DOCSLIB.ORG

ATINER's Conference Paper Proceedings Series LNG2018-0086

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ATINER's Conference Paper Proceedings Series LNG2018-0086 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: LNG2018-0086 ATINER’s Conference Paper Proceedings Series LNG2018-0086 Athens, 12 September 2018 Ancient Scripts of Crete: The Phaistos Disc Script – the Structure of the System Nino Shengelaia Athens Institute for Education and Research 8 Valaoritou Street, Kolonaki, 10683 Athens, Greece ATINER‟s conference paper proceedings series are circulated to promote dialogue among academic scholars. All papers of this series have been blind reviewed and accepted for presentation at one of ATINER‟s annual conferences according to its acceptance policies (http://www.atiner.gr/acceptance). © All rights reserved by authors. 1 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: LNG2018-0086 ATINER’s Conference Paper Proceedings Series LNG2018-0086 Athens, 12 September 2018 ISSN: 2529-167X Nino Shengelaia, Researcher, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia. Ancient Scripts of Crete: The Phaistos Disc Script – the Structure of the System ABSTRACT 1. The system of the syllabic-logographic script of the Disc of Phaistos (PhD) is analyzed in the paper. 2. The Phaistos Disc script is dated only approximately, but as the dating of the three shorter inscriptions of the same script that have also reached us is quite convincing, it is possible to say that PhD script was in use in Crete at least for about 500 years since the first quarter of the 2nd millennium. 3. The inscriptions are imprinted along the spiral line with pictographic signs on the wet clay disc with golden stamps of repeated use. Judging from the symbolic meanings of the pictographs, the inscriptions were declared to be hymns addressed to the Great Mother Goddess Rhea-Cybele or Nenana. 4. It was considered impossible to read the texts because they were supposed to belong to some extinct culture and language. The inscriptions of the Disc were deciphered by G.Kvashilava in the Common Kolkhian (Laz, Megrelian and Meskhian) – the ancient branch of the Common Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language. Material that supports this deciphering is given in the paper. 5. The problems concerning the inner system of the script are worked out in the paper, these are: the direction of reading the inscriptions – which is out from the center of the spiral; G.Kvashilava‟s algorithm presented for the phonetic reading of regularly rotating pictographic signs; acrophony as the systemic feature of the script; paradigmatic and syntagmatic structuring of the script system; originality of the script; the features of the script characterize it as a „phonic script‟ (in Saussurean meaning); 2 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: LNG2018-0086 the systemic anagrammatic structuring of the script presents it as the most consistent attested example of ancient anagrammatic texts. No particulars of the process of deciphering are discussed in the paper – they have been successfully presented elsewhere in vast material by the authour of the decipherment. Keywords: the Phaistos Disc script, algorithm for reading, acrophony, anagrams, phonic harmony. 3 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: LNG2018-0086 Introduction My paper concerns an Ancient Kartvelian script of Crete – the syllabic- logographic writing of the Disc of Phaistos (PhD). This is an attempt to analyze the inner system of this script. The famous Disc of Phaistos was found in Crete during the excavations of the ancient Palace of Phaistos in 1908. J.Chadwick wrote: “No account of writing in Crete would be complete without a mention of the famous Phaistos Disc.” (Chadwick, 2014: 19-20). This is a clay disc on both sides of which the separate pictographic signs are imprinted with golden stamps of manifold use. The stamps are generally considered to be the inheritance of Mesopotamian culture but their use in Cretan inscriptions for printing texts is unique. The pictographs are printed along the spiral line. These are the signs representing: a lion‟s head, a bird of prey, a boat, a bee, a fish, a head of a Koribas, a rosette, an axe, etc. The texts are imprinted with 45 stamps of pictographic signs. According to John Chadwick, “…this use of standard forms was a remarkable anticipation of the invention of engraving and printing.” (Chadwick, 2014:19-20). Chadwick certainly meant the first books in Europe printed by Johann Guttenberg, and some years