ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Quiz 1 - (Open Book) (2 Pages, 20 Points)

ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Quiz 1 - (open book) (2 pages, 20 points)

NAME ______

You have 30 minutes. Budget your time carefully. If appropriate, describe your methods, assumptions, etc.

True / False questions are 1/2 point each.

T / F Wetlands conservation can often be justified in economic terms. T / F The fearful and destructive attitude of 19th century Americans toward wetlands was solely due to foolishness and ignorance. T / F A good goal of wetlands management is to re-establish the wetlands that were destroyed in the past 200 years T / F In order to be classified as a wetland by the Corps of Engineers for permitting purposes, an area must exhibit at least two of the following: vegetative indicators, hydric soils, and periodic saturation/inundation T / F Water is supplied to palustrine wetlands only by rainfall. T / F Most palustrine wetlands are the result of ecological succession from lakes. T / F Much of the legislation that is currently being used to regulate, manage, and protect wetlands was originally intended for other purposes. T / F The Swampbuster provision of the 1985 Farm Bill requires farmers to drain wetlands in order to grow crops. T / F Many people object to wetlands regulation on Fifth Amendment grounds. T / F New York State has a wetlands regulation system in place T / F Wetlands are protected and managed by the National Wetlands Protection Act of 1992. T / F From 1988-1996 less than 1% of applications for 404 (dredge and fill) permits were rejected in NYS.

Multiple choice questions are 1 point each.

Wetlands may be supplied with water from (a) rainfall only (b) surface water flows (c) groundwater (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

What are disadvantages of using common terms such as bog, swamp, marsh, and mire to classify wetlands? (a) these terms are often imprecise and mean different things to different people (b) it is impossible to find these terms in any manuals, text, or literature (c) these terms do not clearly indicate the physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in the wetland (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Hydric soils can be identified by: (a) color and/or odor (b) elevation (c) presence of large amounts of organic matter (vegetative debris) in the surface layers (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above Nationwide Permit 26: (a) has been unpopular and controversial (b) is the most widely used Individual-type 404 permit (c) will soon be phased out (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Wetlands have value for: (a) flood damage control (b) wildlife habitat (c) recreation (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Each of the following questions is worth 3 points. Answer any THREE.

How does the principle “inflow minus outflow equals change in storage” apply to wetlands?

How does the source of water for a wetland affect the fertility, nutrient status, and biological productivity of that wetland?

What is mitigation banking and why is it an attractive option for many?

What is one piece of legislation that was not originally intended to regulate wetlands, but has come to do so? What justification is there for expanding the scope of the legislation to wetlands?

2 ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Quiz 2 - (open book) (3 pages, 25 points)

NAME ______

You have 35 minutes. Budget your time carefully. If appropriate, describe your methods, assumptions, etc.

True / False questions are 1/2 point each.

T / F The hydroperiod of a wetland is defined as how long the wetland is wet each year. T / F The hydrologic renewal rate (turnover rate) is defined mainly by the amount of rain falling on a wetland. T / F The change in storage with respect to time ( ∆V / ∆t ) in a wetland is zero regardless of the size of ∆t T / F Histosols are defined primarily by their water status. T / F With regards to the water balance of a wetland system, residence time is the reciprocal of the turnover rate T / F Tables and graphs are available that help us fairly precisely predict the chemical composition of waters entering a wetland system. T / F The Total Dissolved Solids concentration in surface inflows to wetlands can be estimated to be between 100 ppm and 1000 ppm about 75% of the time. T / F As we used the term in class, a Black Box is a type of measurement instrument T / F Availability of a chemical or nutrient in a wetland system is affected by both its chemical and physical form T / F Agriculture on drained Histosols is a sustainable system. T / F After a wetland soils is saturated (waterlogged) the redox potential tends to increase as time passes. T / F All other factors held steady, phosphorous is generally most available at pH values around 6.5 T / F A drained wetlands tends to experience subsidence because oxygen becomes available as a favorable electron acceptor and decomposition rates increase T / F Mineralization is the release ammonium-nitrogen during the decomposition of organic matter T / F Decomposition of organic matter requires the presence of oxygen. T / F Oxygen (O2) is a very favorable electron donor in saturated environments

Multiple choice questions are 1 point each.

