MEMORIAL TO BAILEY WILLIS (1857-1949)

AARON C. WATERS The , Baltimore, Md.

INTRODUCTION The varied and interesting career of Bailey Willis came to an end in a hospital in Palo Alto, , on February 19, 1949. Born on May 31, 1857 at Idlewild-on-Hudson, , he had lived al- most 92 years. During this long life Willis achieved much, and as an imaginative and thought-provoking scholar he left lasting impressions on many of the earth sciences. His work encompassed such wide and varied activities as civil and mining engineer, explorer, diplomat, civic planner, government geol- ogist, university professor, artist, and popular author—all in addition to his principal profession— which was that of field geologist and theoretician with special interests in structural geology and seismology. Soon after Willis' death The Geological Society of America arranged for a me- morial to be written, but circumstances prevented its completion. When in June 1961 the Society asked me to prepare this notice I gladly consented, even though my acquaintance with Bailey Willis had started on a warm autumn afternoon in 1930 when he was 73 years old and I was 25; therefore my direct knowledge of his career embraced only the last 19 years of his life, and it began 8 years after his re- tirement, at the age of 65, from his post as Chairman of the Department and Pro- fessor of Structural Geology at . This meeting, by the way, went off quite differently from the way I had ex- pected. It took place the very first day I arrived at Stanford, armed with a fresh PhD from an eastern university and with all the brashness that goes with it, to take up the teaching of courses in structural geology that Professor Willis had given so illustriously before his retirement. Hardly had we been introduced than he turned to me and said: "When your class comes to Chapter V in my textbook . . ." I interrupted—much too hurriedly and thoughtlessly—for this was a situation that I had anticipated months before my arrival at Stanford, though I certainly had not expected it to come up at our very first meeting. "Oh, I do not intend to use your textbook," I blurted out, and then stumbled nervously into a carefully rehearsed explanation, warming up a bit at the end as I ran through the familiar reasons—heartily approved by my former professors— that I had given when I outlined to them a plan not to use any textbook whatever; P55

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and certainly not Willis', a book which was on a different and more imaginative level from the "solid stuff" in the structural geology courses on which I had been nurtured at Yale! Well, eventually my well-rehearsed speech ran out. Willis had listened politely and attentively without interrupting; now his turn to reply had come, and I braced for the shock. But he merely stood there in silence, his pale- blue eyes fixed on me a bit quizzically for perhaps half a minute—though it seemed much longer. Then a warm smile came over his face and he said, ' 'I am so glad you have come to Stanford. We will have wonderful times together." Then, taking my arm, he added, "But come along, let me show you the University. We will talk about geology textbooks another time." I tell this anecdote to show a fundamental trait of Willis' character: the discon- certing gentleness of his answer illustrates the fact that one could rarely provoke him to battle—and never on any terms except his own. Many times in the years that followed I have seen geologists disagree vigorously with things that Willis had written or said. If the differences of opinion were such as he thought could be reconciled by additional information, Willis would give this information and dis- cuss it freely, but, if that course did not seem likely to be effective, he would adroitly but graciously turn the conversation into other channels. Looking back over the lapse of 32 years I am thankful that he ignored my dismissal of his text- book, for we immediately began to have those wonderful times together that he had promised. Neither of us mentioned structural-geology texts for about four more years, and I hoped he had forgotten the episode. Then one morning he came into my office, plunked down a copy of his text and said: ' 'The first words you ever said to me were that you didn't approve of this book. Now the publishers want a new edition, and you must sit down and mark the pages I am to rewrite, and tell me why." During this four-year interval some of the "solid stuff" that I learned in graduate school had collapsed; moreover I had also perceived the glimmerings of a more imaginative as well as a more judicial approach to structural geology. So, even though Willis and I always differed fundamentally on many topics, I look back over the ensuing discussions as among some of the most interesting and stimulating of our association.

SCHOOL DAYS IN GERMANY Bailey Willis' habit of turning aside useless controversy may have arisen partly from events that occurred during his none-too-happy early school years in Germany. Willis' father, a poet and journalist, died when Bailey was only ten. Financial reverses then compelled his mother to close the estate on the Hudson where little Bailey had spent happy years romping with two faithful dogs among the cliffs and glens. The family moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where they remained three years. Here Bailey's maternal grandfather, the Arctic explorer, Joseph Grinnell, outlined a program for his grandson's education that was more demanding than the one favored by the boy's mother. Plans for school, however, were temporarily in- terrupted by a serious bout with scarlet fever. This illness and the medical com-

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plications that followed endangered the boy's life over a period of many months, but his recovery was complete, and for the rest of his life Willis enjoyed excellent health. After this illness a brief interlude of traveling in England and Switzerland with his mother and sisters followed before Bailey, then thirteen years old, was separated from his family to begin schooling in Germany. At first he lived with a Polish-Prussian family in a partly restored castle dating back to the eleventh century. He was then enrolled in German boarding schools where he came under the stern discipline of Prussian schoolmasters. This abrupt change from the sparkling literary atmosphere and freedom of expression that had prevailed within the Willis household compelled a rigorous readjustment both in the way of life and in the manners of the growing boy. Concerning these boarding-school days Willis has written: "The school . . . was said to have excellent discipline, and I would say that it had, by Prussian standards. You did as you were told and you did it in- stantly. ... In arithmetic twenty boys took down an example to work. You stepped out into line when you had it correctly. At the end of three minutes those who had not given the right answer held out the right hand as the teacher distributed the encouragement of a blow with a split rattan to each one. Two minutes more was the grace allowed to get the answer, failing which you held out the left hand. . . . My German schooling taught me one invaluable lesson: to concentrate upon my studies." But young Willis was learning other lessons as well; he developed not only a thorough distaste for stupidity, brutality, and petty tyranny masked beneath the guise of authority; he also acquired the skill, determination, and guile necessary to expose and circumvent their practitioners. His reminiscences relate occasions when a bullying older classmate, and once when even a pompous and dogmatic teacher, were brought unexpectedly to physical disaster by a skillfully planned and care- fully co-ordinated attack. Willis learned to concentrate on his studies, it is true; but he also learned the habit of determined, purposeful rebellion against senselessly used authority. His own evaluation of school days in Germany is interesting: "The results greatly influenced my whole life, though it would be hard to say whether for better or for worse." In 1874 Willis returned to the and entered the School of Mines at , where his formal education was completed. He was there awarded the degree of Mining Engineer in 1878 and of Civil Engineer in 1879.