later – by William Caxton about three thousand years later in the XV century Europe. The Phaistos Disc script is dated only approximately, but three shorter Cretan inscriptions made in the same script have also reached us. These are: the Malian Stone Block inscription that is dated back from 1800 to 1700 BC, the inscription on the Alkalokhori bronze axe dated back to the 16th century BC, and that on the Phaistos Vase dated from 1400 to 1300 BC. The PhD script is thus proved to have been in use in Crete at least for about 500 years since the first quarter of the 2nd millennium. The most important researches have been carried out concerning graphical analysis of Disc signs, mythology and symbolic meanings of its pictographs; it was unanimously deduced that the inscriptions were hymns (or prayers) to the Great Mother Goddess – Rhea-Cybele or Ninana (Side A of the Disc) and Korybantes (side B), asking for protection from disaster and calamity. In this respect the inscriptions of the Disc are instances of literary texts. It was also declared that the language of the PhD texts is neither Indo- European nor Semitic. Numerous attempts were made to read these inscriptions as belonging to one or another language but they were not supported by the consistent linguistic data which is certainly always necessary at the final stage for the verification of any decipherment. It was generally considered impossible to decipher PhD inscriptions because they were supposed to belong to some ancient and extinct culture and language, and the Disc was called „the enigma of the 20th century‟. G.Ipsen wrote that reading the Disc inscriptions depended on the favour of the situation, and the Disc itself was dumb (Ipsen, 1929:1-41). In 2008 the decipherment of PhD inscriptions in South-Caucasian Ancient Kartvelian Language was presented by G.Kvashilava at the London 4 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: LNG2018-0086 Conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of finding the Disc of Phaistos in Crete. It should be underlined that the decipherment is fully supported by the comparative and inner reconstruction studies of morphophonemic system of Common Kartvelian languages carried out by Th.Gamkrelidze and G.Machavariani; their fundamental work was published in 1965. The analysis of the linguistic material made it possible to define more exactly the period of the Ancient Kartvelian to which the Phaistos inscriptions belong: more appropriate term, namely Common Kolkhian has been suggested to denote the period of the ancient Kartvelian when PhD and Linear A scripts were employed. The term denotes Laz, Megrelian and Meskhian group of Kartvelian languages after Svan had split off in the 3d millennium BC. The Phaistos script (as well as LA) have been deciphered fully by G.Kvashilava, and the whole material of about 900 pages of his wide range etymological studies have been published both in Georgian and English during 2006-2017.1 Ample data of Kartvelian dialects as well as of other ancient languages were also studied by G.Kvashilava. The speech signs of the Phaistos inscriptions are fully-open-syllable words – two syllables in a word, and, which is important, the vowel of the last syllable is of a full vocalic quality (Gelb, (1965:155-158). I would like mention here again John Chadwick who supposed that if a language could be found which used a word like “ku-ro” meaning “all”, “total”, the problem of identifying the language of LA might be solved (Chadwick, 2014:155-156). The analysis of LA agricultural accounts by Kvashilava has shown the clear Kartvelian etymology of this stem. The results of the study of the system of PhD script are presented below. 1.1. The direction of reading is one of the most important issues in studying ancient scripts, because the reading direction of inscriptions might influence the results of the decipherment. It was certainly not simple to find out what regulates and determines the direction of reading of Disc inscriptions because its pictographic signs (round ones excluded) rotate taking one to four different – horizontal or vertical – positions along the spiral line on the Disc. E.g. PhD29 (a lion‟s head) is presented in four positions, PhD 31 (a bird of prey) – in three positions, PhD8 (a glove) has two positions like PhD 25 (a boat), PhD33 (a fish) has one position only. Regular rotations serve particular functions in PhD inscriptions as well as in other inscriptions of the same script with the demanded-by-the-context positions of the signs: the same PhD33 takes two positions on the Phaistos vase, and PhD32 (a dove) and Ph14 (a yoke) are horizontal differently from its vertical position on the Disc. 1 The whole material of G.Kvashilva‟s decipherment was published in Georgian and English during 2006-2018, mostly in: Studies in History and Ethnology, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology; in: Kartvelology, Giorgi Tsereteli Institute of Oriental Studies; and in: Issues in Linguistics, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. 