Preferential pathways for water through a wetland can lead to: (a) small actual residence times of water in a wetlands (b) incomplete mixing within the wetland system (c) large values of ∆∆V / t (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

A hydroperiod diagram includes (a) a time axis (b) an indication of water depth or storage with respect to time (c) rainfall amounts (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

3 Water has a major effect on: (a) species composition of the biota in a wetland system (b) nutrient transport within and through the wetland environment (c) the nature of chemical reactions within the wetlands (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The change in storage with respect to time ( ∆∆V / t ) in a wetland: (a) is close to zero for large ∆t in a stable wetland (b) equals the hydroperiod for the wetland when ∆t equals 1 year (c) is never less than zero (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Major classes of reactions that are important in wetlands are (a) redox reactions (b) acid-base (pH related) reactions (c) nuclear (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

A saturated, anoxic soil develops a low redox potential. This can lead to: - (a) nitrate (NO3 ) being forced to be an electron acceptor and consequently being converted to N2 gas. (b) decomposition reactions becoming less efficient and biological activity slowing (c) increased availability of soluble inorganic phosphorous (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

4 Values of each of the following questions are in parentheses.

Consider the following water balance diagrams. - Give a common term to describe each wetland (4 pts) - Draw a hydroperiod graph that would apply to any two of the wetland system (4 pts)

(5) List 5 physical processes that cause movement of chemicals into or out of a wetland system. For each: State whether it is an inflow or outflow Give a specific chemical that is transported Describe a form that the chemical might assume

(3) List 6 elements that may serve as electron acceptors to support decomposition of organic matter.

5 ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Quiz 3 - (open book) (2 pages, 15 points)

NAME ______

You have 20 minutes. Budget your time carefully. If appropriate, describe your methods, assumptions, etc.

True / False questions are 1/2 point each.

T / F Aerenchyma in wetlands-adapted plants often help create an oxygenated zone around the roots. T / F By most ecological measures, a wetlands is an immature system. T / F Most wetlands are in the process of changing from an open water environment to a land environment. T / F The ability of a plant to use water efficiently is often an advantage in a wetlands environment. T / F Many wetland-adapted plants cope with anoxia by accumulating acetaldehyde during respiration. T / F Asexual reproduction is common among wetlands plants because seed germination under saturated/anaerobic conditions is problematic. T / F A plant using a C3 photosynthetic pathway may be at a disadvantage in a wetland because the C3 pathway requires more phosphorous than the C4 pathway. T / F Wetlands systems are rarely stable, “climax” systems. T / F Classical ecological succession theory may be insufficient to explain the development of wetlands ecosystems. T / F Aerenchyma may be formed by cell wall destruction (lysis) as a response to flooding of the root environment.

Multiple choice questions are 1 point each.

Structures that enable transport of oxygen to plant roots are (a) Cypress knees (b) aerenchyma (c) C4 pathways (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Wetlands organisms often perform anaerobic respiration. Why? (a) It is a response to the presence of an oxygenated rhizosphere (b) They need to produce ethanol to counteract toxicity of reduced iron (c) There is an absence of favorable electron acceptors (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

What is a characteristic of a stable wetland environment? (a) there is lack of oxygen in the sediment at all times (b) decomposition of organic material balances deposition of organic material (c) change in storage is zero over long time intervals (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

6 Plants may respond to flood conditions by: (a) storing toxins in peripheral tissues (b) switching to use of phosphate as an electron acceptor for metabolism (c) wilting (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Which of the following are well adapted to flooded/anaerobic conditions: (a) pumpkin root cells (b) rice root cells (c) neither of the above (b) both of the above

Development of wetlands ecosystems is influenced by: (a) the plants that live in that wetlands (b) the environment (hydrology, climate, geology, etc.) present in the wetlands (c) different combinations of factors for different wetlands (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Value of the following question is in parentheses.

(4) Why might a plant that uses the C4 photosynthetic pathway have an advantage over a C3 plant in a wetland environment? Be sure that you answer includes the following terms: water use efficiency, oxygenated rhizosphere, reduced forms

7 ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Quiz 4 - (open book) (2 pages, 22 points)

NAME ______

You have 30 minutes. Budget your time carefully. If appropriate, describe your methods, assumptions, etc.

