THE BORDER INTO BREXIT: Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland Executive Summary

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T 1 Contents 3 11 8 5 6 14 13 18 12 12 15 16 10 10 23 32 30 28 26 26 29 14 16 20 10 26 29 ...... Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives Contents ...... List of Figures Foreword...... Acknowledgements Executive Summary...... Executive ...... Impact of Brexit A hard border...... supporters in the border region...... Leave ...... A No Deal Brexit ...... Protocol in the Withdrawal Agreement The Revised The bridged border...... The criss-crossed border...... The Study A Harder Border The project...... Introduction...... The project...... of the project...... of the two phases The context of Ireland / Northern Ireland...... The Central Border Region region...... The uniqueness of the border What has been achieved...... The survey...... The respondents...... interviews...... The focus groups and individual stakeholder Growing anticipation of a hard border...... What would a hard border mean to you? ...... A hard border as a personal and emotional experience Boarding on Brexit By Belfast December 2019 ISBN 978-1-916256132 Queen’s University Belfast University Queen’s BREXIT: THE BORDER INTO Katy Hayward & Milena Komarova Hayward Katy Centre for International Borders Research Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland of Ireland / Border Region Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Communities from Local Perspectives A report prepared for the Irish Central Border Area Network (ICBAN) A report prepared for the Irish Central Border Area Network List of Figures 5 16 27 30 28 29 26 ...... List of Figures List of Figure 1. of Central Border Region authority areas included in the Map of the local Ireland ...... Ireland/Northern Figure 2. by local authority area Place of residence of survey respondents, Figure 3...... Citizenship of survey respondents Figure 4. referendum ...... in the 2016 Brexit How survey respondents voted Figure 5. than you thought last year? ...... is more or less likely Do you think a hard NI/IRL border Figure 6. of survey responses ...... A ‘word cloud’ to you? What would a hard border mean Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives 81 74 78 44 57 43 67 33 70 84 38 54 42 45 49 64 35 58 85 86 86 55 59 80 67 42 84 49 54 86 59 80 The Border into Brexit ......

Appendix 3: Codes used in referencing data...... Focus Group codes...... Preamble to survey Appendix 2: Theme guides for interviewing Focus group guide...... Views on a hard border...... for the border region after Brexit Preferences for representation connections...... Impact on social relations and online survey...... Appendix 1: The Border Into Brexit Survey questions...... interview guide...... Individual stakeholder Interview codes...... Impact on business, work and investment...... Impact on business, work and Ahead...... Looking ...... consequences of Brexit of the interrelated The complexity The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced...... The Impact of Brexit ...... Withdrawal Agreement to the Revised Responses Ireland...... The new Protocol on Ireland/Northern Supporters...... The Views of Leave supporters and this survey...... Leave The risks of a No Deal...... The risks ...... Views on a No Deal Brexit ...... be represented after Brexit? How should the border region further discussion...... require What issues relating to Brexit A hard border as a ‘retrograde’ step...... as a ‘retrograde’ A hard border ...... A No Deal Brexit The practical costs of a hard border...... The practical costs border...... political consequences of a hard The anticipated and practical concerns...... Socio-economic ...... Security concerns of uncertainty...... The negative effects ...... election’ The lay of the land after ‘the Brexit Contents 4 Foreword 7 The Brexit process has been constantly developing and the latest general election results general election and the latest developing been constantly process has The Brexit would bet against subject and who this on again. It is a complex move in the UK will likely guide on this report provides is a reference and turns being involved. What yet more twists of a No such as how the likes discussion topics, the minute research on key the latest up to on communities here. the new Protocol are impacting Deal scenario and work and to contributed to this piece of to all who have our thanks I wish to also record Hayward. Katy Dr. author, of our esteemed echo the acknowledgements assisted ably Hayward, Dr. to appreciation and thanks our record to wish would I firstly, But professionalism Belfast for their diligence, University to Queen’s and Komarova Milena by Dr. everyone our member Councils and Also to our staff, and commitment to the initiative. initiative and to seek contributions. This initiative would not who has helped promote the time and effort of everyone who completed the online have been realised without the interviews. and participated in the stakeholder attended the focus group meetings survey, funders, the to the project’s our sincere thanks finally, to you all again. And Many thanks Fund, without whose support we Reconciliation Trade’s and Department of Foreign Affairs initiative. this worthwhile would have been unable to undertake Treanor, Councillor Pat December 2019 ICBAN Chair, Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

Foreword (ICBAN) Ltd. Central Border Area Network Management Board of the Irish On behalf of the report. to you this ‘Border into Brexit’ I wish to commend of Region Border as the Central known the area network for the cross-border ICBAN is authorities local the eight are organisation of the members Ireland. The / Northern Ireland address to help 1995 since working has been and ICBAN Region the up make together who cooperation to the area. common issues of cross-border University Belfast (QUB) type which ICBAN and Queen’s This is the third report of this Board of ICBAN had identified an absence of have completed. In 2017 the Management of the on both sides process Brexit impacts of the on the local community consultation from our Border with QUB we have sought to give voice to the people Together border. report on these opinions. Through the three and to provide a means to record and Region, have also in total. We responses have been gathered c.1600 reports completed to date, findings are brought to the attention of those involved endeavoured to ensure that the UK the that ensured have we end this to and subject the on discussions level high the in NI politicians, and those centrally involved in the EU, government, the Irish government, been made aware of the findings through media coverage, have received the reports and and mechanisms. The reports serve as a timely various fora, consultation processes process, and affecting those to be impacted in this stake reminder of what is tangibly at businesses of this border region. most directly – the people and which runs is the latest challenge to cooperation in the area; indeed, the border Brexit might be implemented. is central to the current debates on how Brexit through our Region representatives from The Management Board of ICBAN, which comprises 27 elected to highlight of our organisation this border region, believe it is incumbent upon the likes any is possible, insofar as to help withstand, and to work concerns, any opportunities or the of businesses and communities the on Brexit from arising consequences negative and respect the differing political opinions within our Board, our member Councils area. We that this is a non-political communities on the subject, and thus have been careful to ensure and non-partisan initiative. the public discourse on the As a Board we hope and trust that this initiative adds value to which our are aware of the important and valuable reports and representations subject. We thus we have local authorities have led on, and member Councils and other Border Region sought to not duplicate this good work, but to complement it. Foreword 6 Acknowledgements 9 It must be stressed also that this, third, instalment of our research on the effects of Brexit of Brexit the effects our research on instalment of that this, third, stressed also It must be conducted at a particularly of Ireland / Northern Ireland was Region on the Central Border actively added to the febrile context This rather political change. critical time of dynamic discussion and engagement participants’ of dynamic the and inquiries our of direction in the report itself. and interviews, as we acknowledge during focus groups space as possible we wanted to give as much with the previous two, In this report, as to on this the opportunity to be listened region who are not often given to people in the and finding the to categorisation of data has been confined primarily topic. Our analysis interpretation of the issues. As such, we have kept predominant themes and common to a minimum. The report is, first and foremost, data and subsequent recommendations occupation age, a range of backgrounds, of people from a presentation of perspectives moves UK the As Ireland. Ireland/Northern of Region Border Central the in viewpoints and mark and listen to the views of those most it is important to acknowledge, closer into Brexit, external frontier of the European Union. becoming an directly affected by the Irish border Milena Komarova and Dr. Hayward Katy Dr. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit , enabling her to work full-time on the research , enabling her to work full-time ‘The UK in a Changing Europe’