COAL BEDS, FORESTS, AND VOLCANOES While he lay ill with scarlet fever as a twelve-year old boy, Willis' mother had fired his imagination by reading aloud accounts of various explorations, among them the records of the Grinnell expeditions to the Arctic. These had a special interest for both because of his grandfather's having led them. Moreover, his studies at Columbia were completed at a time when his interest in exploration had good op- portunities for realization. The early geologic reconnaissances of the western United States under the direction of F. V. Hayden, G. M. Wheeler, Clarence King, and

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J. W. Powell had recently been completed, and Clarence King was busily engaged in organizing the newly created United States Geological Survey. Young Willis eagerly sought King out, and had the good fortune to be recommended by King to , an economic geologist recently returned from several years of mineral exploration in China, and now engaged in surveys for the Northern Pacific Railway. The route of this railroad crossed the Territories of Montana and Washington, and for the next few years Willis spent much of his time in the field tracing coal beds within the dense forest that covered the western slope of the Cascade Mountains in Washington Territory. When, in 1884, his employment with the railroad company ended, he became an employee of the United States Geo- logical Survey and was able to continue, though with many interruptions, his work on the basic stratigraphy, physiographic history, glacial geology, and economic de- posits of the Pacific Northwest under the direction of J. W. Powell. This frontier wilderness of spectacular river gorges, dense gloomy forests, and huge glacier-clad volcanic cones fascinated the young engineer-geologist. Most of his work was done alone, and it required rugged health and great physical stamina. He traveled mostly on foot, often wading along the beds of the rushing glacier-fed streams because the forest undergrowth in parts of the area was well-nigh im- penetrable to either man or horse. Mount Rainier—or Mount Tacoma, as it was called by most of the local people in those days—early drew his interest and is the subject of the first scientific paper he ever published. In 1882 he participated in the early explorations of this mountain by parties under General Sherman and Gen- eral Miles, and the next year he guided a party of scientists and explorers, includ- ing the famous German paleontologist Baron von Zittel, to the slopes of the vol- cano. He arranged for a trail to be slashed through the forest to the still-unexplored northwest base of the mountain and spent considerable time in examining this wilder- ness of forests and glaciers. On July 24, 1896, in company with fellow geologists I. C. Russell and G. O. Smith, and the packers Ainsworth and Williams, he climbed to the summit of Mount Rainier by a new route up the northern side, passing over The Wedge and the Winthrop glacier. Both Russell (1897) and Smith (1897) have published accounts of this ascent and the accompanying geologic investigations. The first ascent to the summit of Mount Rainier had been made in 1870, by Gen- eral Hazard Stevens and Mr. P. B. Van Trump. Later in that same year the feat was also accomplished by S. F. Emmons (then geologist for the Fortieth Parallel Survey) and A. D. Wilson. The Stevens and Emmons parties climbed the mountain by the southeastern route over Gibraltar, and Emmons' observations of the geology on the south side of the volcano were later published (1879). From the published accounts of these early ascents and geologic explorations arose a widespread demand that Mount Rainier and its surroundings be preserved as a National Park. Willis prepared a document in support of this proposal, which, after being endorsed by five scientific and mountaineering societies, was introduced in Congress by Senator Watson C. Squire in 1894. As a result the Mount Rainier National Park was estab- lished by law on March 2, 1899.