5 ATINER CONFERENCE PRESENTATION SERIES No: LNG2018-0086 It was only to be expected that in the cleverly built up system like PhD script the direction of reading had be to clearly indicated in the inscriptions in some way or other. G.Kvashilava‟s study showed what special characteristic features determine the direction of reading of the Disc script. Firstly, the beginning of the texts are marked with special symbols on both sides of the Disc: in the centre of the spiral line of side A there is a rosette – a symbol of the sun and the beginning (Kean, 1990) and in the centre of side B of the Disc there is a spiked helmet (or a hood) – a symbol of the moon, also implying the beginning.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tesi Di Ricerca LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA Insignia Dignitatis
    Corso di Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze dell’Antichità XXXII ciclo Tesi di Ricerca LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA Insignia dignitatis nell’Età del Bronzo, dal Caucaso Meridionale all’Egeo L-OR/05 Coordinatore del Dottorato ch. prof. Luigi Sperti Supervisore ch. prof. Elena Rova Dottorando Vittoria Dall’Armellina Matricola: 833665 LA RIVOLUZIONE ARISTOCRATICA Insignia dignitatis nell’Età del Bronzo, dal Caucaso meridionale all’Egeo Vittoria Dall’Armellina ABSTRACT Swords, axes, diadems, but also other types of weapons, jewels, standards in metal or in other valuable materials - such as lapis lazuli, carnelian or obsidian - contained within so-called "royal tombs” are symbolic items, bearers of noble and military values and their rapid spread documents a substantial change in Bronze Age societies. It is not too daring to call this phenomenon "Aristocratic Revolution". The birth of a new ruling elite that maintains power through military exercise can be followed in different geographical areas, in particular the Southern Caucasus, Anatolia, the Aegean Islands, Crete and mainland Greece. The insigna dignitatis are all those precious objects that accompany these rank dead even after their death. In order to understand this phenomenon, we must first of all analyse the spread of products by taking into account both the routes - including traditional transhumance roads - between the Caucasus and Anatolia, and the communication routes towards the Aegean and, subsequently, the integration of these different circuits. However, the main aim of this research is to analyse the symbolic and anthropological meaning of the different classes of materials in order to understand their value; in this way it will be possible to define more precisely the true size of this social revolution led by the new aristocratic power.
    [Show full text]
  • A Computational Translation of the Phaistos Disk Peter Revesz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln CSE Conference and Workshop Papers Computer Science and Engineering, Department of 10-1-2015 A Computational Translation of the Phaistos Disk Peter Revesz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork Part of the Comparative and Historical Linguistics Commons, Computational Linguistics Commons, Computer Engineering Commons, Electrical and Computer Engineering Commons, Language Interpretation and Translation Commons, and the Other Computer Sciences Commons Revesz, Peter, "A Computational Translation of the Phaistos Disk" (2015). CSE Conference and Workshop Papers. 312. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cseconfwork/312 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Computer Science and Engineering, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in CSE Conference and Workshop Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Mathematical Models and Computational Methods A Computational Translation of the Phaistos Disk Peter Z. Revesz several problems. First, a symbol may be interpreted as Abstract— For over a century the text of the Phaistos Disk denoting many different objects. Second, the depicted object remained an enigma without a convincing translation. This paper could have many synonyms in the native language. Third, presents a novel semi-automatic translation method