Acknowledgements (Queen’s Milena Komarova and Dr. Hayward Katy co-authored by Dr. This report was Central Border Area to Shane Campbell of the Irish are grateful We University Belfast). Joanne Breen of this project, and to for his leadership and facilitation Network (ICBAN) in the of this report, particularly preparation the assistance in invaluable in ICBAN for her involved. transcribing of the focus groups organising and in the ICBAN cross- to thank each of the eight local authorities represented would like We for this initiative and helping to publicise the survey, border partnership for their support the supporting in mile’ who ‘went the extra staff and Councillors those especially and in this regard. project and the work of ICBAN ‘Border Navigator’ project and has been made possible This initiative is part of the wider and Affairs Foreign of Department the of Fund Reconciliation the from assistance through by supported also is project the on work authors’ The invaluable. been has which Trade, senior fellowship Hayward’s which funds Dr. Council, the Economic and Social Research through had have . The funders after Brexit’ of Northern Ireland of ‘The Future and Status topic performed has been which report, this of or conduct design the in at all influence no with the facilitating role of ICBAN staff in the distribution independently by the researchers, and the organisation of the focus groups and stakeholder and promotion of the survey interviews. thoughtful to all 475 respondents to the online survey whose sincerest thanks extend We of the border region for and engaged responses have taught us about the significance its real-life implications. have pithily expressed drawing nearer, its people and, with Brexit will be but we justice here, space to do all responses that there has not been regret We drawing upon this data in future publications and papers. particular gratitude to each one of the participants of the five also wish to express We of whom gave up interviews, many focus groups and the twelve individual stakeholder to the discussions. So many hours of their time and travelled some distance to contribute times this several we could have run group that a focus to participate in volunteered fraction of the again, only a small number had time and resources allowed. Unfortunately, read and analysed however, We have, discussions could be included in the final report. insights in other participants’ them in their entirety and will continue to draw upon our publications and presentations. Acknowledgements 8 Executive Summary 11 ‘I Just as various cross-border aspects of life in the region are interrelated and, thus, and, thus, are interrelated of life in the region aspects various cross-border Just as a concern with potential For example, about the impact of Brexit. so are concerns inconvenience and loss of business, connected to fears of delays, is border checks in tensions, friction and regression about a rise of community as well as to concerns the peace process. which and voicelessness of lack of political representation There is a feeling that there is no one to represent ‘I feel very angry the sense of anxiety: exacerbates and This is the area Assembly. - and also in our local UK Parliament my voice in the affected and where are the leaders representing to be most the people that are likely 279). (Respondent us?’ am frightened. I don’t think I could go back to living with the old order. Before I didn’t I didn’t Before go back to living with the old order. think I could am frightened. I don’t want normal] and I don’t thought it was normal; now I know [it isn’t know any better, 344) (Respondent to go back.’ implications of a hard The impossibility of separating the practical from the security loss of my job; increased cost of ‘Possible border is seen in many responses, e.g. having to approach living; curtailment of my way of living; reintroduction of fear when 168). (Respondent to the associated dangers.’ due potential border checks More than 4 in 5 respondents think the likelihood of a hard border has increased think the likelihood More than 4 in 5 respondents in leadership political is view this for given reason overwhelming The year. last since of the British specifically the stance of PM Boris Johnson and the rhetoric Westminster, from leadership political of lack the is given reason Another Deal. No on government Stormont. is unanimously seen as a harder border of views of its likelihood, Regardless all of people of minds the in conflict with associated is This step. retrograde a many: for anxiety and fear induces prospect the consequence, a As generations.

f f f f f A hard border Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit , which , ‘Bordering on Brexit’ Respondents to the survey report wide and significant experience of Brexit already experience of Brexit to the survey report wide and significant Respondents from the economic (e.g. having an impact on their lives and on their plans. This ranges relocation, community tensions). business downsizing) to the social (e.g. redundancy, by ongoing many respondents claimed, is exacerbated A related sense of insecurity, speculation about what the future for the border might be. many respondents expectations of impact notwithstanding, experiences and Specific connotations: which has only negative share an overwhelming feeling of uncertainty, 463). (Respondent down waiting for a storm’ being hunkered ‘Like project run by Queen’s University Queen’s project run by Brexit’ from the ‘The Border into These are results of eight Area Network (ICBAN) with the Irish Central Border Belfast in conjunction Ireland. of Ireland/Northern Border Region local authorities in the Central parts – a large online survey of 475 respondents, The research consisted of two across the individual interviews with stakeholders five focus groups and 12 in-depth the research included over 500 Altogether, border. region, from both sides of the participants. reports: previous two from follow-on a is research The at and ‘Brexit at https://go.qub.ac.uk/bordering) was completed in late 2017 (found in 2018 (found at https://go.qub. published from which were the Border’, the results ac.uk/brexitborder). people living and working in the the research asked drawing nearer, With Brexit of a hard border their anticipation already, of Brexit region about their experiences as the unique nature of the border region. as well and their views on a No Deal Brexit, of local people on for the voices create an opportunity The purpose of the study is to heard. both sides of the border to be

f f f f f f Impact of Brexit The project Executive Summary Executive

Executive Summary Executive 10 Executive Summary 13 ‘A The cross-border normality of life in the region led many respondents to view a No to view a No respondents region led many of life in the normality The cross-border closure to conflict: and wide effect, from business as having a profound Deal Brexit 2). (Respondent can happen’ anything means all bets are off, No Deal Brexit in this research data, but particularly to violence is ever-present The fear of a return a No Deal scenario. so in relation to Anxiety about what Brexit will mean is exacerbated by a lack of information and clarity by a will mean is exacerbated Anxiety about what Brexit negotiated by Prime Ireland that was Ireland/Northern about the revised Protocol on government, and what it would mean for the region. Minister Boris Johnson’s note growing concerns among unionists and Many in our focus groups and interviews this seriously in terms of a threat to stability in take loyalists in Northern Ireland and region. Northern Ireland and the border by were not spontaneously mentioned The mechanisms for ‘democratic consent’ to be the most suggest that they are not considered our research participants, which significant part of the Protocol. the Protocol (and the comments about backgrounds, In contrast, for respondents of all of about the likelihood it from senior politicians) gave rise to deeper apprehension as the Brexit to, and the border region being listened Ireland concerns from Northern phase. process moves into the next