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As one browses through Willis' scientific publications written during this period, he perceives a joyous re-emergence of the poetic and artistic qualities—rightly Willis' by inheritance—that had been almost submerged beneath the harsh realities of his Prussian schooling. His precise and clearly worded phrases, with their curious faintly Germanic syntax, seem natural enough when he describes the thickness and other physical characteristics of a coal bed; but abruptly the mood of the writing changes, and a torrent of passionate words pours forth to unfold a picture of sensi- tive rapport between the geologist and his surroundings. Such is this tribute to his beloved mountain (Willis, 1883): Southward, 9,000 feet above you, so near you must throw your head back to see its summit, is grand Mount Tacoma; its graceful northern peak piercing the sky, it soars single and alone. Whether touched by the glow of early morning or gleam- ing in bright noonday, whether rosy with sunset light or glimmering ghost-like, in the full moon, whether standing out clear and cloudless or veiled among the mists it weaves from the warm south winds, it is always majestic and inspiring, always attractive and lovely. It is the symbol of an awful power clad in beauty. To gain the knowledge that was necessary to prepare his geologic reports, Willis endured physical hardships beside which the rattan switch and other petty brutali- ties of his Prussian schoolmasters pale into insignificance: days spent in the sleet and rain wading up icy streams in the face of driving winds; using the waning final light at dusk to skillfully strip away the water-logged bark of a dead hemlock or cedar so as to get at the dry fibers beneath and make a fire over which to cook a meager meal; then, as the fire flickered out in the rain, crawling into damp and sometimes even water-soaked blankets and slowly shivering the soggy mass into a semblance of human warmth. Many geologists could not have kept on among these discomforts and dangers—the sudden nerve-rending crash of a giant Douglas fir toppled by the wind; the deadly rumble of an avalanche high on Rainier's over- steepened slopes; the gurgling noises and the icy liquid fingers clutching at your legs as you ford the dangerous mountain torrents—all these things Willis con- stantly experienced, and he gloried in them. Nature was brutal, too, but its brutality was without pettiness, and it was amply paid for by an exhilarating experience, which constantly opened up panoramas of wild unspoiled beauty and brought an enduring peace to the soul. Not only was this rigorous field work a delight to Willis, but it enabled him to acquire geologic experience and to gain insight into those problems of structural geology and physiography which occupied much of his attention in later years. Moreover, these rugged years also built into his body the toughness of muscle and sinew that never failed to astonish his companions throughout all the years to come. G. O. Smith recalled that in 1899, when they were doing field work to- gether in the Cascades, Willis, after a hard day of climbing in the cold rain, removed his dripping trousers and sat down before the fire to dry out. Whereupon Fred Koch, the party's German-born cook gazed in astonishment at Willis' thin frame and exclaimed: "Veil, Mister Villis, you certainly are a brafe man to go climbing

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ofer deese mountains on dose legs!" More than 35 years later Bailey Willis, then a frail-appearing 79-year old man with a white beard, undertook to walk across one of the Philippine islands. The local authorities, after trying in vain to dissuade him, assigned a young man with medical training to go along and take care of the old gentleman when he collapsed. At the end of the journey Bailey Willis was striding vigorously along directing two natives that he had pressed into service to support the faltering younger man over the final weary miles.

THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Willis was not allowed to pursue his geologic studies in the Pacific Northwest without interruption. The Geological Survey received numerous requests to ex- amine mineral deposits in many parts of the United States, and Willis was fre- quently called away to prepare an urgent report on lignites in the land of the Sioux, marble in Tennessee, or iron, manganese, and other metallic ores in Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. After about 1885 these requests came so frequently that most of his activities were con- centrated in the southern Appalachians. During this work he became increasingly interested in structural geology, and took time from his economic studies to trace out in some detail the folds and faults exposed in the forested mountains of eastern Tennessee and adjacent States. He found that many of the folds were broken by great overthrusts, and he developed an entirely new concept of the nature of the deformation and of the sequence of events in the geologic history of the Appa- lachian Mountain system. Trained as an engineer, he longed to bring these structures to the laboratory and study their origin and development under controlled conditions. His first crude attempts, by means of a homemade "pressure-box," filled with alternating layers of colored wax and plaster which were slowly deformed by a screw-driven piston fitted into one end of the box, were not successful—we know now that the materials he used were not sufficiently scaled down in strength to represent the conditions of deformation in earth structures as large as those he was attempting to simulate. But Willis persisted: realizing that most of the deformation he saw in the field had taken place beneath a heavy overburden of rocks, he hit on the idea of loading the contents of his pressure-box with lead shot. By doing this, and by using weaker materials to form the artificial strata, he succeeded in producing reasonable small- scale facsimiles of many of the great folds and overthrusts that he had mapped in the rocks of Tennessee. The results of his experiments, published as a 70-page re- port entitled The mechanics of Appalachian structures (1893), brought Willis im- mediate fame—especially in Europe where other workers were interested in ex- perimental geology. As time went on Willis found himself entangled more and more in the adminis- trative work of the Geological Survey. He was one of the first to note the necessity of formalizing certain procedures in geologic mapping and in the preparation of geologic reports. He urged (1891) the desirability of a partly standardized system

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of recording notes in the field. He helped develop the system of geologic folios, col- lectively named The Geologic Atlas of the United States, and contributed some of the earliest folios to this Atlas from his mapping in Tennessee (1892) and in Wash- ington Territory (1899). He wrote a description of the aims and objectives of the folio system for the American Geographical Society (1895). He compiled the first published Geologic Map of North America (1906); this was exhibited at the Tenth International Geological Congress, held at Mexico City in 1906. Early in his career Willis also realized the necessity for standard procedures in stratigraphic classification. His first paper on this subject, although published in 1901, opens with a statement that might well have introduced the reports issued 60 years later by the committees that had struggled long and hard to formulate an acceptable Stratigraphic Code: Should geologists map the record of physical conditions or the record of biologic conditions—rocks or fossils? Both, but with distinctions (Willis, 1901, p. 557). In this paper, he discriminates clearly between lithologic divisions (formations) and time divisions (stages), and notes (p. 560): Only at a particular place does a formation belong to a definite age: when traced to another locality it may be older or younger. In 1911 Willis published the monumental Index to the stratigraphy of North America, a volume of 894 pages, which was the forerunner of the invaluable Lexicon of stratigraphy last brought up to date in 1938 by Grace Wilmarth. Topical studies of geologic processes and geologic history also occupied his at- tention, especially in the fields of structural geology and geomorphology. But his interests ranged widely over the whole science of geology. For example, in the period from 1906 to 1910 we find a significant series of reports on the principles of paleogeography, correlation, and related subjects which culminated in Paleogeo- graphic maps of North America (1909) and the book (coauthored with R. D. Salis- bury) Outlines of geologic history with special reference to North America (1910). From these significant studies and responsibilities the maturing government geologist gained widespread recognition and rapid promotion, but he also ex- perienced his full share of nagging frustration as well. The many administrative details left him no time to follow the literary and artistic pursuits in which he had always been interested. Soon after he began to work in the southern Appalachians he prepared a popular account of the country around Asheville, North Carolina, for the first volume of a newly founded periodical, the National Geographic Maga- zine (1889). This was followed, in 1892, with an article on the northern Appala- chians which was published in the first volume of the National Geographic So- ciety's Monograph Series. But such activities were almost wholly laid aside for the rest of his professional career. Only after he retired were they renewed, and his literary talents first came to full development in his three popular books on travels in Africa, Patagonia, and China. Willis enjoyed a warm friendship with G. K. Gilbert and with J. W. Powell—

