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The Short-Tailed Albatross, <I>Diomedea Albatrus</I>, Its Status

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The Short-Tailed Albatross, <I>Diomedea Albatrus</I>, Its Status ENDANGERED SPECIES The Shortailed Albatross, Diomedea a/btrus, its status, distribution and natural history With referenceto the breedingbiology of othernorthern hemisphere albatrosses Hiroshi Hasegawa and Anthony R. DeGange HESHORT-TAILED ALBATROSS (Dio- early 20th centuries, the species was Adults in the definitive plumage are medea albatrus) is presentlyan En- almost reduced to extinction. mostly white with a yeiiowish-buffwash dangered Species that was formerly The Short-tailed Albatross is the on the head and back of neck. The tip of abundant in the North Pacific. Owing to largestof the three speciesof Diomedea the tail and distal portions of the wings the activities of feather hunters operat- that breed in the North Pacific (Table l) are dark brown. The bill is stout and ing on the albatross's nesting grounds and when mature is the only albatrossin predominantlypink with a bluish tip and for a 50-year period in the late 19th and the North Pacific with a white back. the feet are pale blue. Juveniles are chocolatebrown with large pinkishbills and flesh-colored legs. Table 1. Approximate measurementsof North Pacific Albatrosses (from Palmer 1962). Species Length Wingspan (cm) (cm) Diomedea albatrus 94 213 Diomedea nigripes 69-74 193-213 Diomedea immutabilis 79-81 203 As the birds grow older they become progressively more white, beginning with the face, legs and rump. The changein plumageis gradual, taking ten or more years. Tickell (1975) states that the population of Short-tailed Alba- trossescontains many individuals in in- termediate plumageand both he and the senior author concur that some birds commence breeding before the defini- tive plumageis attained. Short-tailed Albatrosses most closely resemble the Wandering and Royal al- batrosses (D. exulans and D. epomophora) of the southern oceans; the only other albatrosses with white backs. However, confusion with these species is unlikely since they occur in different hemispheres. Mature Short- tailed Albatrosses are most likely con- fused with mature Laysan Albatrosses (D. immutabilis) although the latter are considerably smaller and have dark Fig. 1. A fully adult Short-tailedAlbatross. All photos/HiroshiHasegawa. backs. Immature Short-tailed Alba- 806 AmericanBirds, September 1982 trosses could be confused with Black- I.C.B.P. Congress in Tokyo in 1960, MARINE RANGE footed Albatrosses(D. nigripes) but the and the Japanese Government corre- latter are smaller and have dark bills and spondinglydesignated the speciesa na- ORMERLYShort-tailed Albatrosses feet In all plumages,the large size and tional monument in 1962. The United ranged south to the coast of China, smutpinkish bill (Fig. 2) readilydistin- States Fish and Wildlife Service listed in the Japan and Okhotsk seas, north gmshShort-tailed Albatrosses from their the Short-tailed Albatross on the En- into the Bering Sea from the Koman- two relatives in the North Pacific. dangeredSpecies list in June 1970(Fed- dorskie Islands to the Diomede Islands eral RegisterNo. 8495). in Bering Strait and Norton Sound and PRESENT STATUS throughout the North Pacific from BREEDING DISTRIBUTION Alaska to Baja California (Fig. 4, HESIZE OF THE population ofShort- A.O.U. Check-list 1957). They were es- tailed Albatross prior to exploita- HORT-TAILEDALBATROSSES were pecially common in regions of high tion is not known, but it was certainly restricted as breeding birds to is- biologicalproductivity such as alongthe large Hattori (1889,in Austin 1949)es- lands in the North Pacific west of the Pacific coast of North America, in the timated over 100,000 birds on Torishima Izu-Bonin Island chain. The most com- Aleutian Islands, and Bering Sea. In Islandduring the busiesttime of feather prehensivelist of former breeding sites contrast to Laysan and Black-footed al- gathering.During a 17-yearperiod over (Hasegawa 1979) shows the species batrosses, which infrequently venture 5 million Short-tailed Albatrosses were breeding on at least nine sites in the onto the shallow waters of the continen- supposedlytaken from their nesting western North Pacific (Fig. 3). Conceiv- tal shelf (Gould et al., in press). Short- islands. Currently the population of ably a number of other islands also tailed Albatrosses were abundant in Short-tailed Albatrosses is slowly in- would have been suitablenesting sites. shallow waters of coastal North Ameri- creasingand numbersat least250 indi- Early naturalists in Alaska, among ca, especially Alaska. Turner (1886) viduals (Hasegawa 1982). them Kotzebue and Dall thought that found Short-tailed Albatrossesin great Short-tailed Albatrosses nested in the abundance near Cape Newenham in Aleutian Islands. These naturalists