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The Foreign Service Journal, January 1971

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The Foreign Service Journal, January 1971 JANUARY 1971 SIXTY CENTS THE MILITARY AS A MODERNIZING FORCE Africa —Claude E. Welch, Jr. Peru —Luigi R. Einaudi Service Academies — Edward Bernard Glick Executive Branch — Adam Yarmolinsky AMERICA ON $1.17 A DAY. ' Or America on $ 1.63 a day with collision. Do it now so not even a minute of your leave is wasted. That’s all it has to cost for the auto insurance you need A.I.U. claims facilities will be at your service 2A to drive through your beautiful country when you’re home hours a day and, if you should have to collect on a claim on leave. And for the same prices, you get Canada, too. we won’t keep you waiting. Add a little more to cover shipping insurance if you’re America on $1.17 a day is based on a 60-day leave taking your car over with you. Thirty days and the price goes up a little to $1.73. How little it costs is only outdone by how easy we If somehow you’ve managed to accumulate three make it to get. whole months, we give you America on $1.00 a day. All you have to do is ask your Post Administrative American International Underwriters, 1511 K Street Officer for an A.I.U. application, send it to us with your N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, U.S.A., Telephone: (202 check, and we’ll mail you your policy. 737-6855. AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNDERWRITERS AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION THEODORE L. ELIOT, JR., President JANUARY, 1971, VOLUME 48, No. 1 JOHN E. REINHARDT, First Vice President C. WILLIAM KONTOS, Second Vice President 9 The Military as a Modernizing Force BOARD OF DIRECTORS Charles W. Koburger, Jr. CHARLES W. BRAY, III, Chairman WILLIAM HARROP, Vice Chairman BARBARA GOOD, Assistant Secretary-Treasurer DONALD EASUM 10 Peruvian Military Relations with the United States FRANKLYN A. HARRIS Luigi R. Einaudi ERLAND HEGINBOTHAM GEORGE B. LAMBRAKIS PRINCETON LYMAN ROBERT NEVITT 17 The Roots and Implications of Military Intervention MICHAEL PISTOR Claude E. Welch THOMAS M. TRACY STAFF 22 Should We Eliminate or Merge Our Military Academies? THOMAS S. ESTES, Executive Director Edward Bernard Glick MARGARET S. TURKEL, Executive Secretary CLARKE SLADE, Educational Consultant LOUISE H. FEISSNER, Personal Purchases 33 The Military and Progress in the Third World Luigi R. Einaudi JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD ARCHIE BOLSTER, Chairman AMBLER MOSS, Vice Chairman 34 The Military Influence within the Executive Branch CLINT E. SMITH M. TERESITA CURRIE Adam Yarmolinsky JAMES D. CONLEY JOHN F. LIPPMANN JAMES D. PHILLIPS JOHN D. STEMPEL OTHER FEATURES: Poems, by William A. Sommers, page 8. JOURNAL SHIRLEY R. NEWHALL, Editor DEPARTMENTS DONALD DRESDEN, Editorial Consultant MCIVER ART & PUBLICATIONS, INC., Art Direction 2 In This Issue ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES JAMES C. SASMOR, 295 Madison Ave.. New York N.Y. 10017 (212) 532-6230 4 Editorial ALBERT D. SHONK CO., 681 Market St., San Francisco Calif. 94105 (415) 392-7144 5 Letters to the Editor JOSHUA B. POWERS, LTD., 5 Winsley Street, London W.l. 01-580 6594/8. International Representatives. 23 AFSA News ©American Foreign Service Association, 1970. The Foreign Service Journal is published twelve limes a year by the American Foreign Service Association, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. 20037. PHOTOGRAPHS AND ILLUSTRATIONS: Janet Fitch Sewall, Chinese Second-class postage paid at Washington, D. C. Gods, stained glass, cover; Flenry J. Paoli, photographs, page Printed by Monumental Printing Co., Baltimore. 4I; S. I. Nadler, “Life and Love in the Foreign Service,” page 52. T HE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is the journal of professionals in foreign affairs, published twelve times a vear by the American Foreign Service Association, a non-profit organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, the United Stales Information Agency, the Agency for International Development or the United States Government as a whole. Membership in the AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is open to the professionals in foreign affairs serving overseas or in Washington, as well as to persons having an active interest in, or close association with, foreign affairs. Dues are $30 annually for members earning over $15,000; for those earning less, dues are $15.00. For subscription to the JOURNAL, one year (12 issues); $6.00; two years, $10.00, For subscriptions going abroad, except Canada, add $1.00 annually for over¬ seas postage. IN THIS ISSUE The Military as a Modernizing Force The JOURNAL’S Question and | searching for effective ways to achieve economic and social progress, country after country has turned to the Papandreou’s Reply military to achieve results. Do military men use their technical training and their organizational skills to cut Do you believe that the military services are