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two of the men he credits with greatly influencing his career—but he encountered difficulties in his personal relations with a few members of the Geological Survey. Accustomed to hard energetic work, to close concentration on attaining objectives, and to the method of imaginative resourceful attack on "insoluble" difficulties, he naturally had no patience with slow careful plodders, or with the unimaginative bureaucratic turn of mind that puts blind following of the rules ahead of objectives and principles. Although Willis had originated many of the rules and procedures necessary to carry the Survey's work forward in an orderly manner, he found to his sorrow that in other hands the same rules were sometimes administered in such a way that they actually slowed field work and the writing of reports, and, what was still worse, they were sometimes used to stifle the imagination and initiative of the younger geologists. Moreover, his avoidance of controversy, and unwillingness to participate in extended discussion and review of what he considered trivialities, was interpreted by some of his less imaginative colleagues as boundless arrogance. Per- haps Willis might have left the Government Service even sooner than he did if he had not had the opportunity to spend interludes of a few years from time to time in exploring the geology of other continents, far removed from the bureaucratic vicissitudes of Washington, D. C.

FOREIGN EXPLORATIONS Raphael Pumpelly's tales of his experiences in China gave Willis an early interest in that country, but it was not until 1903, when he was 46 years old, that his de- sire to explore the interior of China was realized. Under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Willis and two young assistants spent a year on a trip that took them first to Moscow and Leningrad, and then across Siberia to Man- churia via the newly finished Trans-Siberian Railway. From Manchuria they entered China and traversed the interior of that country along a route that lay through areas mostly unknown to the western world. They traveled almost entirely on foot. Willis was again called upon to display great physical endurance and a thorough knowledge of the techniques of exploration—especially the problems of procuring and constantly replenishing supplies while on the move. This, of course, necessitated outstanding ability to meet and cope with strange people, strange customs, and strange languages. The journey was accomplished in record time, and with the gain of much knowledge regarding the structure, geomorphology, paleon- tology, and economic resources along the route traversed. One of his assistants also determined elevations of many of the major peaks along the route and brought back considerable cartographic information regarding the unmapped interior. The geologic and paleontologic results (co-authored with and R. H. Sargent) were published by the Carnegie Institution in two large volumes entitled Research in China (1907). This pioneering document, worthy to stand be- side Ferdinand von Richthofen's China (1877-1912), was one of the foundations on which much of the later geologic investigation of China has been built. Because of

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this work the University of Berlin awarded Willis an honorary doctorate on October 12, 1910. In 1910 the Argentine government invited Willis to organize a geological survey in that country and to outline a plan for the development of irrigation projects and for the ultimate industrialization of the semiarid lands in Patagonia. During the next four years Willis submitted numerous technical reports showing how this region could be settled and developed. His reports covered the planning for new towns, roads, railroads, and hydroelectric projects, as well as data on mineral deposits and other natural resources. These plans had few immediate results: political changes in The Argentine brought to power a group who ignored Willis' proposals and re- fused to publish or pay for his reports. The scientific results, however, were not lost. Willis returned to the United States and, with his wife's assistance as draftsman and secretary, published Northern Pata- gonia (1914) in English and Spanish editions at his own expense. Many years later a new Argentine government finally gave official recognition to his contribution to the development of Patagonia. After his return from South America Willis took up anew his work with the United States Geological Survey, but he remained only a year before accepting a position as Chairman of the Department of Geology at Stanford University. Thus at age 59 he embarked on still another and different career to be discussed later. His next great period as explorer and traveler did not begin until he reached Stanford's compulsory retirement age of 65 some seven years later. In 1923, the year following his retirement, he returned to Chile and Patagonia as seismologist for the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Three years later he made a second trip to the Orient, visiting the Philippines and Japan and revisiting China. On the way home he examined the Dead Sea region in Asia Minor, especially the faults that border this great depression, and put forth the theory (Dead Sea problem, 1928) that this was a ramp (compressional) fault trough, instead of a rift (tensional) fault trough. Interest aroused by the ramp theory impelled him in 1929 to journey the full length of the African continent and to prepare for the Carnegie Institution of Washington a comprehensive report (African plateaus and rift valleys, 1936) in which he describes the structure of the spectacular fault troughs and the geomorphic set- ting of the lake-and-volcano country of the East African highlands. Willis returned once again to the Orient in 1935-1936, spending most of his time on this trip in India and the Philippines.