f f f f f f The revised Protocol in the The revised Protocol Withdrawal Agreement Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit that we were referring to was about was to referring were we that ‘No Deal’ Brexit: if there is no Withdrawal Agreement, and Brexit: Deal’ There are two types of a ‘No Agreement, is no Withdrawal If there trade agreement. if there is no future UK-EU trade and cooperation it means that there is no legal basis for much of the current of that border. across the Irish border and would result in an immediate hardening the of openness the that means this ratified is Agreement Withdrawal current the If in the future UK-EU Irish land border will be protected, regardless of what happens future trade deal agreed further to the if there is no UK-EU However, relationship. movement of in the friction there will be this means that Agreement, Withdrawal a harder Irish Sea border. goods between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, i.e. the research, this conducted we When there being no Withdrawal Agreement, and thus a hard Irish land border. there being no Withdrawal Agreement, and thus a hard Irish The findings of this report concur with the previous two, in that those who voted in that those who previous two, this report concur with the The findings of an to have already had to consider Brexit than others were much less likely Leave impact on the region. to likely less perhaps unsurprisingly, were also, supporters in this survey Leave and consider the risks region in negative terms. Many impact in the view any Brexit ends. made for political and often to be exaggerated, of a hard border consequences anxiety about the do express voting respondents Nonetheless, many Leave implications of a No Deal. out of strongly Irish respondents who voted Leave There was a small minority of the desire to hasten Irish unification by increasing republican sentiments, primarily resentment towards Britain. supporters about multilevel means for Leave from A range of ideas were offered including phase of Brexit, border region in the next representing the views of the institutions. making more use of British-Irish

f f f f f f f A No Deal Brexit Leave supporters in the border region in the border supporters Leave

Executive Summary Executive 12 Introduction 15 The context of the two phases of the two The context of the project to the previous two this project was quite different for context ‘Brexit’ The political and before the May was Prime Minister and reports came out whilst Theresa reports. The other released. and negotiated been had and the so-called ‘backstop’ Withdrawal Agreement process of the particular significance in the over a period of time of This project occurred withdrawal from the EU. UK’s research occurred prior to the third deadline given for the The first phase of this latest published were report the of findings interim The 2019. October 31 i.e. withdrawal, UK’s Summit at which the revised Withdrawal Agreement just prior to the European Council Boris Johnson was considered. The second phase of the negotiated by Prime Minister and the deadline for was concluded the revised Agreement research was conducted after This timing meant that the again to 31 January 2020. withdrawal was extended the UK’s research. It also meant that was high during the first phase of the risk of a ‘No Deal’ Brexit hardening of a border moved from being the land border in the focus of concern about the as this is a potential Sea border during the second phase, the first phase to being the Irish on Northern Ireland/Ireland. consequence of the revised Protocol during the were conducted interviews all the stakeholder A few of the focus groups and prior this report was concluded research behind UK but the in the Election campaign General interviews or groups focus the in for discussion a topic not was election The day. election to the served to exacerbate acknowledging that this context and it was not raised. It is worth We to date. experience sense of uncertainty that has characterised so much of the Brexit Election became known. finalised the draft of this report just as the results of the General results, from Northern Ireland The report concludes with a brief discussion of what these and for a project of may mean for the Central Border Region and from the UK as a whole, this nature. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

The project and the possible implications of Brexit of a project on the impacts These are the findings Ireland. This of Ireland/Northern Central Border Region Deal’ scenario on the of a ‘No Katy (led by Dr. Belfast University a small team at Queen’s conducted by has been research in conjunction with the Irish Central Border Area Network Milena Komarova), Hayward & Dr. the known as area in the authorities local of eight partnership cross-border the (ICBAN), Central Border Region. ‘Border Navigator’ project (http://icban.com/ part of ICBAN’s This work has been funded as Reconciliation Fund. Trade’s and of Foreign Affairs border-compass/) by the Department provided by analysis has been the process of research Additional financial support for Europe’ a Changing in Council through the ‘UK Research Economic and Social the UK’s initiative (https://ukandeu.ac.uk/). The and the Central Border Region. of reports on Brexit This is the third initiative in a series (https://go.qub.ac.uk/ 2017 November in published was Brexit, on Bordering report, first unrepresented in the region felt uninformed about Brexit, bordering) and found that people about the consequences of it. in the process, and had deep fears published in June 2018 (https://go.qub.ac.uk/ at the Border, The second report, Brexit services other and education health, transport, to access of ease that showed brexitborder), of the border in this region. It was greatly valued by the majority of people on both sides voters in the region share a common priority for the and Remain also revealed that Leave as it is today. and ‘frictionless’ border to remain as ‘seamless’ from September- (five weeks The project was conducted in three phases: the online survey Interviews the Stakeholder October 2019), the Focus Groups (October-November 2019), and mid- released in were online survey from the Interim findings 2019). (November-December (https://go.qub.ac.uk/ of findings report interim and brief release a press through October with over 500 followers) was also set-up (@BorderBrexit, account A Twitter BorderBrexit). from some of the qualitative data. extracts to disseminate findings and Introduction

Introduction 14 The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland 17 Responses in the Survey are labelled by the randomly-assigned number given to each submission. R = Respondent. We have We in the Survey are labelled by the randomly-assigned number given to each submission. R = Respondent. Responses focus group and interview responses with minimal editing only where necessary for clarity. quoted survey, ‘Because the border cuts through our parishes, neighbourhoods, farms and homes, it will and homes, farms parishes, neighbourhoods, through our the border cuts ‘Because (R70).1 single thing we do’ affect us in every the whole in Northern Ireland will mean of job losses and recession ‘The predictions (R81). had no say in the decision’ and they suffer the same, border region will to local authorities in Ireland brings change and challenges region, Brexit And for a border or widespread across not just ‘entry points’ – and changes that are and Northern Ireland This sides. on both border, the along communities across but posts’ ‘border inspection captured the challenge well: interviewee in local government that I live in, the county that I represent – has one of the look, Monaghan – the county ‘So, international frontiers of any local authority within Europe. longest what you might term and Fermanagh - all with counties Armagh, Tyrone … over 200km of boundary There’s there are communities living in every road, in every street, touching on to Monaghan. And on one of those roads and communities has a counterpart in every part of that and every be will Brexit of impact the it, of community the from So border. the of side northern the (interview 2). huge and none of it any good’ centres on the ways the uniqueness of the region and even more broadly, Fundamentally, between the UK and Ireland, permeating political, in which the border is a connection social, cultural and economic life: border land the be to going It’s border. the at politics the to layers more always ‘There’s implications. If you’re geographically That had loads of possible between UK and the EU. probably not something you’re going to think about but if it’s far away from the border, part of your everyday reality’ the border goes through your farm or your town, then it’s (R9). that reality is of a border that has had enormous symbolic and practical And, of course, significance: a different all, that line says, ‘it’s a line in the sand. And first of There’s different here. ‘It’s and ‘different ‘different this’ and then it’s a different religion’, and second ‘it’s jurisdiction’ years. I don’t the division over rid of that And we got division. A border creates that’. 1 Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