True / False questions are 1/2 point each.

T / F It is impossible for owners of designated wetlands to dispose of their property because it can’t be used for money-making enterprises. T / F The Wetlands Reserve program authorizes Army Reserve troops to restore wetlands. T / F Part of the design of a constructed wetlands is to determine the elevation of the outlet. T / F The Everglades Forever Act established the Everglades National Park. T / F There has been a lot of talk about Everglades restoration, but nothing significant has been done. T / F Rapidly rising sea levels are a potential threat to the Everglades. T / F Sugar is the dominant crop in the Everglades Agricultural Area. T / F The 1-cent per pound tax an Florida sugar has raised million for Everglades preservation.

Multiple choice questions are 1 point each.

Damages were severe in the Mississippi Flood of 1993 because (a) The flood warning system failed (b) people put themselves and their property in harm’s way by building in floodplain/wetland areas (c) wetlands function in the floodplain was reduced (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The Wetlands Reserve Program and Conservation Reserve Program provide (a) monetary incentives (b) criminal penalties (c) both of the above (d) neither of the above

The original (pre-1850) Everglades has been transformed into (a) the Everglades Agricultural Area (b) Everglades National Park (c) Water Conservation Areas (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

What happened in the Everglades in February 1996? (a) Vice-President Gore was bitten by an alligator while giving a speech (b) Vice-President Gore announced the Clinton-Gore Everglades initiative (c) Some landowners in the EAA may have been cheering on the inside while publicly complaining. (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

8 Since 1950, Florida Bay has experienced: (a) increased pollutant and nutrient inflow rates (b) decreased water inflow rate (c) neither of the above (d) both of the above

How has the hydroperiod in the Everglades changed as a result of the various “internal improvement” projects? (a) less water is transported to Florida Bay (b) intervals during which the water level is at the surface or above are shorter (c) peak water levels are much higher (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Values of the following questions are in parentheses.

(3) List four destructive effects that major flood events may have on wetlands systems.

(3) Discuss the concept of residence time in a wetlands with particular reference to recent changes in the constructed wetlands at Corbett Park (across the Canal from campus).

(3) What is the approximate rate of accumulation of organic matter in the Everglades (undisturbed)?

(3) What is subsidence in wetlands soils? Why does it occur?

9 ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Make-up or grade improvement Quiz (open book) (4 pages, 30 points)

NAME ______

You have 90 minutes. Budget your time carefully. If appropriate, describe your methods, assumptions, etc.

True / False questions are 1/3 point each.

T / F The use value of a wetlands goes to the owner of the wetlands. T / F A constructed wetlands can be established by increasing the elevation of an area’s hydrologic outlet. T / F The 1-cent per pound tax on Florida sugar was voted down in 1996. T / F Aerenchyma in wetlands-adapted plants often help create an oxygenated zone around the roots. T / F By most ecological measures, a wetlands is an mature system. T / F Aerenchyma may be formed as a plant grows. T / F The hydroperiod of a wetland is defined as how long the wetland is wet each year. T / F Decomposition of organic matter requires the presence of oxygen. T / F The Swampbuster provision of the 1985 Farm Bill established criminal penalties for draining wetlands in order to grow crops. T / F Wetlands regulation is considered by many to be a restriction of property rights. T / F Some wetlands organisms perform anaerobic respiration because their metabolism is based on using electron acceptors other than oxygen. T / F Development of wetlands ecosystems is influenced by the plants that live in that wetlands and the environment (hydrology, climate, geology, etc.) present in the wetlands T / F Most constructed wetlands are built for stormwater management. T / F Availability of a chemical or nutrient in a wetland system is affected by both its chemical and physical form. T / F Most remaining wetlands in the USA are owner by farmers. T / F The video shown in class on 4/13 showed how to quantify wetland values so that the farmers could decide how much to spend on wetland enhancement. T / F The barrier protecting Yanty Marsh was built primarily to save waterfowl habitat. T / F Constructed stormwater wetlands differ substantially from natural wetlands. T / F After a wetland soils is saturated (waterlogged) the redox potential tends to rise as time passes. T / F A drained wetlands tends to experience subsidence because oxygen becomes available as a favorable electron acceptor and decomposition rates increase T / F A wetlands protection project is likely to be approved if all the stakeholders can be satisfied and the wetlands can be demonstrated to have a high value. T / F The organization Ducks Unlimited supports wetlands conservation. T / F Mineralization is the release nitrate-nitrogen during the decomposition of organic matter T / F A capital recovery factor enables one to calculate the value of something based on the annual income it generates T / F Short-term construction projects often seem more economically appealing than long-term wetlands benefits.