Bristol Bay, Alaska and even observed were unaware of the winter nestingsea- them at the mouth of the Kuskokwlm son of the albatross on islands to the River. Both Turner and Nelson (1887) D io m e d e a southwest and mistook the abundance found them near St. Lawrence Island of albatrosses near the Aleutian Islands and as far north as Bering Strait. Bean during summer as evidence of local (cf. Nelson 1887)found them in the Gulf nesting. of Alaska and consideredthe vicinity of Short-tailed Albatrosses now nest the Barren Islands in Lower Cook Inlet only on Torishima (Bird Island) in the to be one of their favorite haunts. Elliot Seven Islands of Izu, which lie 580 km (1898) notes that they were formerly albatrus south of Tokyo (Fig. 3). Following a abundant near the Pribilof Islands period of intense fowling and two vol- where they fed on the wastes from the canic eruptions it was feared that the whaling fleets that plied the waters of albatross was extinct. However, a few the Bering Sea. Furthermore, Short- nestswere found in 1950 by a member of tailed Albatrosses once ventured close the meteorologicalstation on Torishima enoughto land to be regularlycaptured and the species has continued to thrive by North American natives for food there. from California north to St. Lawrence Short-tailed Albatrosses have also Island (Howard and Dodson 1933, been observed during the breeding sea- Friedman 1934, Murie 1959). Bean son recently in two other areas: states that natives from Kodiak Island Minami-kojima in the Senkaku Islands sometimesspeared them from their kay- aks. Subsistence use of Short-tailed Al- Ftg 2. A comparisonof bills ofNorth Pacific (southern Ryukyu Islands, Fig. 3) and albatrosses. Adapted from Handbook of the leeward Hawaiian Islands. Short- batrosseswas particularlyevident in the North American Birds, Palmer, R.S., Ed. tailed Albatrosses were observed on Aleutian Islands where they were the Yale 1962. Minami-kojima, a historical breeding greatestoverall contributor to the avlan site, as early as 1971 (Ikehara and portion of the Aleut diet (Yesner 1976, Shimojana 1971). Ikehara and Okada Yesner and Aigner 1976). Yesner sug- (pets. comm., in Hasegawa 1982) ob- geststhat Short-tailed Albatrossescon- served 35 birds there in 1980. Breeding centratedin inter-islandpasses, thereby Torishima,the last knownnesting is suspected but unconfirmed at this becomingavailable to Aleut hunters. placeof the Short-tailedAlbatross, was time. Both adult and immature alba- Other than observations in Hawaii designated a no-hunting area by the trosses have appeared in recent years and on Minami-kojima, there have been JapaneseGovernment in 1933,and later on Midway Island, French Frigate few recent sightingsof Short-tailed Al- a national monument in 1958. The alba, Shoals, and Tern Island in the Hawaiian batrossaway from their breedingisland tross itself became protected by the chain (C.S. Harrison, pers. comm.). on Torishima (Table 2). Most of the Japanese Government'in 1947. The One persistent individual has returned sightingsin the eastern Pacific have oc- endangered status of the albatross to Midway yearly since 1971. Breeding curred closeto land in regionsof heavy was internationally recognized at the is not known at these islands. ship traffic often frequented by experl- Volume 36 Number 5 807 enced birders. Much of this species' still wanders over much of its original ticipationof the new governmentedict historic marine range is rarely under marine range, but in greatly reduced in 1933. By 1933, only 30-50 birds were observation. Even in Alaska where the numbers. seen. The volcano on Torishlma specieswas once very abundant, it is erupted again in 1939, burying much of rarely seen although recent activity in HISTORY OF EXPLOITATION the albatross'snesting grounds. the western Aleutian Islands and Bering A Japanesenaval garrisonof 300 men Seahas resulted in a number of sightings HEHISTORY OFNEAR TOTAL exter- was stationedon 'Torishimaduring (Table 2). A measure of the species' mination of Short-tailed Alba- World War II. Only one albatrosswas current rarity is available through the trosses from Torishima is well known seenduring this time. The garrisonwas United States Fish and Wildlife Ser- (Austin 1949, Tickell 1975, Harrison withdrawn in 1945 and Torishima re- vice'smarine bird programin Alaska. 1979, Hasegawa 1979). Settlement of mained uninhabited until 1947 when a Since 1975 only one sightinghas been Torishima dates back to 1887 and lowl- civilian meteorological station was es- made during the summer months on ing beganthen or several years earlier. tablished. Austin (1949) circumnavi- shipboardand aerial surveysthat have The demand for albatross feathers in- gated Torishima in 1949 but did not see covered 15,000 km:. creased, since they made excellent any albatrosses.However in 1950a few featherquilts.
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