STANFORD AND SEISMOLOGY Willis' seven-year career as a university professor was entirely too short, but during it he accomplished many things. He inherited from Professor Branner a sound and distinguished department: the geology faculty, composed of J. P. Smith (especially beloved by all students), C. F. Tolman, and Austin Flint Rogers, con-

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stituted a team that attracted able students and that produced significant research. Willis gave not only the courses in structural geology and geomorphology but also insisted on teaching the elementary course in general geology. This brought him in contact with the younger undergraduate students, a relationship that he greatly enjoyed. Unfortunately the early years of Willis' teaching career were also the years of World War I, and he was busy with confidential reports for the use of the Govern- ment. At the end of the war he spent several months in Washington as advisor, chiefly on Latin American affairs, to the officials who participated in the Peace Conference at Paris. Twenty-five years later, in World War II, he contributed similar information, this time mostly on China, Japan, the Philippines, and southeast Asia. Willis' work in Patagonia, just prior to his appointment at Stanford, had brought him first-hand knowledge of earthquakes and their destructiveness. Arriving now at a university whose buildings had been all but destroyed by the great San Francisco earthquake nine years before, Willis' interests veered ever more strongly into the field of seismology. He served as President of the Seismological Society of America for six years and vigorously championed the development of seismology as a separate field of study in California universities. With H. O. Wood he compiled a Fault map of California (1922) from data provided in part from his own researches and in part from other sources. Among his several publications on active faults and seismic conditions in California are a series on Earthquake risl^in California (1923-1924) and Earthquake damage in buildings (1925). Willis hoped that these, together with the unpublished reports that he sent to State and municipal agencies, might stimulate the drawing up of an enforceable building code against the shoddy construction that had been partly responsible for the severe damage caused by California earthquakes. With regard to this effort his somewhat chagrined assessment of results was: "I did not succeed in getting the Building Code I wanted, but I certainly did increase earthquake insurance rates." So familiar did Willis become to the general populace in California during his indefatigable quest for knowledge about earthquakes that he was widely known as the "Earthquake Professor"—some were even a bit superstitious about his ability, especially when it became known that he had reached Santa Barbara on one of his trips a few hours before the disastrous earthquake that did so much damage to that city on June 29, 1925. Other scientific reports also occupied his interest during this time. His textbook Geologic structures was published in 1923; new editions (with Robin Willis as co- author) were brought out in 1929 and 1934. He also published papers on isostasy, a subject on which his views differed rather sharply from those of his distinguished neighbor, Professor Andrew C. Lawson at the University of California. Willis also became interested in the possible relationships between radioactivity and the forces of orogeny, studies that culminated after his retirement in papers on Continental genesis (1929), Metamorphic orogeny (1929), Radioactivity and theorizing (1932),

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Asthenolith (melting spot) theory (1938), and (with Robin Willis) Eruptivity and mountain building (1941). Many honors came to him during this period and in the years after his retirement: election to the National Academy of Sciences (1920); the Presidency of The Geologi- cal Society of America (1929); award of the Legion of Honor, Belgium (1936); and the Penrose Medal of The Geological Society of America (1944).

FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND WATER COLORS The Bailey Willis I knew, over only the last two-thirds of his period of retirement, seems almost a different man from the young engineer-geologist who had at first struggled so valiantly with the elements at Mount Rainier, and then with the many administrative and functional problems that beset a rapidly developing government agency. To be sure the old physical vigor was there: it showed in his bounding up- stairs to his office two or three steps at a time, in his speed and skill (at age 75!) on the handball court, and in his never missing an opportunity to accompany a young geologist for a climb across the Mount Hamilton Range, a six-mile hike along the San Andreas fault, or a dangerous scramble up and down the sea cliffs of Montara Mountain. But the great sense of urgency, and the fixed and relentless concentration upon an objective until it was accomplished, had mellowed; this was a time of relaxa- tion, of enjoyment of the extra time he could now spend with his family, and of return to the artistic and literary pursuits necessarily shunted aside while he ran the rapids in the rushing main stream of his career. Willis married Altena H. Grinnell in 1882; she died four years later, leaving an infant daughter, Hope Willis. In 1898 Willis married Margaret Delight Baker; three children, Cornelius Grinnell, Robin, and Margaret, were born of this union. All four children are still alive; there are seven grandchildren and sixteen great grand- children. Mrs. Willis lived to enjoy most of the period of relaxation of which I write—she died in 1941. How very much her husband appreciated her kindness and wisdom as wife and mother, the responsibilities she took from his shoulders during the long periods he was away from home engaged in field work or foreign exploration, and her assistance with his technical reports as draftsman and literary critic, is shown in the flood of letters that he wrote home, describing in minute detail all the inter- esting things that he saw on his travels. Margaret Baker Willis saved all these letters; from them at her urging and with her help came Bailey Willis' three autobiographical books: Living Africa (1930), A Yanquiin Patagonia (1947), and Friendly China (1949). The Willis' home on the Stanford Campus, a big old yellow house located only two blocks from the Geology building, was a gathering place for people interested in art, literature, archeology, anthropology, and oriental history as well as geology. Some of its rooms were crammed with Chinese ceramics and jade, others with various spears, masks, wood carvings, and other objects of primitive art that he had picked up during his travels in Patagonia, Africa, and southeast Asia. For any inter- ested visitor Bailey and Mrs. Willis would pull out drawer after drawer stacked high with Japanese prints—some very old, others by contemporary artists.

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Willis spent considerable time in painting and could often be seen carrying an easel into the open country behind the University buildings. Here he worked at capturing in vivid water colors the rolling golden-brown hills, the sturdy live oaks, the colorful poison-oak thickets, and the dusty to sage-green shades of the euca- lyptus and acacia. Live oaks were his favorite subject: he admired their strength and air of independence. He was immensely pleased when the Palo Alto Art Club gave him a one-man show, which was also exhibited in San Francisco. Geologic activities were not neglected, as the many articles listed in his bibliogra- phy for this period testify. A new interest was engineering geology; he became particularly concerned with the problem of "swelling ground" encountered in the long tunnels driven through the Coast Ranges to bring water from the Sierra to San Francisco, and in problems of earthquake risk in connection with the foundations of the Golden Gate and San Francisco Bay bridges. At the age of 88, as Distinguished Lecturer of the American Association of Pe- troleum Geologists, he completed the grueling circuit of the oil-producing States and Canada, lecturing night after night—each time in a different city—on his theories of orogeny. Typical of the response of his audiences was the lecture at Los Angeles where he held a thousand men and women for an hour, and at the end re- ceived a standing ovation.