Multiple choice questions are 2/3 point each.

What are disadvantages of using common terms such as bog, swamp, marsh, and mire to classify wetlands? (a) these terms are often imprecise and mean different things to different people (b) these terms do not clearly indicate the physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in the wetland (c) it is impossible to find these terms in any manuals, text, or literature (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

10 Nationwide Permit 26: (a) has been unpopular and controversial (b) applies to “isolated” wetlands (c) is fairly easy to get (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

A hydroperiod diagram (a) has a time axis (b) includes an indication of water depth or storage with respect to time (c) allows one to calculate the change in storage with respect to time if the wetland area is known (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

A saturated, anoxic soil develops a low redox potential. This can lead to: (a) the use of phosphorous as an electron acceptor. (b) decomposition reactions becoming less efficient and biological activity slowing (c) decreased availability of some essential nutrients and increased availability of some toxins (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Aesthetics (appreciation of the beauty and function of a wetland) can be considered a(n) (a) use value (b) social value (c) existence value (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

11 How are wetlands unlike other resources or commodities? (a) all of the benefits go to the owner of the wetland (b) supply and demand analyses don’t work well (c) many wetlands “products” are intangible (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Values of the following questions are in parentheses.

(1) What is the approximate rate of destruction of organic matter in the Everglades Agricultural Area since the land was drained?

(2) What is subsidence in wetlands soils? Why does it occur?

(1) What leads to the adoption of carnivory (insect-eating) among plants in some wetlands?

(1) What is one piece of legislation that was not originally intended to regulate wetlands, but has come to do so?

(2) List 6 elements that may serve as electron acceptors to support decomposition of organic matter.

(2) Why is the ability of a plant to use water efficiently often an advantage in a wetlands environment?

12 (2) Describe an experiment to show that it is aerenchyma in rice plants that allow the plants to grow in saturated conditions rather than cell adaptation.

(2) What hydrologic “double whammy” has Florida Bay experienced due to changes in the Everglades since 1950?

(2) A survey showed that 462 people “recreated” at a wetland area during 1998. They paid an average of $8.23 each for admission fees and expenses. Estimate the recreational use value of the wetland.

(2) What plant physiological characteristics would be desirable for use in a wastewater treatment constructed wetlands?

13 ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Quiz 5 (open book) (3 pages, 31 points)

NAME ______

You have 30 minutes. Budget your time carefully. If appropriate, describe your methods, assumptions, etc.

True / False questions are 1/2 point each.

T / F A constructed wetlands can be established by decreasing the elevation of an area’s hydrologic outlet. T / F Constructed stormwater wetlands should have hydroperiods similar to natural wetlands. T / F The Greater Rochester Association of Realtors strongly supports wetlands conservation. T / F A capital recovery factor enables one to calculate a current value of a resource based on the annual income it generates T / F Short-term construction projects often seem more economically appealing than long-term wetlands benefits. T / F All of the benefits of a wetland go to the owner of the wetland. T / F Ideally, a builder should construct a stormwater wetland in about 2 weeks. T / F Mosquitoes are often a problem near constructed wetlands. T / F Pocket wetlands are usually too small to provide good wildlife habitat. T / F A good donor site for wetland mulch is a stormwater treatment wetland.

Multiple choice questions are 1 point each.