The nature of the border region means that the ramifications of Brexit are not confined of Brexit The nature of the border region means that the ramifications leaving the European Union. to Northern Ireland areas as the part of the region which is project, which shows that – This comes out very clearly in the research conducted for this (nearly a third) were not even eligible although a significant proportion of our respondents felt across the is being anticipated and to vote in the referendum – the impact of Brexit border: Figure 1. Map of the local authority areas included in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland Region Figure 1. Map of the local authority areas included in the Central Border The uniqueness of the border region of the The uniqueness Banbridge authority areas: Armagh City, covers eight local The Central Border Region Omagh, and Mid Ulster in Northern Ireland, plus Cavan, and Craigavon, Fermanagh and and Sligo in Ireland. Monaghan Donegal, Leitrim, The Central Border Region of Region Border The Central Ireland / Northern Ireland

The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland Northern / Ireland of Region Border Central The 16 The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland 19 ‘We cross the border regularly and have got used to working /living/shopping/being working /living/shopping/being got used to and have border regularly cross the ‘We away taken be will choices Many time. the at best us suits that side the on etc. educated from power because they are remote [areas] are always less prosperous from us. Border work in the border region. That as it is to find well paid hard enough It’s and the money. better’ (R23). going to get any isn’t is seen as both ‘normal’ but also a very nature of the border region The interconnected by the cherished particularly – something in the region present day life precious part of of participants in the village by focus group This was clearly expressed older generation. which straddles the border: Pettigo, Belleek through football and social got good integration with Ederney and ‘We’ve totally change the dynamic. I know people now that activities. If roads closed, it would go I never knew them… because the bridge was down. To grew up a mile from here and way round the country just to get to Belleek. to Belleek, you had to go all the or religion. They just creed care who their neighbour is – race, they don’t Kids today, interact from different towns and different play football together, socialise together, rivalry between football teams or whatever just on, it’s villages. If there is anything going and won’t serious than that…we cannot go back to anything that is more We it might be. allow it’ (focus group 4). can’t focus group concurred: Another participant in the same on for all want to move We hole. some sectarian dug-out little want to look like don’t ‘We before the peace process, the betterment of our communities and our children. I know have lent you a shovel. But from the your Catholic or your Protestant neighbour mightn’t afraid of orange weren’t down. People of that broke all changed. All process, that peace (focus group 4). and green’ border the in significance heightened the and process peace of the achievements The the process of by extent region of what has been achieved through that (enabled to some from participants in the European integration) are encapsulated in a lot of the reflections interviews in particular. focus groups and stakeholder described what it was like one unionist participant from County Monaghan For example, the border for a long, cross didn’t area: ‘In my personal experience…we up in the growing was Iceland Ireland as if Northern It was that border. cross didn’t we simply period – long He then contrasted this with his go to.’ or something. It was a country we simply didn’t Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit See Appendix 3 for explanation of coding of focus groups See Appendix 3 for explanation

2 What has been achieved What has been of a harder border leads people to reconsider the All this means that the anticipation explains, respondent another As itself. region border the in working and living of experience be to navigate and manage a hard border between an EU when imagining what it would Region: and a non-EU member-state running through the Central Border to have will we socialise or work church, shops, the school, to going like exist, just ‘To regimes, encountering cross between two different jurisdictions with separate compliance (R70). on a daily basis’ checks accountability, surveillance, extra survey respondents and by Indeed, this point is repeatedly elaborated on by both positive side of living in a participants in focus groups. One respondent describes the flip side of this means that, border region with an open border as increasing choice; the will be reduced and difficulties for daily life increased: choices with a hard border, want to see it come back in any form, even psychologically. I saw the border, as we were as we were saw the border, I even psychologically. in any form, see it come back want to people take people into corners and made so much harm. It pushed growing up doing (focus group 4).2 sides’ the in and them, to mean would border hard a what of question the to answers the all In that the border both sides, there is a recognition from respondents on anticipation of Brexit, are economic decision: ‘We from the EU is far more than an withdrawal UK’s means that the and appalling both that find I and more or years 20 back dragged being of risk grave at the reason why change to the border heartbreaking’ (R12). One respondent summarised is more intense closer to the wound’ (R101). region: ‘Pain will have such an impact in this in the border region cherish and appreciate the fact that a This shows why so many people is to emphasise its present-day insignificance: ‘I don’t typical way of describing the border I I live in Leitrim, a border. isn’t at the moment, there as far as I can see, So, see a border. a political (focus group 3). This is not primarily is just the same as Fermanagh’ think Leitrim of a successful peace process after a horrendous conflict. or ideological point: it is a sign

The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland Northern / Ireland of Region Border Central The 18 The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland 21 – while being of enormous symbolic, enormous of being while – ‘border paradox’ ‘Yes, obviously, a very rural area which is completely different from, life in Belfast Belfast in life from, different completely is which area rural very a obviously, ‘Yes, (focus group 3). or London’ could be disregarded to all intents and purposes, that the border, And it is also understood border region is truly British-Irish the In that sense, swathes of daily life. for such large to the point a couple of years As one respondent put it: ‘I think we got and north/south. about their normal, daily and people were going border was non-existent ago where the This is not in any way world’ (focus group 1). would in any other part of the business as they of different cultures and identities in the border to diminish the integrity and distinctiveness and complexity that upholds the potential for nuance, region. Instead, it points to a region as a border is transcended. This is summarised by one diversity that is sustained even focus group participant: social practice, a sphere of influence in cultural practice, ‘I do think the border does have have all just built it into our everyday lives. We recreational practice. seen myself as British, even though my family is I’m from Enniskillen, but I would’ve college in England, would’ve had quite a lot of aunts and nationalist. I would’ve gone to schizophrenia: like we always holidayed in Donegal, so it’s uncles that lived in England. But Irish-British! our had border, the at stopped were we though even porous… to be seemed it yet, But for operation a day-to-day almost just to be seemed border] the searched… [Crossing car us; we did put up with it. have that same social, cultural, recreational But if you moved even 30 miles, they wouldn’t a have don’t they because that, have wouldn’t just They border. the around undertaking (focus group 1). border to really contend with’ people and communities on This is important in two ways. First, the commonality between more important than forms both sides of the border is seen by many respondents as being experience. common rural lifestyle and of communal divisions and is rooted in people’s and more open the presence of the border – even as it has become less visible Secondly, in and conception of ‘home’ lived experience – is a constant factor that shapes people’s the border via its invisibility the border region. As noted in previous reports, describing contemporary a emphasizes become, has today of border frictionless and invisible the importance, historical and practical The uniqueness of the border region is understood, first, by contrast to urban areas and big to urban areas by contrast understood, first, border region is of the The uniqueness cities: Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

