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John Julius Norwich | 528 pages | 04 May 2012 | Vintage Publishing | 9780099565871 | English | London, United Kingdom Shane MacGowan and The Popes - Wikipedia

Sincethe has official residence in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican Citya city-state enclaved within , Italy. While his office is called the papacy The Popes: A History, the jurisdiction of the episcopal see is called the . The Holy See is recognized by its adherence at various levels to The Popes: A History organization and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states. According to Catholic traditionthe apostolic see [9] of Rome was founded by Peter and Saint Paul in the 1st century. The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history. In some periods of history, the papacy, which originally had no temporal powersaccrued wide secular powers rivaling those of temporal rulers. However, in recent centuries the temporal authority of the papacy has declined and the office is now almost exclusively focused on religious matters. In the early centuries of Christianitythis title was applied, especially in the east, to all bishops [21] and other senior clergy, and later became reserved in the west to the bishop of Rome, a reservation made official only in the 11th century. The teaches that the pastoral office, the office of shepherding the The Popes: A History, that was held by the apostles, as a group or "college" with The Popes: A History their head, is now held by their successors, the bishops, with the bishop of Rome the pope as their head. The Catholic Church teaches that Jesus personally appointed Peter as the visible head of the Church, [30] and the Catholic Church's dogmatic constitution Lumen gentium makes a clear distinction between apostles and bishops, presenting the latter as the successors of the former, with the pope as successor of Peter, in that he is head of the bishops as Peter was head of the apostles. Clement of Rome wrote in a letter to the Corinthians, c. wrote shortly after Clement and in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the Romans he said he would not command them as Peter and Paul did. Peter's Basilica" on the location of St. Peter's tomb, as held and given to him by Rome's Christian community, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Neroalthough some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine. First-century Christian communities would have had a group of presbyter-bishops functioning as leaders of their local churches. Gradually, episcopacies were established in metropolitan areas. Peter up to his contemporary Pope Victor I and listed them. In their view, Linus, Cletus and Clement were possibly prominent presbyter-bishops, but not necessarily monarchical bishops. Documents of the 1st century and early 2nd century indicate that the bishop of Rome had some kind of pre-eminence and prominence in the Church as a whole, as even a letter from the bishop, or , of Antioch acknowledged the Bishop of Rome as "a first among equals", [42] though the detail of what this meant is unclear. It seems that at first the terms "episcopos" and "presbyter" were used interchangeably. Ignatius of Antioch d and St. who recorded the linear succession of bishops of Rome the popes up The Popes: A History their own times. They also cite the importance accorded to the Bishops of Rome in the ecumenical councilsincluding the early ones. In the early Christian era, Rome and a few other cities The Popes: A History claims on the leadership of worldwide Church. James the Justknown as "the brother of the Lord", served as head of the Jerusalem church, which is still honored as the "Mother The Popes: A History in Orthodox tradition. Alexandria had been The Popes: A History center of Jewish learning and became a center of Christian learning. Rome had a large congregation early in the apostolic period whom addressed in his Epistle to the Romansand The Popes: A History to tradition Paul was martyred there. During the 1st century of the Church c. Clement Iat the end of the 1st century, wrote an epistle to the Church in Corinth intervening in The Popes: A History major dispute, and apologizing for not having taken action earlier. Both sides agree Translated into English, the statement means "first among equals". What form that should take is still a matter of disagreement, just as it was when the Catholic and Orthodox Churches split in the Great East-West Schism. They also disagree on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the Bishop of Rome as protosa matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium. In the late 2nd century AD, there were more The Popes: A History of Roman authority over other churches. Inassertion of the primacy of the Church of Rome may be indicated in Irenaeus 's Against Heresies : "With [the Church of Rome], because of its superior origin, all the churches must agree The Popes: A History of on a Sunday, as insisted on by the pope, is the system that has prevailed see computus. The Edict of Milan in granted freedom to all