion and Outlook . 62 3 4 CONTENTS 4 DNP for MRI 63 4.1 Other Hyperpolarization Methods . 63 4.1.1 PHIP .
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Spin Polarization in Half-Metallic Heusler Alloys
    Macalester Journal of Physics and Astronomy Volume 3 Issue 1 Spring 2015 Article 3 May 2015 Analysis of Spin Polarization in Half-Metallic Heusler Alloys Alexandra McNichol Boldin Macalester College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/mjpa Part of the Condensed Matter Physics Commons Recommended Citation Boldin, Alexandra McNichol (2015) "Analysis of Spin Polarization in Half-Metallic Heusler Alloys," Macalester Journal of Physics and Astronomy: Vol. 3 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/mjpa/vol3/iss1/3 This Capstone is brought to you for free and open access by the Physics and Astronomy Department at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Macalester Journal of Physics and Astronomy by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Analysis of Spin Polarization in Half-Metallic Heusler Alloys Abstract Half-metals have recently gained great interest in the field of spintronics because their 100% spin polarization may make them an ideal current source for spintronic devices. This project examines four Heusler Alloys of the form Co2FexMn1−xSi that are expected to be half-metallic. Two magnetic properties of these alloys were examined, the Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) and the Anomalous Hall Effect (AHE). These properties have the potential to be used as simple and fast ways to identify materials as half-metallic or non-half-metallic. The results of these measurements were also used to examine the spin polarization and other properties of these materials. This capstone is available in Macalester Journal of Physics and Astronomy: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/ mjpa/vol3/iss1/3 Boldin: Analysis of Spin Polarization in Half-Metallic Heusler Alloys I.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Generation of Normal Pseudo-Spin Polarization In
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Magnetic generation of normal pseudo‑spin polarization in disordered graphene R. Baghran 1, M. M. Tehranchi 1* & A. Phirouznia 2,3 Spin to pseudo‑spin conversion by which the non‑equilibrium normal sublattice pseudo‑spin polarization could be achieved by magnetic feld has been proposed in graphene. Calculations have been performed within the Kubo approach for both pure and disordered graphene including vertex corrections of impurities. Results indicate that the normal magnetic feld Bz produces pseudo‑spin polarization in graphene regardless of whether the contribution of vertex corrections has been taken into account or not. This is because of non‑vanishing correlation between the σz and τz provided by the co‑existence of extrinsic Rashba and intrinsic spin–orbit interactions which combines normal spin and pseudo‑spin. For the case of pure graphene, valley‑symmetric spin to pseudo‑spin response function is obtained. Meanwhile, by taking into account the vertex corrections of impurities the obtained response function is weakened by several orders of magnitude with non‑identical contributions of diferent valleys. This valley‑asymmetry originates from the inversion symmetry breaking generated by the scattering matrix. Finally, spin to pseudo‑spin conversion in graphene could be realized as a practical technique for both generation and manipulation of normal sublattice pseudo‑spin polarization by an accessible magnetic feld in a easy way. This novel proposed efect not only ofers the opportunity to selective manipulation of carrier densities on diferent sublattice but also could be employed in data transfer technology. The normal pseudo‑spin polarization which manifests it self as electron population imbalance of diferent sublattices can be detected by optical spectroscopy measurements.
    [Show full text]
  • New Directions in the Theory of Spin-Polarized Atomic Hydrogen and Deuterium
    INIS-mf—11519 NL89C0639 NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE THEORY OF SPIN-POLARIZED ATOMIC HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM VIANNEY KOELMAN NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE THEORY OF SPIN-POLARIZED ATOMIC HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. ir. M. Tels, voor een commissie aangewezen door het college van dekanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 13 december 1988 te 14.00 uur door JOHANNES MARIA VIANNEYANTONIUS KOELMAN geboren te Heerlen Druk: Boek en Offsetdrukkerij Letru, Helmond, 04920-37797 Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotoren: Prof. dr. B.J. Verhaar Prof. dr. J.T.M. Walraven The work described in this thesis was carried out at the Physics Department of the Eindhoven University of Technology and was part of a research program of the 'Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie' (FOM) which is financially supported by the 'Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek1 (NWO). CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Atomic hydrogen and deuterium gases: two novel quantum fluids 1 1.2 Stabilization of H and D gas 3 1.3 Scientific opportunities and applications 9 1.4 This thesis 11 2. MAGNETICALLY TRAPPED ATOMIC DEUTERIUM 2.1 Fermionic D gas versus bosonic H gas 12 2.2 Spin-polarized deuterium in magnetic traps [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 676 (1987)] 15 2.3 Spin-exchange decay of magnetically trapped deuterium atoms 23 2.4 Lifetime of magnetically tiapped ultracold atomic deuterium gas [Phys. Rev. B 38, (Nov. 1988)] 30 2.5 Evaporative cooling limit and Coopei pairing in Df $ gas 38 3.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Recursive Polarization of Nuclear Spins in Diamond at Arbitrary