‘It’s in our bones that the border is here and what it means. The fact that it disappeared to in our bones that the border is here and what ‘It’s back in again, to be creeping and now it appears all intents and purposes was fantastic spent so long trying to get rid of it’ (focus group 4). so concerned. We which is why we’re of the disappearing It is by contrast to the past that not only the tremendous importance by people in the present day is most succinctly articulated, border but the threat of Brexit respondent in one as well as by self-described nationalists. This from a unionist background how important showing quite focus group puts the process and risk in historical context, that history remains for contemporary identity and belonging: myself? because I come from a unionist ‘Why does the border matter to people like – it’s on and partition during south the in left was know you which Monaghan, County in family Not only was us were not happy to be left out of the six counties. people like the whole, felt a very strong economic that a political reaction to partition, but also an economic…we nature and the relationship impact of partition, back in the 20s. It very much changed the some 400 odd years – had of my family - which had been living in County Monaghan for of living in the Republic with the border region. I felt as, someone who is a British citizen, (focus group 1). Ireland that this referendum was a terrible mistake’ The bridged border present experience of living in the border region, in which the border has been completely has been completely which the border region, in of living in the border experience present communities on both sides: bridge-building cooperation by transformed by cross-border we have been able to build area is the feeling that ‘Specific to this understanding that the actually, degree; so much so, an extraordinary relationships to the the understanding of in a way that has surpassed the Central Region we have now in problem. the of and us of have Westminster and Dublin Belfast, in power of centres other Yet, centres of power. than anyone sitting in those the problem much better know We no one has consulted us throughout the process of apart from you and a few others, (focus group 1). negotiation in the last three years’ of listening to people in the border region in particular, His conclusion points to the value and appreciate both the value of what has been achieved in order to properly understand by locals as being at risk from a hardening of the and the enormity of what is perceived border.

The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland Northern / Ireland of Region Border Central The 20 The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland 23 don’t know. They couldn’t believe the stories, it actually scared them. I think if the young them. I think if scared the stories, it actually believe couldn’t They know. don’t doing that project, of the stories that we heard some heard border… the people along along the border because to see customs posts or anything want wouldn’t they definitely (focus group 5). it was a scary time’ it of the border and contrasted experience described in vivid detail his One interviewee of the present generation: with the experience realise the don’t realise what did happen. They don’t they coming now, ‘The young ones know what I mean, it was desperate to be honest with you fear that was there at the time, ups – you could be coming home at night and there you. Just desperate and the hold doing the checkpoint, know who was place and you didn’t would be a check point some – and you would be brought in there and you would be you know – in the dead of night maybe you for with be will engine and nobody off your switch lights, your to switch off told half an hour. start the lorry and you can’t and you daren’t sat there, And there you sat there and you the you will be shot. And, you know what I mean, that’s know if move because you didn’t the border down the years. facts of it. That did happen on is that that bred terrorism… that just bred hatred. And the point I’m making about that So, (interview 1). not happening now with the young people’ that’s of crossing the border only poured oil on experiences Those negative and fear-ridden in our research Troubles is a view that is frequently offered the fires of violence during the so people are is that why it to understanding important is very This border region. in the resistant to any manifestation of border management and control. The criss-crossed border of movement across the One thing that comes out clearly from our research is that freedom of travel, or a feature of the Irish border is not seen so much as an abstract right, a practice of place and identity important experience and an border today but more as a way of life, it: in the region. As one younger participant in a focus group put a there’s the way back. So, ‘I cross the border six times on the way to work and six on the use of crossing the border, complete misunderstanding of the day-to-day commute, have a in Pettigo …most people our day-to-day reality. It’s that the political class have. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

to people’s lives. The use of this phrase by this interviewee by this interviewee use of this phrase lives. The to people’s as, ‘incidental’ and is described is telling: of information built up on this interchange relationships have all been ‘Those [cross-border] would just across the way that I never I’ve got to know a lot of folk know, got to and we’ve really come the last 35 years. And it had that has been building for have known. And division’ a was there know wouldn’t …You incidental. was border the where point the to (interview 3). widely is that sides, both it, on region around the and border the of feature this precisely is It its most important feature by all participants, irrespective of cherished and appreciated as political views or stance in relation to Brexit. community background, at the same time people, exist for many local that the border in effect doesn’t The paradox is neatly summarised definitive for social and political life, as being hugely important and by one interviewee: It’s have to understand that of course the border is a line. ‘I think for many people they the along live who people many for is it all That’s map. a on put have people that line a people for you maybe is a field or the road but for many border a place where It’s border. in terms of where they farm their animals, where they cut exist It doesn’t exist. it doesn’t for many people their natural affinity, their milk from… So, their grass, where they bring another jurisdiction. their natural environment is in and the development of the peace process said And what the Good Friday Agreement can You can shop. you. You is that you can go about your business and nobody will stop can go to You to whatever radio programme. can listen You read whatever newspaper. will stop you. There will be can be who you want to be and nobody whatever school. You currency. change can you where places of plenty be will there but difference currency a whatever currency and you can take you can go to a machine on the wall actually, Or, live on for many people- many people in whatever jurisdiction you are in. There is, now, 5). (interview the other side’ one side of the border and maybe go to socialize or work on along lines of generation is very much experience of this paradox The difference in the in a number of the individual emphasized by many of the participants in focus groups and interviews: the north and south, called ‘I just finished a project with a group of young people from border just along the that lived people a group of older had We Memories’… ‘Border believe what the young people wouldn’t You that told their stories to the young people.

The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland Northern / Ireland of Region Border Central The 22 The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland 25 side of the border?’ on either region, for people the entire border right across guidance (interview 5). worries regarding other different expressed to the online survey A number of respondents on the concerned with the effects Some are of a possible hard border. practical effects for job the consequences and of qualifications recognition the of their pensions, value mobility: things [I] have no control over – my British occupational ‘I’ve been worrying about … I can still recognized, whether will continue to be pension, whether my qualifications (R23). I travel to work in Dublin’ apply for jobs in HSE, how will shopping and entertainment will be affected with increased ‘Daily travel patterns for work, (R28). barriers to freedom of movement’ restrictions on the freedom of movement that would Others emphasise that the possible reflected not only in the curtailment of rights to travel but come with a hard border will be education and healthcare across the border: in terms of the ability to access I fear she will not be able to in Dublin or Galway. ‘My daughter wants to go to university Will my rights as an Irish citizens be affected as regards do this without huge problems. travel, healthcare etc.?’ (R150). of Brexit see the implications The overall point is that many in the Central Border Region take can’t they i.e. for individuals, life ordinary of mundane, disruption the as meaning see the wider collective and long-term But they also certain things for granted any more. consequences: social, recreational and business travel as disruption, border delays will reduce ‘Travel and disruption. As checks to choose travel with less potential delay, decisions are taken and causes disadvantage a border dweller this has economic social and cultural impact (R391). and impacts on personal freedom and human rights’ – plus relationship will be like uncertainty of what the final UK-EU the As we note below, on some matters – further the different information from the British and Irish governments anxieties and the sense of future risk. people’s exacerbates Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