GOLDEN YEARS OF THE LE CONTE CLUB But the geological recollections of Professor Willis that stand out most clearly in my mind are memories of dramatic occasions when Willis and his friend, but arch rival, Professor Andrew C. Lawson of the University of California, sat together in the front row at meetings of the Le Conte Club, which at that time was the only geological society in the San Francisco Bay region. Here they swapped reminiscences, rose to their feet to comment and usually disagree with every paper presented, and sometimes interrupted the speaker with a perfectly timed, although not always relevant question or quip. Best of all were those occasions for which we all waited with bated breath—and which we always did our best to contrive—when Lawson and Willis found themselves on opposite sides of an exciting argument, for then they would turn on one another and trade verbal punches until the rafters resounded. Willis, though normally loath to engage in controversy, obviously enjoyed this matching of wits with his friend and rival from across the bay. Lawson, unlike Willis, was a man who gloried in argument and in quick verbal repartee; his astonishingly quick mind, retentive memory, and keen intellect made him a most formidable adversary. Men who were otherwise self-assured quailed at the thought of a clash with him. But perhaps the main attraction of the Le Conte Club meetings was that every paper delivered was almost sure to get a thorough overhauling from one or both of the Grand Old Men of California geology. Of the many interesting combats I witnessed at these meetings there is one that stands out in my memory with special vividness, because on this occasion both Willis and Lawson came out second best in their tilt with the man who gave the

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paper. This speaker was an experienced geologist who held graduate degrees from both California and Stanford. He was only a few years younger than Willis and Lawson. A large deliberate man, he spoke in a slow and rather monotonous, but deep and penetrating voice. The paper was listed as the Cretaceous stratigraphy of the northern Coast Ranges, but he kept making references to the structure of Mount Diablo, each time turning to stare rather fixedly at Professor Lawson. Mount Diablo, a high peak east of Berkeley, is composed of a core of badly battered Franciscan rocks surrounded by strongly folded and faulted Tertiary sedimentary rocks. This mountain had been the subject of considerable geologic work, but the details of its structure had been interpreted differently by almost every observer. Professor George D. Louderback and Professor Bruce Clark had clashed bitterly—was it a simple anticline, or was it a maze of complex overthrusts and klippen? Professor Lawson had participated in this controversy. Willis, recently returned from his studies of the Dead Sea and the East African Rift valleys, saw in Mount Diablo a ' 'wedge block like Ruwenzori, pushed up between two ramps as one can squeeze a melon seed upward between his fingers." It was evident that the Le Conte Club speaker on this particular occasion was a bit contemptuous of these ideas—he implied that none of them was based on suf- ficiently thorough and careful stratigraphic work. As he finished his talk he pulled a chair off to one side of the platform, sat down upon it facing the audience, and stared fixedly at Professor Lawson. Lawson was on his feet in an instant. In contrast to the slow, deliberate speaker, he poured out his words in a torrent. But it was a torrent completely under control; his points were clear and forcefully made; his arguments were well organized, telling in their logic, and well documented. Beneath Lawson's attack the huge frame of the speaker appeared to wither and contract, his head slouched forward between his shoulders. His eyes stared at Lawson through most of the tirade, then shifted slowly to the other side of the room and fastened themselves on Willis, who was sitting in the front row several seats away from where Lawson was standing. It seemed that one could read the speaker's thoughts: "Well, Lawson has almost run down, but what am I now to expect from Willis?" When Lawson subsided into his chair there was silence for a moment. The speaker —seemingly dejected, his head bowed—ignored Lawson, but he continued to stare at Willis. Willis rose rather slowly to his feet, smiled at the speaker, complimented him graciously on a paper that "obviously had aroused much interest," then cau- tiously, almost like a fencer parrying for an opening, began: "Now with respect to Mount Diablo, when I studied the faults of Ruwenzori. . .." Willis got no further, for the speaker abruptly shot his head foward and said sharply "It will take more than just squeezing a water melon seed to explain Mount Diablo," then rising to his full height he turned his back on Willis, strode a few steps across the stage and stood glowering down upon Lawson while he delivered a few equally uncomplimentary but telling remarks. Lawson shot from his seat with the roar of a wounded tiger. His normally high-

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pitched voice rose to a crackling falsetto, and his walrus moustache quivered with rage as he paced about, unleashing a blistering—but much less well-organized—at- tack upon the now completely unperturbed and confident speaker. Willis, still on his feet, walked toward Lawson, shaking his head in an effort to make his old friend desist, but it was some time before Lawson sputtered out. The Chairman of the meet- ing then hastily rose to his feet and declared the session adjourned, whereupon the speaker stalked off the stage without another word. The meeting had been held at Berkeley; as we drove home to Stanford, Willis seemed curiously silent. It was one of those soft warm nights when a full moon strung long shadows outward from the eucalyptus groves, and the shallow narrow gulleys seemed to widen into dark forbidding canyons between which the rounded golden- brown hills were suffused with a silvery-golden luminescence. Willis was engrossed in the beauty of the night, and we tried unsuccessfully to bring his conversation back to the events of the meeting. Finally, as we rumbled across the Dumbarton Bridge, not far from the Stanford Campus, I made one last effort: "Doctor Willis, do you think Professor Lawson really understood the main point the speaker was trying to put over?" He pondered this for a moment, chuckled softly, and replied: "Perhaps not, but it is hard for a torn cat and a turtle to understand one another."