A constructed wetlands that is built for stormwater management (a) is covered under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (b) requires monitoring and maintenance to keep it working well (c) should have both deep-water and marsh areas (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The size of a stormwater constructed wetland depends on: (a) the geographic location (b) the Perkins coefficient (c) the size of the area draining into the wetlands (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The forebay of a constructed wetlands: (a) traps sediment which needs to be removed periodically (b) should be dug deep enough to reach groundwater (c) should incorporate child-proofing features (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

14 A stormwater wetland: (a) should have a dry weather source of water (b) should provide the shortest possible path for storm water (c) is rarely used in residential developments (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act applies to: (a) constructed wetlands (b) created wetlands (c) natural wetlands (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

A “pocket” wetland design: (a) is most useful for treating runoff from large drainage areas (b) is used most often when the groundwater level are at least 100 feet below the surface (c) should have 0.01 acres of surface area for every acre draining into the wetland (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Values of the following questions are in parentheses.

(3) I am planning to buy a wetlands area to be used as a for-profit nature center. I have a commitment from the local schools to send 100 busloads of kids each year to tour the center. If I get $50 per busload, how much can I pay for the site?

(3) Describe how aesthetics (appreciation of the beauty and function of a wetland) can be considered: (a) a use value (b) a social value (c) an existence value

15 (2) What is replacement value and how does it apply to wetlands management?

(2) What are four maintenance operations that might be required for a stormwater wetland?

You are to design a stormwater treatment wetland for a 135 acre suburban housing development near Rochester. The total impervious area (driveways, roads, rooftops) is 32 acres. Since the land is very expensive in the area, the developer insists that you minimize the size of the wetland. (2) Which of the four design types would you choose?

(2) Estimate the runoff coefficient for this drainage area.

(2) What is the treatment volume required?

(2) What is the minimum surface area for your wetland?

(2) Approximately what will be the depth and surface area of the forebay?

16 ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Quiz 6 (take home) (1 pages, 21 points)

NAME ______

Due Tuesday, May 11 at 8AM. Do your own work. If appropriate, describe your methods and assumptions.

Values of the following questions are in parentheses.

(5) The aptly named Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) is a very noticeable part of the landscape this time of year. (see picture on reverse). What does the presence of Mayapple tell us about the wetland status of an area?

(2) List 4 plants (common and Latin names) that are strong wetland indicators in New York State.

(2) List 4 hydric soils of New York State.

(2) Describe what is found in Appendices A,B,C, and D of the Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual.

(10) Visit a likely wetland area near your home. Fill out the Routine Wetland Determination data form for a location in that area.

17 ESC 425 - Wetlands Systems - Final Exam (open book) (8 pages, 60 points)

NAME ______

You have 2 hours. Budget your time carefully. If appropriate, describe your methods, assumptions, etc.

True / False questions are 0.3 point each.