    [Show full text]
  • Gareth Owens and His Decipherment of the Phaistos Disc I Have Taken A
    Gareth Owens and His Decipherment of the Phaistos Disc I have taken a look at Owens’s website (http://www.teicrete.gr/daidalika), have read the various texts there that pertain to the Phaistos Disc, and have watched his TEDx-Talk twice. 1. First, some preliminary remarks. There are four scripts in prehistoric Crete that write at least two languages. The 4 scripts are those on the Phaistos Disc (PhD, hereafter) and on documents written in Cretan Pictographic/Hieroglyphic (CP herafter), Linear A, and Linear B (usually AB, hereafter). The languages are Greek in the Linear B documents and whatever language or languages that were written on the Disc and on the CP and Linear A documents. Linear B (ca. 1400-1200 BCE) was deciphered in 1952 (Ventris & Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek) and it records our earliest Greek texts. The script is a syllabary consisting of some 90+ signs. It is obvious that these signs were adapted from the signs in the earlier script Linear A (Godart & Olivier, Recueil des inscriptions en Linéaire A), which was in use in Crete from about 1900 to 1500 BCE. These two scripts use abstract signs, most of which do not resemble any object. Many of the Linear A signs developed from the slightly earlier CP script (ca. 1950 to 1700 BCE; Godart & Olivier, Corpus inscriptionum hieroglyphicarum Cretae), and most of these Pictographic signs are obviously schematic drawings of real objects (persons, animals like a dog head or a fly, man-made objects like an ax, and plants like a tree or branch).
    [Show full text]
  • Study Abroad in Greece! Study Abroad in Greece! I N D E X
    STUDY ABROAD IN GREECE! STUDY ABROAD IN GREECE! I N D E X H E L L E N I C A M E R I C A N U N I V E R S I T Y M E N T O R A M E A N I N G F U L P A R T N E R S H I P O U R C O M M U N I T Y O U R T E A M O R I G I N A L I T Y I N T R O D U C T I O N T O P R O G R A M M E S O U R P R O G R A M M E S T A I L O R - M A D E P R O G R A M M E S W H A T I S I N C L U D E D ? C O N N E C T W I T H U S ! E N R O L L N O W HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Hellenic American University was established as a United States institution of higher education on May 11, 2004, through an Act of the General Court of the State of New Hampshire. This legislation created a fully American university chartered in the Granite State. Hellenic American University’s undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral programs are regulated, approved, and regularly monitored by the New Hampshire’s Department of Education, Division of Higher Education -- Higher Education Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legendary Contribution of the Armenians in the History of Creating of the National Alphabets in the World
    The legendary contribution of the Armenians in the history of creating of the national alphabets in the world Prof. G. Vahanyan Various artifacts of tangible and intangible heritage point at the sources or carry information on the significant role of the Armenians (old Armenian civilization) in the creation of the alphabets of different nations throughout the world. Hereafter are presented the most significant of them: 1. Ideograms and hieroglyphs, that are identified in the Armenian Rock Art, are the prototypes and form the basis of the origin of the Armenian, Hittite, Urartian, Indian and Egyptian ideograms and hieroglyphs1. 2. Tir(as) is the god of writing and wisdom in the Armenian pantheon of pagan gods. According to the medieval Armenian historians, Askanaz and Torgom (the founders of the Armenian house, who preserved knowledge of the old civilization) are listed among his sons. 3. According to Greek sources, Cadmus is the creator of the Phoenician and Greek alphabets. Cadmus (Armenian Կադմոս [Cadmos]) is the grandson of Hayk Nahapet (he is mentioned in the Biblical and Christian tradition as one of the descendants of Torgom [Togarmah]), the legendary founder of the Haykazuni dynasty, and the son of Aramaniak. Hayk Nahapet was the first to found the Temple of Knowledge (the dwelling of God); he later passes it over to his grandson Cadmus [Cadmos]. Hayk Nahapet was also the first (long before Moses) to create yearly calendar comprising 12 months2. The months were named after Hayk’s children3. The ancient territories of Phoenicia and Cilicia were passed over to the descendants of Cadmus (Draskhanakerttsi H.).
