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Tesi Di Ricerca LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA Insignia Dignitatis

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Tesi Di Ricerca LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA Insignia Dignitatis Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze dell’Antichità XXXII ciclo Tesi di Ricerca LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA Insignia dignitatis nell’Età del Bronzo, dal Caucaso Meridionale all’Egeo L-OR/05 Coordinatore del Dottorato ch. prof. Luigi Sperti Supervisore ch. prof. Elena Rova Dottorando Vittoria Dall’Armellina Matricola: 833665 LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA Insignia dignitatis nell’Età del Bronzo, dal Caucaso meridionale all’Egeo Vittoria Dall’Armellina ABSTRACT Swords, axes, diadems, but also other types of weapons, jewels, standards in metal or in other valuable materials - such as lapis lazuli, carnelian or obsidian - contained within so-called "royal tombs” are symbolic items, bearers of noble and military values and their rapid spread documents a substantial change in Bronze Age societies. It is not too daring to call this phenomenon "Aristocratic Revolution". The birth of a new ruling elite that maintains power through military exercise can be followed in different geographical areas, in particular the Southern Caucasus, Anatolia, the Aegean Islands, Crete and mainland Greece. The insigna dignitatis are all those precious objects that accompany these rank dead even after their death. In order to understand this phenomenon, we must first of all analyse the spread of products by taking into account both the routes - including traditional transhumance roads - between the Caucasus and Anatolia, and the communication routes towards the Aegean and, subsequently, the integration of these different circuits. However, the main aim of this research is to analyse the symbolic and anthropological meaning of the different classes of materials in order to understand their value; in this way it will be possible to define more precisely the true size of this social revolution led by the new aristocratic power. 1 Spade, asce, diademi, ma anche altre tipologie di armi e gioielli, stendardi in metallo o ancora materiali preziosi come lapislazzuli, corniola e ossidiana sono tutti oggetti che si ritrovano all’interno delle cosiddette “tombe reali” e sono portatori di valori nobiliari e militari. La loro rapida diffusione documenta un sostanziale cambiamento nella società dell’Età del Bronzo, che non è audace definire come una vera e propria “rivoluzione aristocratica”. La nascita di una nuova élite dominante che mantiene il potere attraverso l’esercizio militare è documentata in differenti aree geografiche, in particolare nel Caucaso del Sud, in Anatolia e nell’Egeo. Il corridoio comprendente queste tre regioni forma una sorta di “fascia settentrionale” del Vicino Oriente, che presenta alcune peculiarità che la differenziano dalla più studiata zona siro-mesopotamica. Gli insignia dignitatis sono tutti quei preziosi oggetti che accompagnano i “defunti di rango” anche dopo la loro morte. Per comprendere appieno questo fenomeno bisogna analizzare la diffusione dei materiali prendendo in considerazione sia il passaggio dal Caucaso all’Anatolia, sia le vie di comunicazione verso l’Egeo e infine l’integrazione dei due diversi circuiti. Ma lo scopo ultimo del lavoro è di esaminare il significato simbolico e antropologico delle diverse classi di materiale per comprenderne appieno il valore intrinseco; solo così sarà possibile definire in modo più preciso le dimensioni di questa rivoluzione sociale guidata dal potere aristocratico. 2 INTRODUZIONE ................................................................................................ 7 OGGETTI, IDEE E NETWORK ........................................................................ 10 IL “CORRIDOIO SETTENTRIONALE”............................................................ 12 (DEL VICINO ORIENTE ANTICO) ................................................................... 12 OLTRE LA RICERCA DEGLI INDOEUROPEI ................................................ 16 UN CHIARIMENTO PRELIMINARE TRA CONTROVERSIE E TABU STORICI ......................................................................................................................... 16 LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA............................................................. 22 OVVERO LA NASCITA DELL’EROE .............................................................. 22 LO SCENARIO GEOGRAFICO ....................................................................... 27 CAUCASO .................................................................................................... 27 ANATOLIA .................................................................................................... 28 AREA EGEA ................................................................................................. 29 CONTESTI DI RINVENIMENTO ...................................................................... 35 LE TOMBE DELLA CULTURA DI MAIKOP ................................................... 36 (CAUCASO SETTENTRIONALE) ................................................................. 36 LA TOMBA REALE DI ARSLANTEPE (ANATOLIA) ..................................... 43 IL CIMITERO REALE DI ALACAHÖYÜK ...................................................... 47 (ANATOLIA) .................................................................................................. 47 LE CULTURE DEGLI EARLY KURGAN ........................................................ 49 I KURGAN DELLA CULTURA DI TRIALETI-VANADZOR ............................ 54 I CIRCOLI DI MICENE .................................................................................. 58 TABELLA CRONOLOGICA RIASSUNTIVA ................................................... 63 FAX SIMILE CATALOGO ................................................................................ 64 ASCE DA BATTAGLIA E DA PARATA .......................................................... 65 DEFINIZIONE ............................................................................................... 65 ASCE DI TIPO “SHAFT-HOLE” .................................................................... 67 CATALOGO ..................................................................................................... 69 CAUCASO DEL NORD ................................................................................. 69 CAUCASO DEL SUD .................................................................................... 79 ANATOLIA .................................................................................................... 85 POLIOCHNI .................................................................................................. 96 EGEO ......................................................................................................... 101 UN’ASCIA A FORMA DI PANTERA PROVENIENTE DA MALLIA............... 109 ASCE DA BATTAGLI E DA PARATA AL DI FUORI DEL CORRIDOIO SETTENTRIONALE ....................................................................................... 112 BALCANI E CARPAZI ................................................................................. 112 IRAN, TURKMENISTAN E BATTRIANA ...................................................... 114 AREA SIRO-MESOPOTAMICA .................................................................. 117 3 TIPOLOGIE E MATERIALI ............................................................................ 119 DISTRIBUZIONE, CRONOLOGIA E CONTESTI DI RINVENIMENTO.......... 121 UTILIZZO E SIGNIFICATO ............................................................................ 129 TABELLE RIASSUNTIVE DEI REPERTI ...................................................... 133 SPADE “CORTE” .......................................................................................... 136 DALLE ORIGINI FINO AL 2000 A.C. ............................................................ 136 DEFINIZIONE ............................................................................................. 136 CATALOGO ................................................................................................... 138 CAUCASO DEL NORD ............................................................................... 138 CAUCASO DEL SUD .................................................................................. 140 ANATOLIA .................................................................................................. 143 SPADE CORTE AL DI FUORI DEL CORRIDOIO SETTENTRIONALE ........ 161 MATERIALE E TIPOLOGIE ........................................................................... 162 DISTRIBUZIONE, CRONOLOGIA E CONTESTI DI RINVENIMENTO.......... 168 UTILIZZO E SIGNIFICATO ............................................................................ 175 TABELLE RIASSUNTIVE DEI REPERTI ...................................................... 176 SPADE LUNGHE ........................................................................................... 178 DEFINIZIONE ............................................................................................. 178 CATALOGO ................................................................................................... 180 CAUCASO DEL SUD .................................................................................. 180 ANATOLIA .................................................................................................. 199 EGEO ......................................................................................................... 210 SPADE LUNGHE AL DI FUORI DEL CORRIODOIO SETTENTRIONALE ... 277 LEVANTE ................................................................................................... 277 REGIONE DEL TALYSH ............................................................................
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