T / F Ideally, construction of a stormwater wetland should include a 6 month settling-in period before final grading and planting. T / F Created wetlands should have hydroperiods similar to natural wetlands. T / F A wetlands protection project is likely to be approved if all the stakeholders can be satisfied and the preserving the wetlands can be shown to have a high opportunity cost. T / F Relatively short-term benefits from construction projects often seem more economically appealing than long-term wetlands benefits. T / F Amphibians such as frogs are rare in constructed wetlands. T / F Carnivory (insect-eating) among plants is most common in wetlands where the only water source is rainfall T / F Plants that use water efficiently need less energy to move water to their leaves and therefore can get by with inefficient anaerobic respiration. T / F Section 404 of the Endangered Species Act addresses protection of wetlands habitat. T / F Plants which accumulate heavy metals in their peripheral tissues are desirable for use in a wastewater treatment constructed wetlands. T / F A good donor site for wetland mulch is a created wetland. T / F Created wetlands, by design, differ substantially from natural wetlands. T / F Mottling in soils is caused by fluctuations in redox potential over time. T / F A drained wetlands tends to experience subsidence because oxygen becomes available as a favorable electron acceptor and decomposition rates increase T / F The value of a wetland can’t be expressed in dollar terms. T / F A capital recovery factor enables one to calculate the maximum cost of a project based on the expected yearly benefits. T / F Adjusting the level of the outlet of a constructed wetlands can improve the effectiveness of the wetland for stormwater treatment. T / F Fires in the sugar producing areas of South Florida have increased dramatically in the past several years. T / F Nyssa sylvatica copes with saturated soil conditions by creating an oxygenated zone around its roots. T / F The best way to ensure that a constructed wetlands develops plant diversity is to use wetland mulch obtained from a natural wetlands. T / F Mitigation banking makes use of a $300 million revolving fund established as part of the Clinton/Gore wetlands initiative. T / F The value of aesthetics (appreciation of the beauty and function of a wetland) can not be measured. T / F Aerenchyma are microscopic structures used to transport oxygen to the plant roots. T / F The replacement value of Yanty Marsh is at least $500,000. T / F The hydroperiod of a constructed wetland depends on the elevation of its outlet. T / F Appendix D of the USACoE Wetlands Delineation Manual includes a list of hydric soils of the United States. T / F It is important for a wetlands delineator to field check soils because the soil survey maps only recognize soil mapping units of 2-5 acres or larger T / F The Swampbuster provision of the 1985 Farm Bill requires farmers to drain wetlands so that the USA can have increased food security. T / F Wetlands regulation is considered by many to be a “taking” and should be prohibited by the Fifth Amendment. T / F Cattails are an OBL plant in Region 1. T / F Development of wetlands ecosystems is influenced by the plants that live in that wetlands and the environment (hydrology, climate, geology, etc.) present in the wetlands. T / F Most constructed wetlands are built to control flooding from urban stormwater. T / F Availability of a chemical or nutrient in a wetland system is affected by both its chemical and physical form. T / F The Corps of Engineers is in charge of wetlands protection because the majority of wetlands in the USA are owned by the government. T / F Damages were severe in the Mississippi Flood of 1993 because people put themselves and their property in harm’s way by building in floodplain/wetland areas T / F Computer-assisted wetlands delineation won’t be available for several years. T / F A plant classified as FAC- is a wetlands indicator. T / F Your instructor believes that remote sensing will be the major tool for wetlands delineation sometime in the future. T / F Damages were severe in the Mississippi Flood of 1993 because people put themselves and their property in harm’s way

18 Multiple choice questions are 0.6 point each.

How are wetlands unlike other resources or commodities? (a) all of the benefits go to the owner of the wetland (b) they are almost always publicly owned (c) many wetlands “products” are difficult to quantify (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

A created wetlands that is built for mitigation purposes (a) is covered under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (b) has a hydroperiod that is quite different from a natural wetlands (c) should be planted to Typha sp. (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The size of a stormwater constructed wetland depends on: (a) the amount of impervious surface in the drainage area (b) the design type chosen (c) the size of the area draining into the wetlands (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The forebay of a constructed wetlands: (a) traps sediment which needs to be removed periodically (b) is rarely more than 18 inches deep (c) should incorporate child-proofing features (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Wetlands may be classified according to: (a) the landscape position that they occupy (b) the type of vegetation found in them (c) the source of water (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

What is the approximate rate of destruction of organic matter in the Everglades Agricultural Area since the land was drained? (a) 0.1 feet per year (b) 0.1 feet per century (c) 0

19 Section 404 of the Clean Water Act applies to: (a) constructed wetlands (b) created wetlands (c) natural wetlands (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The video we about wetlands conservation that we viewed on 4/13 stressed which type of wetland value? (a) social (b) use (c) aesthetic

Nyssa sylvatica demonstrates which type of adaptations for living in wetlands?: (a) physiological (metabolism) (b) physiological (photosynthesis) (c) structural (morphologic) (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

The hydroperiod of a constructed wetlands (a) is usually expressed in days (b) varies according to the geographic location of the wetland (c) is the same from year to year (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

A wetlands determination: (a) follows a different procedure in each state (b) is not the same as a delineation (c) is made by the Corps of Engineers (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

20 Within a wetland one might find (a) anaerobic respiration (b) low redox potentials (c) histosols (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

In order to live successfully in a wetland, plants may employ (a) reproductive strategies such as floating seeds (b) phosphorous as an electron acceptor (c) morphologic (structural) adaptations to get oxygen to the roots (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Why is the ability of a plant to use water efficiently often an advantage in a wetlands environment? (a) The less water used, the less exposure to toxins formed under anaerobic conditions (b) less energy is required to move water (c) many wetlands have dry seasons when there actually is limited water (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Denitrification (a) is the conversion of ammonium ions to nitrogen gas (b) leads to loss of usable soil nitrogen (c) requires oxygen (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Calculation of replacement value (a) is one strategy used to value wetlands (b) deals mostly with aesthetics (c) is likely to make use of capital recovery factors (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Subsidence in wetland soils (a) is often a consequence of land drainage for agriculture (b) is, in some cases, balanced by deposition of organic matter (c) does not occur in the Everglades Agricultural Area (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