    Recursive polarization of nuclear spins in diamond at arbitrary magnetic fields Daniela Pagliero1, Abdelghani Laraoui1, Jacob D. Henshaw1, Carlos A. Meriles1 1Dept. of Physics, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA. Abstract We introduce an alternate route to dynamically polarize the nuclear spin host of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. Our approach articulates optical, microwave and radio-frequency pulses to recursively transfer spin polarization from the NV electronic spin. Using two complementary variants of the same underlying principle, we demonstrate nitrogen nuclear spin initialization approaching 80% at room temperature both in ensemble and single NV centers. Unlike existing schemes, our approach does not rely on level anti-crossings and is thus applicable at arbitrary magnetic fields. This versatility should prove useful in applications ranging from nanoscale metrology to sensitivity-enhanced NMR. 1 Formed by a nitrogen impurity adjacent to a vacant site, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is emerging as a promising platform for multiple applications in photonics, quantum information science, and nanoscale sensing 1 . A fortuitous combination of electronic structure, intersystem crossing rates, and selection rules allows the NV ground state spin-triplet (S = 1) to completely convert into the �! = 0 magnetic sublevel upon optical illumination. This easily obtainable pure quantum state provides the basis to initialize the NV spin and, perhaps more importantly, other neighboring spins that cannot be polarized by optical means. For example, it has been shown that the nuclear spin of the nitrogen host polarizes almost completely near 50 mT, where the NV experiences a level anti-crossing (LAC) in the excited state2.
    [Show full text]
  • Electron Spin Polarization by Low-Energy Scattering From
    REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS VOLUME 4), NUMBER JAN UAR Y 1969 . '..ectron Spin, . o..arization 0y . ow-. 'nergy Scattering ) rom Jnpo, .arizec. ..'argets* J. KESSLERt' I'hysikulisches Institgt, University of Earlsruhe, West Germany The status of theory and experiment of electron polarization resulting from spin —orbit interaction in low-energy scattering from unpolarized targets is reviewed. Polarization e8ects in scattering from free atoms, molecules, and solid targets at energies between a few electron volts and a few thousand electron volts are discussed. Apart from a survey of the problems which have been solved, a perspective is given of the work which would be interesting to pursue in this rapidly developing held of research. CONTENTS field of a nucleus with the atomic number Z. He calcu- lated numerical results for Z=- 79, since the polarization I. Introduction. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 II. Theoretical Background. .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ effects turned out to be significant only at large atomic A. General Relations . .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ numbers. Experiments for checking the theory had to B. Elastic Scattering by Strongly Screened Coulomb F' be made at energies of about 100 keV or higher, since Nld o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 C. Resonance Scattering. .. 11 only then can the description of the scattering process D. Related Effects 12 as a deflection in the pure Coulomb field of the nucleus III. Experimental Results 12 A. Scattering by Atoms. 12 be regarded as a good approximation. Besides, it had 1. Mercury. ~ . 13 been pointed out by Mott that unless the velocity v of 2. Other Elements. .. ~. 18 3. Resonance Scattering from Neon. 19 the electrons is comparable with the velocity c of light, B.
    [Show full text]
  • Spin Hall Effect
    Spin Hall Effect M. I. Dyakonov Université Montpellier II, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France 1. Introduction The Spin Hall Effect originates from the coupling of the charge and spin currents due to spin-orbit interaction. It was predicted in 1971 by Dyakonov and 1,2 Perel. Following the suggestion in Ref. 3, the first experiments in this domain were done by Fleisher's group at Ioffe Institute in Saint Petersburg, 4,5 providing the first observation of what is now called the Inverse Spin Hall Effect. As to the Spin Hall Effect itself, it had to wait for 33 years before it was experimentally observed7 by two groups in Santa Barbara (US) 6 and in Cambridge (UK). 7 These observations aroused considerable interest and triggered intense research, both experimental and theoretical, with hundreds of publications. The Spin Hall Effect consists in spin accumulation at the lateral boundaries of a current-carrying conductor, the directions of the spins being opposite at the opposing boundaries, see Fig. 1. For a cylindrical wire the spins wind around the surface. The boundary spin polarization is proportional to the current and changes sign when the direction of the current is reversed. j Figure 1. The Spin Hall Effect. An electrical current induces spin accumulation at the lateral boundaries of the sample. In a cylindrical wire the spins wind around the surface, like the lines of the magnetic field produced by the current. However the value of the spin polarization is much greater than the (usually negligible) equilibrium spin polarization in this magnetic field. 8 The term “Spin Hall Effect” was introduced by Hirsch in 1999.
    [Show full text]