long commute, by virtue of where they live. The idea that you’d put any kind of stop there stop there of any kind put that you’d idea The they live. where of virtue by commute, long it an impossibility. to make just going – it’s and I’d have to do that six times on the border – (focus group 4). me’ border] are what worry [of a hard Brexit The practicalities has brought that uncertainty about Brexit of cross-border work and life mean The importance in the border region. The nature lives into the very heart of respondents’ deep uncertainty of the operationalization makes that it is cross-border to the extent of life in the region of trust in the information coming This is worsened by the lack unthinkable for many. Brexit for conducted in many of the interviews which is articulated on the topic, from politicians this research: whose homes and farms straddle the I think there are a number of people in this ‘Well, of their lives people are still wondering what on earth is going to become Those border. at been properly looked happens, so that they feel hasn’t at the end of the day if Brexit particularly when you know, You and this breeds uncertainty. and properly examined north the in is kitchen their and south the in is room living whose somebody across come so of feeling whole the to back goes again this and confusing very very, confusing, very – (interview 4). answers to their many questions’ much uncertainty and not enough certainty is there that is it important how quite well very 1 describes interviewee Similarly, reasons: for very practical region regarding Brexit, provided for people in the border what happens … with those jobs on several occasions – this question I’ve asked ‘And the businesses on both sides of the border? Or farmers both sides of the border? And going to change no one says how that’s border? … There’s who farm on both sides of the there has day, the end of the happens. …at going happen with that when Brexit or what’s and border the crossed cow a ‘such that lines the along somewhere trail paper a be to you know what I mean’. that it came back again’, terms of psychology being a fundamentally definitive issue in But, apart from the above (i.e. practical and legal problem in and identity), the question of freedom of movement is also a terms of equality: retirement enjoy their and the border of one side on worked have lived or people ‘Many accessed services or have are accessing Many people the border. other side of on the what the issues regarding pensions, issues regarding access, and there’s services. So, becomes much a physical border, whether it’s is that the border, fear is around Brexit one of the things we are very concerned lives … so, more important in terms of people’s with the information and about is people accessing their rights. Who can provide them

The Central Border Region of Ireland / Northern Ireland Northern / Ireland of Region Border Central The 24 The Study 27 Over two thirds of respondents hold exclusively Irish citizenship. This is to be expected This is to be expected Irish citizenship. of respondents hold exclusively Over two thirds side of the the survey live on the southern under half the respondents in given that a little of there is a disproportionate lack to the previous two reports, In patterns similar border. this acknowledge region. We and British-only citizens in the voting Leave response from submitted. to report the spectrum of views and are careful Figure 3. Citizenship of survey respondents have dual citizenship (overwhelmingly British and Irish), Around 1 in 5 of our respondents Border The three NI Council areas of the Central and 1 in 10 British-only citizenship. of breakdown and this is reflected in the in the 2016 Referendum voted for Remain Region Only Just over one third had no vote. whom voted Remain. respondents, just over half of we set aside those respondents who were although if 9% of our respondents voted Leave, of 8 1 in about is supporters of Leave proportion the the referendum, in to vote eligible not intended not is survey the that given here, views their report to careful are We voters. the illustrative findings. to produce quantitatively representative but qualitative, Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit 477 responses were received in total but two of these were deemed inadmissible.

Figure 2. Place of residence of survey respondents, by local authority area Figure 2. Place of residence of survey respondents, by local authority The largest proportion of respondents came from Fermanagh and Omagh district, with the The largest proportion of respondents but working within it outside the Central Border Region fewest coming from those living largest response rate are shown here; the other four had a (5.9%). The four areas with the 55% of the respondents live in Northern Approximately response rate of an average 6-7%. with 34% And half were in the 46-65 age group, male. Ireland. 58% of respondents were aged 31-45 and 9% aged 18-30. The respondents 3 The survey open for five which was the online survey, responses were received for A total of 475 of which covered the topics of 10 substantive questions, 3 The survey consisted weeks. and on plans, on the anticipated impact of was having on practice what effect (if any) Brexit are self-selecting and on understanding of a ‘hard border’. Respondents a No Deal Brexit, The purpose was to is a representative sample. no claim that the cohort and we make and perspectives. these topics and share their experiences enable people to comment on sides, will be most on both living close to the border, This is important given that those by Brexit. directly and immediately affected The Study

The Study The 26 A Harder Border 29 The 4% of respondents who say that they think a hard border is less likely than they is less likely The 4% of respondents who say that they think a hard border voters (though and Remain previously believed come from an equal number of Leave voters are much more inclined to see a hard border as unlikely). Leave proportionately, do not believe voters is that they The predominant reason given for this answer by Leave that there will be a hard border ‘because it would suit ROI, NI & UK not to have a hard hard border would not affect me border’ (R357) or else that they doubt its significance: ‘A or non-voters who also think a hard border is less likely in anyway’ (R320). Those Remain allow a now similarly think it inconceivable because ‘The people of both countries won’t more (R323) or, that it is ‘too expensive’ reasons given were hard border’ (R349). Other (R267). ‘Because there will be war’ ominously, increased and the of a hard border has More than 4 in 5 respondents think the likelihood specifically the direction of travel taken overwhelming reason given is political leadership, Figure 5. Do you think a hard NI/IRL border is more or less likely than you thought last year? is more or less likely Figure 5. Do you think a hard NI/IRL border A Harder Border A Harder of a hard border anticipation Growing (between whether they think a hard border to the online survey respondents asked We In our they thought last year. than likely Ireland) is more or less Ireland and Northern had they than likely more was border hard thought a they that reported 59% report, previous that 83% of our respondents In asking this question again, we see now anticipated in 2017. they had thought in 2018. than more likely say they think a hard border is Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

While our online survey yielded a wide breadth of responses, we were keen to delve in to delve a wide breadth of responses, we were keen While our online survey yielded To understanding of the questions discussed. greater depth and detail into respondents’ groups in different locations around the Central Border that end, we conducted five focus contributed (See Appendix 3). area, to which 38 voluntary participants the 2017 and 2018 instalments of this research project, we conducted and unlike Additionally, the border region, sectors in 12 individual in-depth interviews with professionals from key and women’s with working organisations (including and voluntary the community such as government local and the and business) education (health, the public groups), migrant group discussions and sectors, business (including tourism), and the local media. Focus of the understanding of the specificity participants’ interviews covered questions exploring of how the and their expectations thus far, with Brexit border region, their experiences negotiated may be impacted on by the Withdrawal Agreement proposals, effects of Brexit by the Conservative Government under Prime Minister Johnson. The focus groups and individual The focus groups interviews stakeholder Figure 4. How survey respondents voted in the 2016 Brexit referendum in the 2016 Brexit Figure 4. How survey respondents voted