religions in the , [51] beginning the Peace of the Church. Inthe condemned Arianismdeclaring trinitarianism dogmatic, and in its sixth canon recognized the special role of the Sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch. Inthe Edict of Thessalonica declared Nicene Christianity to be the state religion of the empire, with the name "Catholic Christians" reserved for those who accepted that faith. Other tribes, such as the Visigothslater abandoned Arianism in favour of Catholicism. After the fall of the Western Roman Empirethe pope served as a source of authority and continuity. c — administered the church with strict reform. From an ancient senatorial family, Gregory worked with the stern judgement and discipline typical of ancient Roman rule. Theologically, he represents the shift from the classical to the medieval outlook; his popular writings are full of dramatic miraclespotent relicsdemonsangelsghostsand the approaching end of the world. Gregory's successors were largely dominated by the Exarch of RavennaThe Popes: A History Byzantine emperor 's representative in The Popes: A History Italian Peninsula. These humiliations, the weakening of the Byzantine Empire in the face of the Muslim conquestsand the inability of the emperor to protect the papal estates against the Lombardsmade Pope Stephen II turn from Emperor Constantine V. He appealed to the Franks to protect his lands. Pepin the Short subdued the Lombards and donated Italian land to the papacy. The low point of the papacy was — The papacy came under the control of vying political factions. Popes were variously imprisoned, starved, killed, and deposed by force. The family of a certain papal official made and unmade popes for fifty years. John mutilated the Imperial representatives in Rome and had himself reinstated as pope. Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy continued, and eventually dukes in league with the emperor were buying bishops and popes almost openly. InLeo IX became pope, at last a pope with the character to face the papacy's problems. He traveled to the major cities of Europe to deal with the church's moral problems firsthand, notably simony and clerical marriage and concubinage. With his long The Popes: A History, he restored the prestige of the papacy in Northern Europe. From the 7th century it became common for European monarchies and nobility to found churches and perform investiture or deposition of clergy in their states and fiefdoms, their personal interests causing corruption among the clergy. Since the beginning of the 7th century, the Caliphate had conquered much of the southern Mediterraneanand represented a threat to Christianity. This fracture was caused more by political events than by slight divergences of creed. Popes had galled the Byzantine emperors by siding with the king of the Franks, crowning a rival Roman emperor, appropriating the Exarchate of Ravennaand driving into Greek Italy. In the Middle Agespopes struggled with monarchs over power. From tothe pope resided not in Rome but in Avignon. The Avignon Papacy was notorious for greed and corruption. The pope was understood to have the power to draw on the Treasury of Merit built up by the and by Christ, so that he could grant indulgencesreducing one's time in purgatory. The concept that a monetary fine or donation accompanied contrition, confession, and prayer eventually gave way to the common assumption that indulgences depended on a simple monetary contribution. The popes condemned misunderstandings The Popes: A History abuses, but were too pressed for income to exercise effective control over indulgences. Popes also contended with the cardinalswho sometimes attempted to assert the authority of Catholic Ecumenical Councils over the pope's. Conciliarism holds that the supreme authority of the church lies with a General Council, not with the pope. Its foundations were laid early in the 13th century, and it culminated in the 15th century. The failure of Conciliarism to gain broad acceptance after the 15th century is taken as a factor in the Protestant . Various challenged papal authority, especially during The Popes: A History — In this schism, the papacy had returned to Rome from Avignon, but an was installed in Avignon, as if to extend the papacy there. Papal claims of superiority were a sticking point in reunification, which failed in any event. In the 15th century, the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople. Protestant Reformers The Popes: A History the papacy as corrupt and characterized the pope as the antichrist. Popes instituted a Catholic Reformation [11] —which addressed the challenges of the Protestant Reformation and instituted internal reforms. Pope Paul III initiated the —whose definitions of doctrine and whose reforms The Popes: A History the triumph of the papacy over elements in the church that sought conciliation with Protestants and opposed papal claims. Gradually forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues. Inthe proclaimed the dogma of for those rare occasions the pope speaks ex cathedra when issuing a solemn definition