Acknowledgments.—Robin Willis kindly answered many questions, and checked the dates and sequence of events here recorded about his father's history. Frank C. Calkins provided information about early days with Willis and G. O. Smith in the Pacific Northwest. The biographical memoir of Bailey Willis written by Eliot Blackwelder (1961) for the National Academy of Sciences has also been freely drawn on for information. The manuscript was read by Robin Willis, Frank C. Calkins, A. O. W'oodford, Howel Williams, and Charles A. Anderson.

REFERENCES CITED (Citations to papers written by Bailey Willis can be found in the attached bibliography. This list gives only citations to others). Blackwelder, Eliot, 1961, Bailey Willis, 1857-1949: National Academy of Sciences, Biographical Memoirs, v. 35, p. 333-350 Emmons, S. F., 1879, The volcanoes of the Pacific Coast of the United States: Amer. Geog. Soc., Jour., v. 9, p. 45-65 Meany, E. S., 1916, Mount Rainier. A record of exploration: Macmillan Co., New York, 325 p. Russell, I. C., 1897, Glaciers of Mount Rainier: U.S. Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. 18, pt. 2, p. 349- 415 Smith, G. O., 1897, The rocks of Mount Rainier: U.S. Geol. Survey, Ann. Rept. 18, pt. 2, p.416 -423

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BAILEY WILLIS (1893) Canyons and glaciers. A journey to the ice fields of Mount Tacoma: The Northwest, v. 1, no. 2. Reprinted with slight modification in Meany, E. S., Mount Rainier. A record of ex- ploration: The Macmillan Co., New York, 1916, p. 142-149

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(1884) Mount Tacoma in Washington Territory: Newport Natural History Society, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 13-21 (1885) The lignites of the Great Sioux Reservations: a report on the region between the Grand and Moreau rivers, Dakota: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., v. 21, 16 pp. (1886) Report on certain magnetites in eastern Pennsylvania: U. S. 10th Census, v. 15, p. 223-234 (1886) Notes on the samples of iron ore collected in Ohio, North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama: U. S. 10th Census, v. 15, p. 235-243, 301-329, 331-350, 367-378, 400-401 (1886) Notes on the samples of the manganese ore collected in Georgia: U. S. 10th Census, v. 15, p. 379-382 (1886) Report of a trip on the upper Mississippi and to Vermilion Lake, Minnesota: U. S. 10th Census, v. 15, p. 457-467 (1886) Report on the coal fields of Washington Territory: U. S. 10th Census, v. 15, p. 759-771 (1887) Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation: U. S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 40, p. 471-490 (1887) Topography and structure in the Bays Mountain, Tennessee: Columbia University School of Mines Quarterly, v. 8, p. 242-252 (1888) The marble of Hawkins County, Tennessee: Columbia University School of Mines Quarterly, v. 9, p. 112-123 (1888) Notes on the geology of the Cascade Range: Science, v. 11, p. 122 (1889) Round about Ashville, North Carolina: National Geographic Magazine, v. 1, p. 291-300 (1891) Graphic field notes for areal geology: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 2, p. 177-188 (1891) (with McGee, W J et al.) The geology of Washington and vicinity: In Guide to Washington. International Congress of Geologists, 5th Session, Washington, 1891, p. 38-64 (1892) Outlines of Appalachian history: U. S. Geol. Survey, Geologic Atlas, Kingston, Chattanooga, and Ringgold sheets, Preliminary edition, 1892 (1893) Conditions of sedimentary depositions: Jour. Geol., v. 1, p. 476-520 (1893) (and Hayes, C. W.) Conditions of Appalachian faulting: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 46, p. 257-268 (1893) The mechanics of Appalachian structure: U. S. Geol. Survey Annual Report, v. 13, part 2, p. 211-281 (1894) Relations of synclines of deposition to ancient shores: Am. Geol., v. 13, p. 140-141 (1895) The northern Appalachians: National Geographic Society, National Geographic Mono- graphs, v. 1, number 6, p. 169-202 (1895) The development of the Geologic Atlas to the United States: American Geographical Society (N. Y.) Bull., v. 27, p. 337-351 (1896) The geology of the Cascade Mountains: The Johns Hopkins University Circular, number 15, p. 90 (1896) Evidences of ancient shores: American Geologist, v. 17, p. 265-266 (1896) (with C. D. Walcott, N. H. Darton, and J. A. Taff) Piedmont folio, West Virginia and Mary- land, Geol. Atlas of the United States, No. 28 (1897) Stratigraphy and structure of the Puget group, Washington: Geol. Soc. America, Bull., v. 9, p. 2-6 (1898) Some coal fields of Puget Sound: U. S. Geol. Survey Annual Report, v. 18, part 3, p. 393- 436 (1898) Drift phenomena of Puget Sound: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 9, p. 111-162 (1898) A symposium on the classification and nomenclature of geologic time-divisions: Jour. Geol., v. 6, p. 345-347 (1899) The Mount Rainier National Park: The Forester, v. 5, p. 97-102 (1899) (with Smith, G. O.) Description of the Tacoma quadrangle [Wash.]: U. S. Geol. Survey, Geologic Atlas, Tacoma folio, number 54, 10 p. (1899) Work of the United States Geological Survey: Science, new series, v. 10, p. 203-213 (1900) Paleozoic Appalachia or the history of Maryland during Paleozoic time: Maryland Geol. Survey, v. 4, p. 23-93 (1900) Some coast migrations, Santa Lucia Range, California: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 11, p. 417-432 (1900) Work of the United States Geological Survey, 1899-1900: Science, new series, v. 12, p. 241-246 (1901) Climate and carbonic acid: Pop. Sci. Monthly, 1901, p. 242-256 (1901) Individuals of stratigraphic classification: Jour. Geol., v. 9, p. 557-569 (1901) Oil of the northern : Engineering and Mining Journal, N. Y.. v. 72, p. 782-784 (1901) Thomas Benton Brooks: Science, new series, v. 13, p. 460-462 (1901) (with Smith, G. O.) The Cleelum iron ores, Washington: American Institute of Mining Engineers, Trans., v. 30, p. 356-366

