Attachment 1 Brief History of Individuals for Consideration of School Name Changes

John T. Allan

John T. Allan, sometimes called the "Father of Industrial Education in ," was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on May 21, 1821, the son of a wheelwright. He attended public schools in Edinburgh and Inverness and was apprenticed to a German cabinetmaker at Inverness. About 1842 he left Scotland. He eventually landed in , worked as a bookkeeper for a cotton plantation near Alexandria, , then moved to Arkansas and studied law before acquiring title to land in Texas and settling in Nacogdoches, where he worked as a carpenter and wheelwright. He moved to Austin in 1850 and opened a law office two years later. For a number of years beginning in the early 1850s he served as justice of the peace.

In 1863 Allan left for Louisiana and became an officer in the Confederate Army. From 1864 to 1865 he was district attorney for the Fourth Judicial Circuit in Louisiana. After the Civil War he moved back to Texas. On September 1, 1867, he was appointed state treasurer, and before the close of his term about $7,000 was stolen from the treasury. On February 28, 1870, a board of military officers appointed by the headquarters of the Fifth Military District heard testimony. Allan appeared before the board and was acquitted. He served as a member of the board of trustees for the Texas School for the Deaf. He was a Republican and Presbyterian. He died a bachelor on January 22, 1888, and left to the city of Austin an estate valued at about $43,000, with a request that an industrial school be established for the purpose of teaching the practical use of tools and scientific principles. In September 1896 a manual-training department was established at Austin High School as a result of his benefaction, the first department of its kind in the South. John T. Allan High School (later John T. Allan Junior High) was named for him and opened in 1900. Allan was buried in Oakwood Cemetery, and his remains were moved to the State Cemetery in 1930.

Source: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fal15

Zachary Taylor Fulmore

Zachary Taylor Fulmore, lawyer and judge, was born in Robeson County, North Carolina, on November 11, 1846, the son of Zachariah and Sarah (Bethea) Fulmore. He began studying at Bingham's School in North Carolina but quit in 1864 to enlist in the Confederate Army as a private in Company D, First Battalion, North Carolina Artillery. He was captured at Fort Fisher in January 1865 and held prisoner until May. After the war he completed his studies at Bingham School and in 1867 entered the University of Virginia, where he received a law degree in 1870.

In December of that year he moved to Austin, Texas, and was admitted to the bar. While he was county judge of Travis County (1880–86), finances of the county were improved, a city- county hospital was established, and the county purchased the toll bridge across the Colorado River and made its use free. In 1875 Governor Richard B. Coke appointed Fulmore to the board of trustees of the Texas School for the Blind, and he continued on the board until 1897. Fulmore aided A. P. Wooldridge, his one-time law partner, in the campaign for public schools

Attachment 1 Brief History of Individuals for Consideration of School Name Changes for Austin in 1880 and for seventeen years was a member of the school board. In 1887 Governor Lawrence S. Ross appointed Fulmore a member of the commission to select a site for and organize the Texas Blind, Deaf, and Orphan School. In 1891 Governor James S. Hogg appointed Fulmore a member of the commission to revise and digest the laws of the state of Texas. He was chairman of the board of trustees of the Texas Confederate Home from 1903 to 1905 and from 1909 to 1919 was recorder of the Corporation Court of Austin.

Source: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ffu05

Sidney Lanier

Sidney Lanier, poet, critic, and musician, was born in Macon, , on February 3, 1842. He was the son of Robert S. and Mary Jane (Anderson) Lanier. He graduated from Oglethorpe College in 1860 and at the outbreak of the Civil War joined the Macon Volunteers. He participated in several battles and later served as a scout and in the signal service. He was captured on November 2, 1864, and eventually imprisoned at Point Lookout, Maryland, where amid hardships he contracted tuberculosis. After his release in February 1865, he walked home, arriving in Macon on March 15, desperately ill. These experiences, reflected in his antiwar novel Tiger-Lilies (1867), made the remainder of his life a battle against time, poverty, and ill health.

On December 19, 1867, Lanier married Mary Day; the couple had four sons. He practiced law with his father to support his family, and his health grew worse. In 1872 he left his family in Macon and traveled to , Texas, via New Orleans, Galveston, Houston, and Austin. He wrote more than 100 letters from Texas, but apparently no poetry. He wrote three short essays: "The Texas Trail in the '70's" (a portion of which was printed under the title "The Mesquit[e] in Texas"), "An Indian Raid in Texas," and "The Mexican Border Troubles." All were published, under the pseudonym Otfall, in the New York World in 1872 and 1873. Lanier's long article "San Antonio de Bexar," with descriptions of places, peoples, and northers, and with historical accounts based on Henderson King Yoakum's History of Texas (1856), appeared in the July–August, 1873, edition of the Southern Magazine.