The Study The 28 A Harder Border 31 (focus group 2). (R8); and some because because some and EU’ (R8); the in not countries two any between situation the of reality British governments have committed ‘both Irish and e.g. will not occur, they think it simply (R144). will put one up’ any EU intention, neither to none and despite group participants, one fell voters. Among our focus come from Leave Most such answers will be no hard analysis. His opinion that there and offered a similar into the same category of Brexit: overwhelmingly positive view of Ireland is related to an border on the island evolving an involves it but view, of point local a from just not positively, very [Brexit] view ‘I engagement … The level of it also is involving Europe. relationship with Britain and interest in politics, which and Ireland, it has reinvigorated amongst the people of Britain relevant. are which issues the with engaging people reinvigorated has It tremendous. is have we had a time when before in Irish history, a major positive is that never Also, Unionists, right the way to Ulster right the way through everybody; from Irish republicans, all the way through to European bureaucrats, never through to British Conservatives, agreement – no hard border’ have we had everybody in before, are seen the positives of Brexit that in the above case, It must be stressed, therefore, of it providing an opportunity for a borderless relationship, precisely from the perspective the present-day openness of the border: ‘Brexit agreement on the need to preserve i.e. for the European Union and Britain to work out how we provides for us a great opportunity (focus group 2). From this only just begun’ and we’ve can have a borderless relationship other to changes mean to have not does country third a as EU the with trading perspective, supporter explained: relationships. As the same Leave cross-border aspects of existing That issue. any major proceed without and business can that trade thing is ‘The main by this person or by the mean that there has to be strict guarding of the border doesn’t fantastic that for the past 20 years to be I found it absolutely police or anyone else. Why should there be any able to drive to Belfast and back or wherever I wanted to go. and easy to work. Good change in that? Something that we found seriously satisfying in Britain and everything relationships between our friends in the north and our friends of approach that level be has to There advantage. to everyone’s being made to work other exporting to were you saying Britain was having difficulty brought to it. Incidentally, (focus group 2). countries because they are part of the European Union?’ made by British ministers It is notable that this response sits in line with much of the argument of the that it is a choice politicians over the withdrawal process, i.e. and Leave-supporting however, The majority of responses to this subject in the survey, EU to ‘erect’ a border. Remain-supporting. When asked – predominantly come from a very different perspective Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

The complexity of the Irish border lies not only in the technical and legal challenges of of the Irish border lies not only in the technical and legal The complexity but also its continued boundary of the EU, managing its transition to being an external offer a question to this of responses 2% than Fewer significance. and political symbolic that its effects and/or unlikely sanguine analysis, arising from their view that a hard border is of having managed a will be minimal. Some consider the prospect negligible because used - which of goods checking & checks ‘It means border hard border in the past, e.g. (R376); some because they believe the hassle’ any being it remember can’t I & happen to I think the EU. unavoidable consequence of fully exiting ‘An e.g. threat is exaggerated, but any inconvenience is the of disruption and disorder is over-exaggerated, the extent Figure 6. What would a hard border mean to you? A ‘word cloud’ of survey responses. Figure 6. What would a hard border mean to you? What would a hard border mean to you? a hard border What would what a hard border would survey respondents to describe in one sentence asked We cloud of the responses. mean for them. Figure 6 is a word by the British Government to the negotiations since Prime Minister Boris Johnson came into Johnson came Minister Boris since Prime to the negotiations Government by the British Executive. Assembly and Stormont placed on the lack of a functioning Blame is also office. growing risk of drives the sense of a that No Deal is a serious possibility Overall, the belief a hard border.

A Harder Border Harder A 30 A Harder Border 33 (R399). Most statements centre (R399). Most statements a truce’ of end it as ‘The One describes step. ‘retrograde’ A hard border as a ‘retrograde’ step border as a ‘retrograde’ A hard on the sense of it being the majority of statements focused related to the above, Secondly, a for the peace process: implications of a hard border on the perceived in the Good achieved I thought we’d would mean] The loss of everything ‘[A hard border of and cooperation; mutual acceptance shared space; goodwill Friday Agreement: We are at grave to put the past behind us. chance finally, identity and aspirations; and a years or more and I find that both appalling and heart- risk of being dragged back 20 breaking’ (R12). division, will bring austerity, border Brexit especially a hard ‘I truly believe that any Brexit, times’ difficult generally very and NI in living of costs increased services, of lack terrorism, (R327). many in the border region associate the openness of the As we found in previous reports, border with the 1998 Agreement: my has given me the right and the reassurance to express ‘The Good Friday Agreement family and I have enjoyed many years of peaceful co- Irish identity and as a result my could rightly enjoy living here, Ireland. You with our Protestant neighbours in N. existence place to live. accepting that this is quite a good seriously now and uneasy feel us makes identity, my challenges it - that all distorts Brexit (R279). think about our future’ in Agreement Good Friday the about enquire specifically not did though we Similarly, groups brought up the any part of the research, a number of participants in our focus to what the by contrast Brexit subject matter themselves, articulating their negative views of Agreement has aimed to achieve: that we have all seen came ‘The thing about it is, that positivity and that seamlessness remember all of those things. people don’t from the Good Friday Agreement. …young that has been working well? They just see things working well. Why break something the It’s rights, people travelling. about people’s It’s not only trade. …[it’s] the key. That’s Good Friday Agreement and continuing to build on it’ (focus group 2). Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit ‘If a hard border comes in we won’t be travelling into the North. It’s as It’s into the North. travelling be in we won’t border comes ‘If a hard

First, there were very personal responses, showing the impact of the border on people’s responses, showing the impact of the border on people’s First, there were very personal to the border proximity by respondents’ This can be explained mental and emotional state. and controls border by affected more them making it) across frequent movement (and conscious of historical experience: The end of my world. It will have a severe impact on my ‘[A hard border would mean] (R388) very high as a result of Brexit’ mental health. My anxiety is already stand for one’ want a border and we will not don’t a knife through the heart. We like ‘It’s (R125) were and minds hearts positive... relatively been have Things my heart. would break ‘It A hard border will wreck that’ (R267). calmer and amenable. border is reflected in the fact that several describe a hard The reality of living beside the (R11) or ‘It would make a prisoner in my own home’ ‘Like border in terms of feeling trapped: permission to a prisoner or in the eyes of big brother needing I’m living like me feel like the prospect reduces confidence in cross- (R48). For a few on the southern side, move’ movement: border A hard border as a personal and border as a personal A hard experience emotional simple as that’ (R411). and (b) by the by (a) the current openness of the border The impact of this is exacerbated in the region. As of (military) surveillance and heavy security presence historical experience very the at resentment and anger of expressions strong were there anxiety, deep as well idea of it. to describe what a hard border would mean to those living and working in the Central in the living and working mean to those border would what a hard to describe personal, our survey fall under four categories: most of the responses to Border Region, political. practical, and peace,