capable through the barriers which have thwarted less determined of bringing about economic and social progress in civilian regimes? Or do they take advantage of their new status simply to feather their own nests, dealing more countries where they are in power or exert a major harshly with their critics than did their predecessors? These influence? are the pros and cons of the military as a modernizing force, the theme of this issue. Charles Koburger, a Coast Guard officer, sets the stage "THE question is of interest only in the context of the for our discussion with a general look at the subject. He industrially underdeveloped societies. It can be argued concludes that while military regimes come to power on a with some force that in those societies the military platform of mobilization for progress, their authoritarianism represent the only available technocratic elite. Modern and their lack of political skill usually hamper the search for military technology does not stand alone. It is supported mass support and this brings about a new move for replace¬ by complex organizational structures involved in solving ment. complex problems characterized by sophisticated con¬ The US has consistently asserted civilian control over the temporary centralized planning. military when the issue has been joined, but military influ¬ The military combines this technocratic expertise with ence has become steadily more pervasive. This is the general theme behind the chapter from Adam Yarmolinsky’s forth¬ a commitment to serve the “national interest.” With coming book, “The Military Establishment: Its Impacts on impressive potential political power based on the fire¬ American Society.” power under its command, it is not surprising that the Luigi Einaudi of the Rand Corporation writes of the military often usurps the reins of government. military and the Third World, and has also contributed an When it does, the promotion of “modernization” of the article on the Peruvian military. He sees advantages in the industrially underdeveloped society is likely. But the military direction of countries which have not been able to military does so in a warped fashion. First, because it organize for progress, but in the specific case of Peru, he overemphasizes centralized organizational structures and believes that the “unmanageability” of the country and the administrative processes; secondly, because the national tendency of the military to be obsessed with the eradication of corruption and ineptitude have combined to frustrate plan it promulgates is essentially that of a society at attempts to become a truly modern nation. war, with all the implications for social and economic Africa has experienced many a military coup. The lack of growth that this carries with it. long-established institutions has encouraged societies there to It is especially important to stress that military coups call on any group prepared to “get the country moving”; and in the Third World are often not intended to serve the the group most often ready has been the military. In interests of the nations or of the peoples in whose name excerpts from his chapter in “Soldier and State in Africa” they take place—and this quite apart from the fact that (reviewed elsewhere in this issue) Professor Claude Welch the interpretation given to “national interest” by the of Northwestern concludes that military regimes in Africa military is unavoidably elitist. More often than not the can make but a slight contribution to political development military juntas represent an appendage of either one or because they are not effective in eliciting wide public support. the other of the two “international” military machines or Edward Bernard Glick takes a look at the military pyramids with apex in Washington or Moscow. In such academies in the US and comes up with the recommenda¬ cases, under the guise of a “national revolution,” the tion that we need a single National Defense Academy. nation experiencing the coup becomes effectively a People planning to serve in foreign affairs related jobs might satellite of either Washington or Moscow. Actually, such also go to such an institutions, which would cause students to coups or “national revolutions” are nothing more than think along government lines rather than in more parochial covert super-power interventions in anticipation of ei¬ terms. ther a true national revolution or of a similar interven¬ Andreas Papandreou could probably not be expected to tion on the part of the other super-power. give a completely objective opinion about militarism in Greece. In his brief comment which follows, in answer to In conclusion, then, the modernization brought to the the JOURNAL’S question, he states his belief that the junta is Third World by military juntas is often just an aspect of in power primarily to stay in power. neo-imperialism. ■ FOREIGN- SERVICE -JOURNAL, January, 1971 V BE DIPLOMATIC Ford Quiet speaks for itself. All it takes is one ride to Ave. N.W., Washington D.C.
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