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(1902) Stratigraphy and structure, Lewis and Livingston ranges, Montana: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 13, p. 305-352 (1903) Physiography and deformation of the Wenatchee-Chelan district, Cascade Range, [Wash.]: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 19, p. 41-97 (1903) Ames Knob, North Haven, Maine: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 14, p. 201-206 (1904) Ueberschiebungen in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika: C. R. 9th International Geo- logical Congress, Vienna, 1905, p. 529-540 (1905) Geological research in Eastern Asia: Carnegie Inst. Washington, Year Book No. 3, p. 275-291 (1905) Ferdinand von Richthofen: Jour. Geol., v. 13, p. 561-567 (1906) Among the mountains of Shen-si: Bull. Am. Geogr. Soc., v. 38, p. 412-424 (1906) Geological explorations in eastern China: Carnegie Inst. Washington, 4th Year Book, p. 190-220 (1906) Geologic research in continental histories: Carnegie Inst. Washington, Year Book, number 4, p. 204-214 (1906) Cartegeologique de I'Amenque du Nurd: Scale 1 :5,000,000. Prepared for Congres Geologique Internationale, 10th session, Mexico, 1906 (1907) Carte geologique de VAmenque du Nord: C. R. 10th International Geological Congress, Mexico, 1906, Descriptive text accompanying map, p. 211-225 (1907) (with A. Ruehl and E. Blackwelder) Forschungen in Schantung: Peterm. Mitth., v. 53, p. 217-223 (1907) (with E. Blackwelder, R. H. Sargent, and F. Hirth) Research in China; Carnegie Inst, of Washington, Publ. 54, v. 1, 528 p. and 42 page map atlas; v. 2, 134 p. (1907) Geographic history of Potomac River: U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 192, p. 7-22 (1907) How should faults be named and classified?: Econ. Geol'., v. 2, p. 295-298 (1907) A theory of continental structure applied to North America: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 18, p. 389-412 (1907) Thrusts and recumbent folds, a suggestion bearing on Alpine structure: Science, new series, v. 25, p. 1010-1011 (1908) Mineral resources of China: Econ. Geol., v. 3, p. 1-36; 118-133 (1908) Memoir of Israel C. Russell: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 18, p. 582-592 (1908) The American Association for the Advancement of Science, Hanover meeting, Section E., July 1-3, 1908: Science, new series, v. 28, p. 381-384 (1909) Paleogeographic maps of North America: Jour. Geol., v. 17, p. 203-208, 253-256, 286-288, 342-343, 403-405, 406-407, 408-409, 424-425, 426-428, 503-505, 506-508, 600-602 (1909) Report on symposium on correlation: Science, new series, v. 29, p. 748-750 (1910) Principles of paleogeography: Science, new series, v. 31, p. 241-260 (1910) (and Salisbury, R. D.) Outline of geologic history with special reference to North America: University of Chicago Press, 306 pages (1911) What is terra firma? A review of current research in isostasy: Smithsonian Institution, Annual Report, for 1910, p. 391-406 (1912) Report on an investigation of the geological structure of the Alps: Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous collections, v. 46, no. 31, p. 1-13 (1912) Index to the stratigraphy of North America: U. S. Geol. Survey Professional Paper 71, 894 p. (1914) Forty-first Parallel survey of Argentina: C. R. 12th International Geological Congress, Canada 1913, p. 713-731 (1914) Physiography of the Cordillera de Los Andes between latitudes 39° and 44° South: C. R. 12th International Geological Congress, Canada 1913, p. 733-756 (1914) The physical basis of the Argentine nation: Jour. Race Development, v. 4, p. 443—460 (1914) Northern Patagonia: Ministry of Public Works, Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, 463 p., with case of maps. Spanish and English editions, Scribner and Sons, New York (1916) The awakening of Argentina and Chile: Nat. Geog. Mag., v. 30, p. 121-142 (1919) Discoidal structure of the lithosphere: National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings, v. 5, p. 377-383 (1919) Joseph Barrell and his work: Jour. Geol., v. 27, p. 664-672 (1920) Discoidal structure of the lithosphere: Geol. Soc. America Bull, v. 31, p. 247-302 (1920) Geologic distillation of petroleum: Trans. A.I.M.E., no. 1088, p. 18-20 (1921) Aerial observation of earthquake rifts: Seis. Soc. America, Bull., v. 11, p. 136-139 (1922) Role of isostatic stress: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 33, p. 371-374 (1922) Geology of the Colorado River basin with reference to engineering problems: Science, new series, v. 56, p. 177-182 (1922) (and Wood, H. O.) Fault map of the State of California: (compiled from data assembled by the Seismological Society of America) scale 1:506,880

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