Source: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fla35

John Henninger Reagan

John Henninger Reagan, Texas Democratic party leader and Confederate postmaster general, the eldest son of Timothy Richard and Elizabeth Reagan, was born on October 8, 1818, in the shadow of the Great Smoky Mountains in Sevier County, . His early life was not unlike that of many young men who grew to maturity in frontier America. Although having moments to hunt and fish, he worked with his father at a tannery and on their small farm. Seldom did he have time for books and schooling, and he only briefly attended nearby Nancy

Attachment 1 Brief History of Individuals for Consideration of School Name Changes

Academy. In 1831 his mother died, and the added duties of caring for four brothers and a sister were thrust upon him. In 1834 Reagan, whose desire for learning permeated his life, decided to follow his ambitions. After a year of hiring out to a local planter, he attended Boyd's Creek Academy for fifteen months. When funds ran low, he worked to finance a year of study (1837) at Southwestern Seminary in Maryville. In 1838 Reagan left Tennessee to seek greater monetary gain. Briefly he managed a plantation near Natchez before being lured to Texas, where a job at Nacogdoches supposedly awaited him. Soon after arrival, however, he became involved in the Cherokee War and, on July 15, 1839, participated in an engagement in which the Indians were routed and their leader, Chief Bowl, was killed. For the next two years Reagan worked as a deputy surveyor and frontier scout before being elected a justice of the peace and captain of a company in Nacogdoches. For several years thereafter he also studied to be an attorney until, in 1846, he procured a temporary law license and opened an office at Buffalo on the Trinity River.

When Texas became a state in 1846, Reagan began his political career. In April he was elected the first county judge of Henderson County. The next year he became a member of the Second Legislature of Texas. Although he helped obtain the reapportionment of both the House and Senate, Reagan unsuccessfully tried to amend a bill for the Peters colony that, at first glance, seemed to benefit settlers but actually initiated costly litigation. In the race for the state Senate in 1849, this legislative measure was the chief issue of the campaign and one that led to Reagan's defeat. Yet in 1852 the Peters' colonists, who had previously opposed him, hired him to represent them after his predictions proved to be correct. As a result, when the judge of the Ninth Judicial District died in September, Reagan was popular enough to win a hastily called election. After 1855 Reagan became increasingly prominent. In he helped the Democratic party defeat the surging American (Know-Nothing) party; this victory contributed to his reelection as judge in 1856 as well as to his popularity. Consequently, in the summer of 1857 the Democrats nominated and elected him United States congressman from the Eastern District of Texas. In Washington he attended to constituent needs and dealt with the controversy over the status of slavery in Kansas. He soon feared for the safety of the Union. Thus in 1859 he assumed the somewhat contradictory position of officially supporting secessionist Democratic candidate Hardin Runnels against Unionist in the state governor's race while campaigning for his own reelection to Congress on a middle-of-the-road, pro-Union platform. Both Houston and Reagan won impressive victories.

After John Brown attacked the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry on October 16, 1859, all hope of maintaining the Union vanished as far as Reagan was concerned. With Republicans in the House inexorably opposed to southerners no matter what the issue, and with southern rights' men equally adamant, any hope of compromise was remote. Then when Abraham Lincoln was elected in November 1860, the breakup of the Union began. On January 15, 1861, Reagan resigned his congressional seat. Two weeks later he returned to Texas; for the next four years he served the Confederate States of America. In Austin on January 30, 1861, he attended the state Secession Convention and met with Governor Houston to persuade him to "submit to the will of the people" and recognize the convention. Texas withdrew from the Union on February 2, and two days later delegates elected Reagan one of the state's seven representatives to the

Attachment 1 Brief History of Individuals for Consideration of School Name Changes secession convention at Montgomery, . Within a month Reagan was appointed postmaster general of the Confederacy, whereupon he raided the United States Post office of its documents and southern personnel. Upon the selection of Richmond, Virginia, as the Confederate capital late in the spring of 1861, he began seeking ways to make his department self-sufficient by March 1, 1863, as prescribed by the Confederate Constitution. He therefore abolished the franking privilege and raised postal rates. He also cut expenses by eliminating costly routes, inducing competition for mail runs, and employing a smaller, more efficient staff. He was even able to persuade railroad executives to cut transportation charges in half and accept Confederate bonds in whole or partial payment. Although such stringent measures were necessary, the public became dissatisfied with Reagan, despite the fact that Union armies had disrupted routes, demolished postal facilities, and interrupted mail with increasing frequency.