    [Show full text]
  • How to Use Pen and Paper Tasks to Aid Tremor Diagnosis in the Clinic
    HOW TO DO IT Pract Neurol: first published as 10.1136/practneurol-2017-001719 on 26 August 2017. Downloaded from How to use pen and paper tasks to aid tremor diagnosis in the clinic Jane Alty,1 Jeremy Cosgrove,1 Deborah Thorpe,2,3 Peter Kempster4,5 1Department of Neurology, Leeds ABSTRACT automatically. Handwriting tasks, familiar General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching When a patient presents with tremor, it can be and straightforward as they are, prove to Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK useful to perform a few simple pen and paper 2Department of Electronics, be very useful diagnostic tools in tremor University of York, York, UK tests. In this article, we explain how to maximise disorders. Tremor has its core characteris- 3Centre for Medieval Studies, the value of handwriting and of drawing tics of frequency, amplitude, direction University of York, York, UK Archimedes spirals and straight lines as clinical 4 and task specificity and may be conjoined Department of Neurosciences, assessments. These tasks take a matter of Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, with features such as bradykinesia, seconds to complete but provide a wealth of Australia dystonia, ataxia and distractibility. The 5Department of Medicine, information that supplements the standard clinician’s challenge is to integrate all of Monash University, Clayton, physical examination. They aid the diagnosis of a this simultaneously occurring visual infor- Australia tremor disorder and can contribute to its mation during examination in order to longitudinal monitoring. Watching the patient’s Correspondence to classify a tremor. Simple pen and paper upper limb while they write and draw may reveal Dr Jane Alty, Department of tests take a matter of seconds to Neurology, Leeds General abnormalities such as bradykinesia, dystonic complete.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Notes on Structure of Verb of Phaistos Disc Inscription Idiom
    13 CAES Vol. 2, № 3 (September 2016) Some notes on structure of verb of Phaistos disc inscription idiom Alexander Akulov independent scholar; St.Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: [email protected] Abstarct Pendlebury and Otkupshchikov have proved that Phaistos disc inscription is read from center to periphery. Word order of all languages of ancient Mediterranean region and neighbor areas was SOV, and it’s rather logical to suppose the same for the language of disc. Having known word order it is possible to single out blocks containing predicates/verbs in the text of inscription. These blocks have plumed head sign in their ends (terminal right positions). Blocks A3, A15 show that Minoan has reduplication of root and well elaborated prefixation. Minoan can’t be relative of Etruscan since Etruscan hasn’t prefixation, but can probably be relative of Anatolian languages, or Hattic or Sumerian. Adding of some known readings hasn’t given any result for verbal forms decoding, but allowed to identify name Tetija (block B8) that seems to be Minoan form of Tethys. Key words: Phaistos disc; Minoan language; Tetija; Tethys; writing system deciphering 1. Problem introduction Phaistos disc (pic. 3) was found by expedition led by Halbherr in 1908 in Phaistos on the island of Crete (pic 1); the disk is dated about middle or late Minoan Bronze Age (second millennium B.C.); the disc is supposed to be an artifact of Crete origin (Duhoux 2000; Trauth 1990). Its writing system is syllabary (Ipsen 1929); writing system is of Cretan origin and its continuation is Linear A (Timm 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • The Magazine Επίσημη Έκδοση Συλλόγου Ξενοδόχων Νομού Ρεθύμνης / Rethymnon Hotel Owners’ Association Your FREE Copy
