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Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Under Hoststj?Rnen by Knut Hamsun Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Under høststjærnen by Knut Hamsun Knut Hamsun. I 50-års-alderen blev Hamsun anbragt på en piedestal og dyrket som litterær vejviser. Omtrent samtidig ændrede hans forfatterskab karakter fra intens subjektiv prosa til brede, realistiske samfundsskildringer med udviklingskritisk tendens. Artikelstart. Knut Hamsun var en norsk forfatter. Han var en central foregangsfigur inden for den europæiske prosamodernisme. Med Sult (1890) og Mysterier (1892) bidrog Knut Hamsun på afgørende vis til opbruddet fra 1880'ernes realisme og introducerede en ny psykologisk digtning med vægt på "det ubevidste sjæleliv". Senere vendte han sig mod samfundet, og i en række bredt anlagte, socialsatiriske romaner går han til angreb på "den nye tid" og fremhæver et førkapitalistisk bondesamfund som aktuelt alternativ. Idealiseringen af bonden nåede sit højdepunkt i Markens Grøde (1917), som indbragte ham nobelprisen i litteratur i 1920. Under påvirkning af bl.a. Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche og August Strindberg gav Hamsun allerede tidligt udtryk for antiliberale og antidemokratiske idéer. Disse idéer udvikledes til et reaktionært samfundssyn, og i 1930'erne gav han sin støtte til Nasjonal Samling. I krigsårene 1940-1945 støttede han besættelsesmagten. Herostratisk berømt er nekrologen over Adolf Hitler, maj 1945. Under retsopgøret blev han dømt skyldig i landsforræderi. Før krigen var Knut Hamsun en af Norges mest elskede forfattere, og hans handlinger under krigen gav stødet til nogle af de hedeste debatter, man har haft i norsk kulturliv. Hans standpunkt herskede der ikke tvivl om. Diskussionen har gået på, om det kan lade sig gøre at skelne mellem politikeren og digteren Hamsun. At han også i sin digtning giver udtryk for reaktionære politiske idéer kan ikke benægtes. I Norge regnes han for en af de vigtigste stilfornyere i prosaen. Som naturskildrer og kærlighedsdigter hører han også til de vigtigste. I centrum af hans forfatterskab står en landstrygerfigur, som optræder i forskellige forklædninger — enten som intellektuel outsider eller som folkelig vagabond. I kontrast til landstrygerens rodløse tilværelse sættes gerne et harmonisk og naturbundent liv i afsides landdistrikter i Norge. Opvækst. Knut Hamsun er født i Gudbrandsdalen. Faderen var skrædder, og moderen var af gammel bondeæt. Da Knut var tre år, flyttede familien til Nordland. Her tilbragte han det meste af sin barndom. I fem år var han i tjeneste hos en morbror, som holdt ham hårdt. Erfaringerne fra denne tid påvirkede ham gennem hele livet. Det gjorde den storslåede natur også. Store dele af forfatterskabet er tæt knyttet til det nordlige Norge. Efter konfirmationen begav han sig på vandring og forsøgte sig inden for forskellige erhverv: som ekspedient, bissekræmmer, skomagerlærling, skolelærer, betjent og vejarbejder. I 1880'erne opholdt han sig i to perioder i Amerika, hvorfra han i 1888 vendte tilbage og drog til København. Forfatterskab. Han var tiltrukket af brødrene Edvard brandes og Georg Brandes og færdigskrev gennembrudsromanen Sult , som udkom på Philipsens forlag i København sommeren 1890. Sult er historien om en ung digter, der går rundt i Kristiania og sulter. Den handlingsfattige roman er imidlertid blottet for social kritik; det er de følelser og handlinger, sulten udløser, forfatteren er optaget af. På forunderlig vis virker det, som om hovedpersonen ønsker at forblive i sulttilstanden. En drift mod undergang holdes i skak af en stærk overlevelsesvilje. Samme år publicerede Hamsun artiklen "Fra det ubevidste Sjæleliv". Her, og i tre foredrag året efter, udformede han et program for en ny, subjektiv digtning, som lægger vægt på "modsigelserne" i det moderne menneskes sjæleliv. I Mysterier rendyrkes dette program. Om romanens undergangsdømte hovedperson, Johan Nilsen Nagel, hedder det, at han er en "levende Modsigelse". Han betegner sig selv som en "Tilværelsens Udlænding". Outsiderproblematikken er drevet til det yderste i Mysterier . Og livet skildres som et socialt teater, som humbug og blændværk. I 1890'erne udgav Knut Hamsun desuden de to prosalyriske kærlighedsromaner Pan (1894) og Victoria (1898). Handlingen i den første udspiller sig i Nordland, hvor løjtnant Thomas Glahn forelsker sig i handelsmandens datter Edvarda. Forholdet er dømt til at mislykkes, fordi Glahn elsker drømmen om kærligheden højere end pigen. I Victoria — en roman om kærlighed på tværs af klasseskel — vælger også Johannes, møllerens søn, drømmen og poesien frem for at realisere kærligheden. Til 1890'er-produktionen hører ligeledes den Nietzsche-inspirerede skuespiltrilogi: Ved Rigets Port (1895), Livets Spil (1896) og Aftenrøde (1898). I en mellemperiode af forfatterskabet på 12-14 