21 The “Black Box” approach to the study of wetlands hydrology (a) relates to the amount of light available for photosynthesis and water use (b) refers to the measurement instrument used (c) is a GIS technique (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Residence time in a constructed wetland (a) can be changed by adjusting the level of the wetland outlet (b) applies to nutrients as well as water (c) equals volume divided by flow rate (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Wetlands mitigation recommendations by the USACoE might include (a) avoiding or minimizing impacts to existing wetlands (b) participation in a wetlands mitigation banking project (c) restoring a degraded natural wetland (d) a and b (e) a and c (f) b and c (g) all of the above (h) none of the above

Values of the following questions are in parentheses.

(2) What is the wetland indicator category (OBL, FAC, FACW, etc.) for each of the following plants for Monroe County?

Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Green Ash)

Typha latifolia (Cattail)

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum (Oxeye Daisy)

Erythronium americanum (Trout Lily)

(1) What hydrologic “double whammy” has Florida Bay experienced due to changes in the Everglades since 1950?

(1) The aptly named Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) is a very noticeable part of the landscape this time of year. If 10% of a study area is populated by Mayapple, what can we conclude about the wetland status of that area?

22 You are to design a stormwater treatment wetland for a 7 acre suburban housing development near Rochester. The total impervious area (driveways, roads, rooftops) is 1.5 acres. Since the land is very expensive in the area, the developer insists that you minimize the size of the wetland. (1) Which of the four design types would you choose?

(1) Estimate the runoff coefficient for this drainage area.

(1) What is the treatment volume required?

(1) What is the minimum surface area for your wetland?

(8) For each of the following, decide whether the location described is a jurisdictional wetland or not. BRIEFLY state your reasoning. (a) soil survey shows Lakemont soil type; soil shows dark color to depth of 8”; no noticeable mottling or gleying ground vegetation: 20% Caltha Palustris, 40% Podophyllum peltatum,40% Erythronium americanum trees are all Acer Saccharum hole does not fill with water; no evidence of watermarks, scour, water-borne sediment, or other similar indicators (b) 18” deep hole fills to within 5” of surface with water soil survey shows Lima soil type; soil shows dark color to depth of 4”; no noticeable mottling or gleying ground vegetation: 10% Caltha Palustris, 25% Podophyllum peltatum, 65% Chrysanthemum leucanthemum trees are all Acer rubrum (c) soil survey shows Lakemont soil type; soil shows dark color to depth of 6”; noticeable mottling present ground vegetation: 30% Caltha Palustris, 45% Podophyllum peltatum, 25% Erythronium americanum trees are all Acer Saccharum 18” deep hole fills to within 10” of the surface (d) soil survey shows Lakemont soil type; soil shows dark color to depth of 6”; no noticeable mottling or gleying ground vegetation: 10% Caltha Palustris, 35% Podophyllum peltatum, 45% Chrysanthemum leucanthemum trees are all Acer Saccharum hole does not fill with water; leaves on ground are black and a bit sticky in texture

23 (3) What are the three levels of detail that may be employed when doing a wetlands delineation and when might each level be justified?

(1) What are three distinctly different setting/uses/applications for wetlands in Monroe County?

(1) What is in Appendix B of the Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual?

(1) The standard design manual for stormwater constructed wetlands was written in and for the DC metro area. What are two complications that arise as we try to use the manual in Monroe County?

(2) What causes mottling to appear in wetlands or hydric soils? Be concise but specific.

(3) What is Nationwide Permit 26 and why is it so controversial?

24 (4) Wetlands mitigation can involve protection, creation or restoration of wetlands. Define each of these terms. Compare the effectiveness of each for wetlands mitigation.

(2) Regarding wetlands creation, comment on the claim that “A wetland is a wetland.”

(3) Suggest a criterion for determining if wetlands creation or restoration actually works. Be very specific about a possible measurement methodology.