    Rethymnon spring 2009 the magazine Επίσημη Έκδοση Συλλόγου Ξενοδόχων Νομού Ρεθύμνης / Rethymnon Hotel Owners’ Association Your FREE copy Tα καλύτερα σημεία της πόλης του Ρεθύμνου / The hotspots of the city of Rethymno Αμάρι: ένας παράδεισος στις παρυφές τουτου ΨηλορείτηΨηλορείτη / Amari: a paradise on the foothills of Psiloritis Μια διαδρομή στους μύθους: Σφακάκι-Παγκαλοχώρι-Λούτρα- Μέση- Άγιος Δημήτριος-Πηγή-Άδελε / The route into the myths: Sfakaki-Pagalohori-Loutra- Mesi-Agios Dimitrios-Pigi-Adele Ζωή… ποδήλατο! / Life ….is but a bicycle Χάρτης της πόλης και Γιορτή κρητικού κρασιού και τοπικών του νομού Ρεθύμνης / παραδοσιακών προϊόντων / City map and map of the Wine festival and local Prefecture of Rethymno traditional products the magazine PB the magazine 1 out & more μνήμη σας όταν θα πάρετε τον δρόμο της The hotspots of the city of Rethymno / επιστροφής. Όταν αρχίσει να σουρουπώ- νει, ξεκινάει το σεργιάνι στην πόλη. Μια Τα καλύτερα σηµεία της πόλης του Ρεθύµνου ζωντανή πόλη που όσο περνάει η ώρα γεμίζει κόσμο και σας περιμένει να την By Dimitra Mavridou / Της ∆ήµητρας Μαυρίδου γνωρίσετε. Σας προτείνουμε να δοκιμάσε- τε παγωτό σε κάποιο από τα ζαχαροπλα- στεία πίσω από τη Μαρίνα, για να πάρετε δύναμη και να συνεχίσετε την πεζοπορία. The square dedicated to the unknown soldier First you can see the recently restored square dedicated to the unknown soldier. Στην πλατεία του The Marina / Στη Μαρίνα ........................................................................ 08 Άγνωστου Στρατιώτη The square dedicated to the unknown soldier / Στην ανακαινισμένη πλατεία του Άγνω- Στην πλατεία του Άγνωστου Στρατιώτη .................................................. 09 στου Στρατιώτη θα δείτε από κοντά το ομώνυμο άγαλμα, το οποίο πρόσφατα The promenade / Στην παραλία ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • How Not to Decipher the Phaistos Disc: a Review Article<Product>
    How Not to Decipher the Phaistos Disc: A Review Article Le déchiffrement du disque de Phaistos: Preuves et conséquences by Jean Faucounau Review by: Yves Duhoux American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul., 2000), pp. 597-600 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/507232 . Accessed: 10/04/2012 09:23 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Archaeological Institute of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org How Not to Decipher the Phaistos Disc: A Review YVES DUHOUX LE DECHIFFREMENT DU DISQUE DE PHAISTOS: on both sides of the disc.3 This drawing has fooled many a soul, even Alice Kober.4 To "correct" an estab- PREUVESET CONSEQUENCES,by Jean Faucounau. good lished text is impermissible and dooms any attempt at a 192, 45, indices 2. L'Harmattan, Paris Pp. figs. credible decipherment (P. Faure, for example, deliber- 1999. FF 120. ISBN 2-7384-7703-8 (paper). ately introduces some signs in the text to make it read the way he wants).5 Faucounau's book is the latest of many attempts to deci- Equally important is the direction of writing.
    [Show full text]
  • 19.6 Essay Phaistos MH Colin
    OPINION NATURE|Vol 453|19 June 2008 ESSAY A century of puzzling Believed to be the world’s first printed document, the Phaistos Disc was unearthed 100 years ago. Andrew Robinson explains why this remarkable object remains undeciphered. he Rosetta Stone is the most famous of Bennett Jr of the University of Cincinnati, threatening challenge to historians”, because ancient inscriptions; it unlocked the wrote in 1998 that any book cover emblazoned it suggests that the history of invention is so Tmeaning of thousands of Egyptian hiero- with the Phaistos Disc — and there have been idiosyncratic as to be unpredictable. How glyphic inscriptions. The undeciphered Phais- many — was for him “the equivalent of the could printing, once invented, disappear for tos Disc, discovered by an Italian archaeologist skull and crossbones on the bottle of poison”. millennia? at Phaistos near the coast of southern Crete a In 2000, the American Journal of Archaeology Third, the disc is a Greek national icon, and century ago next month, is perhaps the most ran a review titled “How not to decipher the a key attraction at the Archaeological Museum infamous. Phaistos Disc”, by Yves Duhoux of the Catho- at Iraklion in Crete. The Greek authorities have Luigi Pernier found the disc on 3 July 1908 lic University of Louvain in Belgium, author rebuffed several appeals, most recently in 2007, in a basement cell of a ruined Minoan palace of the leading scholarly book on the subject, for the disc to be thermoluminescence tested — dating from the first half of the second millen- Le Disque de Phaestos.