år udgav Hamsun bøger af forskellig art: novellesamlinger, skuespil, folkelivsskildringer, en rejseskildring fra Kaukasus, I Æventyrland (1903), og en enkelt digtsamling, Det vilde Kor (1904). De betydeligste værker fra denne tid er de to første bind i Hamsuns første vandrertrilogi: Under Høststjærnen (1906) og En Vandrer spiller med Sordin (1909), hvor hovedpersonen bærer forfatterens oprindelige navn, Knud Pedersen. På ny står en ulykkelig kærlighedshistorie i centrum, men den tager farve af en personlig alderdomsproblematik og en længsel tilbage til barndommens landskab. Romanen Sult var skrevet på en skrækblandet fascination af det moderne byliv. Nu kom forfatterens ubehag ved den "overciviliserede" by stadig stærkere til udtryk. Som privatperson drog han konsekvensen. Efter at have giftet sig for anden gang flyttede han nordpå og slog sig ned som bonde i sin barndoms bygd. Forfatterskabet tog samtidig en ny vending. Med dobbeltromanen Børn av Tiden (1913) og Segelfoss By (1915) vendte han ryggen til den subjektive digtning. Romanerne giver en satirisk skildring af industrialiseringens negative følger for et lille nordnorsk bygdesamfund. I Markens Grøde (1917) hyldes bondesamfundet i bibelske vendinger. Realismen transformeres til myte, og romanen toner ud i lykkelig harmoni. I de pessimistiske og blodigt-ironiske romaner Konerne ved Vandposten (1920) og Siste Kapitel (1923) viser forfatteren på ny vrangsiden af "den nye tid" frem. I Knut Hamsuns betydeligste alderdomsværk, den anden vandrertrilogi — Landstrykere (1927), August (1930) og Men Livet lever (1933) — er kritikken ligeledes klar, men tonen er mere munter. August, en eventyrlig skrønemager og talerør for "den nye tid", er i al sin uskyld en af digterens mest sammensatte personer. Det skønlitterære forfatterskab afrundes med desillusionsromanen Ringen sluttet (1936). Efter krigen udgav Knut Hamsun Paa gjengrodde Stier (1949) — et forsvarsskrift i dagbogsform, som med al tydelighed viser, at Hamsun beholdt sine digterevner helt frem til oldingealderen. Knut Hamsun. 1859 Knut is born August 4th in Gudbrandsdalen Norway. His parents are Peder Pedersen (1825-1907) and Tora Pedersen born Olsen (1830- 1919) He is baptised in Garmo church. 1862 Moves with his family to Hamsund in Hamarøy, northern Norway. 1868-1873 Several stays with his uncle Hans Olsen and Olsen’s housekeeper. Knut’s sister Sophia Marie, born in 1864, stays from birth on with the uncle. 1873-1874 Knut finishes school. Moves to Lom. Confirmation in Lom church October 4th. - Works as a shophand in the shop of his godfather Torsten Hesthagen. Returns to Hamarøy and is employed as a salesman at merchant Walsøe on Tranøy. 1875 Travelling salesman in northern Norway. 1876 Apprentice as shoemaker in Bodø. 1877 His first book "Den gaadefulde" (The Enigmatic) is published in Tromsø at M. Urdal's publishing house, printed at G.Kjeldseth's printing works. - Works as a police officer in Bø, Vesterålen. Reads Bjørnson's peasant stories. Stops policework and starts teaching at the Kretsskole in Bø. 1878 "Et gjensyn" (A Reunion) and "Bjørger" (Bjoerger) are published. 1879 Knut Pedersen leaves Bø,Vesterålen. K. Zahl on Kjerringøy helps financially and Knut moves to Hardanger to become an author. Travels in autumn to the publisher Frederik Hegel in Copenhagen with the peasant story "Frida", which is refused.- Visits in December Bjørnson on Aulestad.- Moves to Kristiania, Tomtegaten 11, where he suffers distress the winter through. 1880-1881 Employment at the road works at Toten.- Reads Strindberg and the french naturalists. Gives talk on literature at Gjøvik. 1882-1883 Travels in January to USA. Works one year as a salesman in Elroy and harvesting on a farm in North Dakota. 1884-1885 Becomes secretary to Kristofer Janson in Minneapolis.- Meets Mark Twain.- Reads Nietzsche and all modern literature available.- Is taken ill in autumn and returns to Norway.- Moves late autumn to Auerdal in Valdres for convalescence.- Publishes smaller works. - After years of experimenting with his signature, he takes the name Hamsun. 1886 Hamsun returns in winter to Kristiania. Again he suffers distress. Meets Arne Garborg, who doesn't encourage him. During summer he is on tour lecturing. - Returns in August to USA. 1887 Works a couple of months as a tram conductor in Chicago, works later on a farm and as a journalist and lecturer in Minneapolis. 1888 Leaves in summer USA and moves to Copenhagen. Meets Erik and Amalie Skram and the Brandes brothers. - November: The first chapters of "Sult" (Hunger) are published anonymous in the magazine "Ny Jord" in Copenhagen. 1889 January: Lectures at the student club in Copenhagen on the cultural life of modern America.- Travels to Valdres and Kristiania. Publishes "Fra det moderne Amerikas Aandsliv" (Cultural life of modern America) and "Lars Oftedal
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