On April 2, 1865, the end of the Confederacy was at hand. President and his cabinet were forced to flee southward from Richmond. For five weeks the Confederate government eluded Union patrols in both North and . After Secretary of the Treasury George A. Trenholm resigned on April 27, Reagan was entrusted with the duties of the Treasury Department, but not for long. On May 9, near Abbeville, Georgia, Jefferson Davis, former Texas governor Francis R. Lubbock, and Reagan were captured. The harsh realities of losing awaited the Confederate leaders. On May 25, 1865, Reagan and Vice President Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia were sent to Fort Warren in harbor, where for the next twenty- two weeks Reagan was in solitary confinement. After reading northern journals and newspapers that revealed the depth of animosity and bitterness toward the South, he wrote on August 11 an open communication to the people of Texas in which he appealed to them, as conquered people, to recognize the authority of the United States, renounce immediately both secession and slavery, and, if commanded by the federal government, extend the "elective franchise" to former slaves. Otherwise, he predicted, Texas would face the "twin disasters" of military despotism and universal black suffrage. After his release from Fort Warren and return to Texas early in December 1865, Reagan discovered that most Texans had politically disinherited him because of the Fort Warren letter. He retired to Fort Houston, his family home at Palestine, and farmed his neglected fields.

Source: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fre02

Albert Sidney Johnston

Albert Sidney Johnston, Confederate general, son of John and Abigail (Harris) Johnston, was born at Washington, , on February 2, 1803. He attended Transylvania University before he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated in June 1826. He served at Sackett's Harbor, New York, in 1826, with the Sixth Infantry at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, in 1827, and as regimental adjutant in the Black Hawk War. On January 20, 1829, he married Henrietta Preston. Because of his wife's illness, he resigned his commission on April 22, 1834, and farmed near St. Louis in 1835. She died on August 12, 1835. In 1836 Johnston moved to Texas and enlisted as a private in the Texas Army. On August 5,

Attachment 1 Brief History of Individuals for Consideration of School Name Changes

1836, he was appointed adjutant general by and on January 31, 1837, he became senior brigadier general in command of the army to replace Felix Huston. A duel with Huston resulted; Johnston was wounded and could not immediately take the command. On December 22, 1838, he was appointed secretary of war for the Republic of Texas by President Mirabeau B. Lamar, and in December 1839 he led an expedition against the Cherokee Indians in East Texas. On March 1, 1840, Johnston returned to Kentucky, where, on October 3, 1843, he married Eliza Griffin, a cousin of his first wife. They returned to Texas to settle at China Grove Plantation in Brazoria County.

During the Mexican War he was colonel of the First Texas Rifle Volunteers and served with W. O. Butler as inspector general at Monterrey, . On December 2, 1849, Johnston became paymaster in the United States Army and was assigned to the Texas frontier. He went with William S. Harney to the Great Plains in 1855, and on April 2, 1856, he was appointed colonel of the Second Cavalry. In 1858 Johnston received command of a Utah expedition to escort a new territorial governor and three judges to Salt Lake City and to establish a military presence, due to Morman resistance of federal authority. He set up Camp Scott near the ruins of Fort Bridger in the fall of 1858, and later selected a site southwest of Salt Lake City for a permanent camp— Camp Floyd which was dedicated in November of 1859. Johnston remained in charge of Camp Floyd until 1860 when he was sent to the Pacific Department and stationed at San Francisco. At the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, he resigned his commission in the United States Army, refused the federal government's offer of a command, and returned overland to Texas.

In Austin 1861 Jefferson Davis appointed Johnston a general in the Confederate Army and in September assigned him command of the Western Department. Johnston issued a call for men and formed and drilled an army, but it lacked men and organization, had a huge area to defend, and could not control the rivers that were vital to military success in the region. In February 1862, following Federal victories on the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, he moved his line of defense to the vicinity of Nashville, Tennessee, and later to Corinth, . On April 6, 1862, he was killed while leading his forces at the battle of Shiloh. He was temporarily buried at New Orleans. By special appropriation, the Texas Legislature, in January 1867, had his remains transferred to Austin for burial in the State Cemetery. In 1905 a stone monument executed by noted sculptor was erected at the site.

Source: https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fjo32