    [Show full text]
  • BEEKEEPING in the MEDITERRANEAN from ANTIQUITY to the PRESENT Front Cover Photographs
    Edited by: Fani Hatjina, Georgios Mavrofridis, Richard Jones BEEKEEPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT Front cover photographs Part of a beehive lid. Early Byzantine period (Mesogeia plain, Attica. “Exhibition of Archaeological Findings”, Athens International Airport. Photo: G. Mavrofridis). Beehive from a country house of the 4th century B.C. (Mesogeia plain, Attica. “Exhibition of Archaeological Findings”, Athens International Airport. Photo: G. Mavrofridis). Traditional ceramic beehive “kambana” (bell) in its bee bole (Andros Island. Photo: F. Hatjina). Back cover photographs Stone built apiary of the 18th century from Neochori, Messinia, Peloponnese (Photo: G. Ratia). Ruins of a bee house from Andros Island. Inside view (Photos: G. Ratia). Walls of a mill house with bee balls from Andros Island. Inside view (Photo: G. Ratia). Traditional pottery beehives and their bee boles: the ‘bee garden’, Andros Island (Photo: G. Ratia). Ruins of a bee house (the ‘cupboards’) from Zaharias, Andros Island. Outside view (Photo: G. Ratia). Bee boles from Andros Island (Photo: G. Ratia). Edited by: Nea Moudania 2017 Fani Hatjina, Georgios Mavrofridis, Richard Jones Based on selected presentations of the INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM of BEEKEEPING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SYROS, OCTOBER 9-11 2014 © DIVISION of APICULTURE Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”-GREECE CHAMBER of CYCLADES EVA CRANE TRUST - UK Dedicated to the memory of Thanassis Bikos hanassis Bikos was a pioneer of the valuable legacy for current and future research- systematic research on traditional bee- ers of the beekeeping tradition. keeping in Greece. From the early 1990s The creation of a museum of Greek beekeep- until the end of his life he studied the ing was a life dream for Thanassis, for which traditionalT beekeeping aspects in most regions he gathered material for more than thirty-five of Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Phaistos Disc Range: 101D0–101FF
    Phaistos Disc Range: 101D0–101FF This file contains an excerpt from the character code tables and list of character names for The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 This file may be changed at any time without notice to reflect errata or other updates to the Unicode Standard. See https://www.unicode.org/errata/ for an up-to-date list of errata. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/ for access to a complete list of the latest character code charts. See https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-14.0/ for charts showing only the characters added in Unicode 14.0. See https://www.unicode.org/Public/14.0.0/charts/ for a complete archived file of character code charts for Unicode 14.0. Disclaimer These charts are provided as the online reference to the character contents of the Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 but do not provide all the information needed to fully support individual scripts using the Unicode Standard. For a complete understanding of the use of the characters contained in this file, please consult the appropriate sections of The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0, online at https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode14.0.0/, as well as Unicode Standard Annexes #9, #11, #14, #15, #24, #29, #31, #34, #38, #41, #42, #44, #45, and #50, the other Unicode Technical Reports and Standards, and the Unicode Character Database, which are available online. See https://www.unicode.org/ucd/ and https://www.unicode.org/reports/ A thorough understanding of the information contained in these additional sources is required for a successful implementation.
    [Show full text]