of faith or morals. Later the same year, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy seized Rome from The Popes: A History pope's control The Popes: A History substantially completed the Italian unification. Inthe between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See established as an independent city-stateguaranteeing papal independence from secular rule. InPope Pius XII defined the as dogma, the only time that a pope has spoken ex cathedra since The Popes: A History infallibility was explicitly declared. The Petrine Doctrine is still controversial as an issue of doctrine that continues to divide the eastern and western churches and separate Protestants from The Popes: A History. The Catholic Church teaches that, within the Christian community, the bishops as a body have succeeded to the body of the apostles apostolic succession and the Bishop of Rome has succeeded to Saint Peter. The Popes: A History texts proposed in support of Peter's special position in relation The Popes: A History the church include:. I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of The Popes: A History shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. Simon, Simon, behold, Satan demanded to have you, that he might sift you like wheat, but I have prayed for you that your faith may not The Popes: A History. And when you have turned again, strengthen your brothers. Feed my sheep. The symbolic The Popes: A History in the Papal coats of arms are a reference to the phrase " the keys of the kingdom of heaven " in the first of The Popes: A History texts. Some Protestant writers have maintained that the "rock" that Jesus speaks of in this text is Jesus himself or the faith expressed by Peter. The pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near Rome. In the electorate was restricted to the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in The electors are now limited to those who have not reached 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope. The last to be elected when not yet a bishop was Pope Gregory XVI inthe last to be elected when not even a priest was inand the last to be elected when not a cardinal The Popes: A History Pope Urban VI in The Popes: A History The Second Council of Lyon was convened on 7 Mayto regulate the election of the pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year sede vacante following the death of Pope Clement IV in - Wikipedia

The pope is the spiritual leader of Catholicism and the visible head of the Catholic Church. He is the successor to Saint Peter, the first among the apostles and the first pope of Rome. Taken together, the following articles provide a comprehensive list of all the popes of the Catholic Church, divided up by historical era, as well as the years that they reigned. Biographies of the popes will be linked off of each article; check back often to see which biographies have been added. Peter 2. Linus 3. The Popes: A History Cletus 4. Clement I 5. Evaristus Alexander I The Popes: A History. Sixtus I 8. Telesphorus 9. Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callistus I Urban I Pontain Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Marcellinus Marcellus I or Miltiades Sylvester I Marcus Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I the Great Hilarius Simplicius Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I The Popes: A History Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Deusdedit Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII The Popes: A History Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen III Paul I Stephen IV Adrian I Leo III Stephen V Paschal I History of Popes - Popes of the Roman Catholic Church - Catholic Online

Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Peter The Popes: A History. Linus St. Anacletus Cletus St. Clement I St. Evaristus St. Alexander I St. Telesphorus St. Hyginus The Popes: A History. Pius I St. Anicetus St. Soter St. Eleutherius St. Victor I St. Zephyrinus St. Callistus I Callistus and the The Popes: A History three popes were opposed by St. Hippolytusantipope St. Urban I St. Pontian St. Anterus St. Fabian St. Cornelius Opposed by Novatianantipope St. Lucius I St. Stephen I St. Sixtus II St. Dionysius St. Felix I St. Eutychian St. Caius Also called Gaius St. Marcellinus St. Marcellus I St. Eusebius or St. Miltiades St. Sylvester I St. Marcus St. Damasus I Opposed by Ursicinus, antipope St. Siricius St. Anastasius I St. Innocent I The Popes: A History. Zosimus St. Boniface I Opposed by Eulalius, antipope St. Celestine I St. Sixtus III St. Leo I the Great St. Hilarius St. Simplicius St. Symmachus Opposed by Laurentius, antipope St. Hormisdas St. John I St. Boniface IV St. Martin I St. Eugene I St. Agatho St. Leo II St. Gregory II St. Gregory III St. The List of Popes. In The . New York: Robert Appleton Company. MLA citation. New York: Robert Appleton Company, Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. June 1, Remy Lafort, S. Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. About this page APA citation. Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.