A Harder Border Harder A 32 A Harder Border 35 . ‘suffering’ , ‘damage’ ‘war’, ‘devastating’, ‘hell’, , ‘nightmare’ , ‘chaos’ , ‘disastrous’ (R255). This language is also present in responses given in the focus groups and (R255). This language is also present in responses given in the The practical costs of a hard border costs of The practical of a hard border. and the personal cost summarised the inconvenience respondents Thirdly, entail would customs border a of what anticipation that people’s It is worth remembering comments these see example, For region. border the in experience personal on based is and how costly how deeply-resented group and interview which reflect made in a focus inconveniences are seen as being: these potential have had a and you wouldn’t that were then [in the past] to go back [to] the holdups ‘Just the queues there are going just imagine So, road now. that are on the tenth of the trucks and getting angry and everything else that goes along to be and lads getting frustrated to be getting the boat in half an are knowing that you’re supposed You with sitting there. Believe it or not, unless they’ve changed, them you up. hour or an hour and them holding give a tuppenny’ (focus group 5); boys don’t trouble that will start and all the paperwork and all the ‘But my biggest worry is the for hauliers’ will create major problems and major expense lost. And that time that’s it’s essence and is of the as that. Time as simple It’s that! afford cannot We companies. well, we’ll drivers held up at some place, And the problem is if there’s a worry. just, it’s they’re not working and just sitting about doing nothing. have to pay them the day that answered’ (interview 1). been that haven’t and basic questions all basic, really, And it’s would border hard a exactly what saying people of examples of full is survey online The mean for them: ‘I will be out of business overnight’ (R398) ‘fewer [B&B] guests, less money’ (R330) (R163). lot more red tape’ ‘A economic than abstract more on focused section this in responses the of most said, That (R148). Others used singular words to describe the of friendship’ loss ‘A consequences, e.g. prospect: Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives ‘Disaster. Pain. The past. Pain. ‘Disaster. One respondent put it succinctly: a hard border would mean Broken’ in the business sector: interviews, as in this response from a stakeholder The Border into Brexit

A participant in another focus group described how they felt that the 1998 Agreement has 1998 Agreement felt that the how they focus group described in another A participant process: pressure by the Brexit been put under working was That space. shared a respecting about all was Agreement Friday Good ‘The Who suddenly forced choice back: debate has now and the Brexit now, well for years until Where is What is your future? Where do you want to be? Where do you belong? are you? further from people appreciate and I can old wounds up opening That’s allegiance? your and borderlands the in go issues those deep how realising not Britain, or Ireland in south (focus group 5). in Northern Ireland’ in positions and a has encouraged a polarisation the sense that Brexit In particular, are constitutional status (about which there Ireland’s resurgence of a focus on Northern is a cause of deep concern for many respondents and such strongly opposed views) participant in a focus group in Glenfarne puts this very well, participants in this research. A and what high level achieved, what harm is being done, in terms of both what had been on the ground in the border region: British-Irish differences mean for the border region is it has focussed outcome of Brexit ‘I just think that the unfortunate that and differences that were there before and the ‘camps’ minds on the hurts people’s that new relationship that was growing – that was people were in. It has also damaged Brexit British and Irish relations… But unfortunately, showing a parity of esteem between the media – has focussed and raised and re-dredged all – in the popular mind or within the stuff up from the past’ (focus group 2). – and the undermining of connections and trust in the This broadly disruptive process for one of the interviewees border region – is a matter of considerable regret and sadness whole history of his involvement in the gradual building of cross- For him, the in particular. He was clearly a matter of pride. border relationships since the times of the ceasefire, and practical of building up relations through partnership recounted his experience at risk: collaboration in a way that also poignantly spells out what is sad at it all when I think of what had been achieved I am extremely ‘For me personally, work of the councils together over the last 25 years since the ceasefires of 1994 and the and all of and the work of the [name of] which was cross-border, Partnership Regional (interview 3). that rebuilding work. That will be fractured with Brexit’

A Harder Border Harder A 34 A Harder Border 37 Connectivity is also important from a pragmatic point of view. Our research shows how Our research of view. pragmatic point from a is also important Connectivity of relationships built across the examples this is at local level, with particularly important from local government one interviewee communities. For example, border and between slow to build but sustained local authorities has been how collaboration between explains EU membership: directly by common Brexit the last 25 -30 years. And certainly have been built up over ‘The relationships because of those collaborations into doubt the value and the potential would be bringing the like when you are crossing a frontier are EU funded. And as such a lot of our projects of the EU. is encouraged at an EU level … when both parties are members activity border, do in relation [in the EU], there are limitations as to what you can When one of them isn’t activity’ (interviewee 2). to promoting that kind of [collaborative] of relationship- discusses a wider example a participant In the following interview extract, Northern for in Ireland development of tourism effects spin-off the specifically building, Ireland: from Dublin can be in Glaslough [a border village people ‘With the [new] infrastructure, attractive for people for and a half so in actual fact it’s in County Monaghan] in an hour from Glaslough then people move about, And away. or for two or three days weekends (interview 3). off for Caledon [north of the border], for here’ a spin so in actual fact there’s that that ‘easy movement’ is already drying up and reads The interviewee goes on to note of Brexit. this as, at least in part, a consequence the that means region border integrated the of nature very the point, this on Finally, being simply as respondents many by seen are border hard a of consequences practical process well-rehearsed during the Brexit Many of these arguments have been unworkable. and the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland) (particularly in debates about the backstop because they are from people living but it is worth repeating a couple of the points here, is what facing be to is it frustrating how quite show they and region, the in working and on how to approach it: seen to be an unworkable challenge and yet to have little guidance farmers with land straddling the border. ‘For the farming community along the border, big a is there but things, simple seem may These back. and over crossing Sheep very hard to and they’re not getting [answers]. It’s question out there that is being asked land – crossing over every understand how they’re going to work it and manage their I’m concerned the question, as far as day and checkpoints. How do they police it? That’s anyway’ (focus group 5). Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives ‘Travelling ‘Travelling The Border into Brexit (interview 9). is not so much an much so not ‘travel’ is

The poignant thing is that the sign of success of the peace process and of economic of the peace process and is that the sign of success The poignant thing interviewee An Brexit. by challenged directly being as perceived now is development as well connections – east-west sector pointed to the cross-border working in the tourism that have been fostered: as north-south – good relationships in the [tourism] sector and ‘Border counties have been developing The to position the county areas in sectoral offerings and investments. hard have worked a reliance on NI and UK for trade and business, particularly Irish border counties do have (interview 11). weddings for the hotel sector’ expect a hard border our survey respondents say that they It is significant that around half 1 and their personal journeys and travel plans, and to mean a disruption to travel/traffic for cross-border plans anticipated their change to led them already has that this 6 say in cross-border which to extent the of sense a gives This movement. travelling people with living, everyday into weaved life, of way a rather but own its of activity visit family and friends (socialise) for leisure and to shop, across the border to/from work, used to be travelling across what sporting activities: ‘What costs me no thought today, (R63). me to hesitate’ to cause Likely will now become a “thing”. the border, tend to [do it] alot. If it becomes difficult we are less likely across the border is easy so I to do that’ (R68). the for in behaviour of this change effects and deep potentially widespread the Illustrating interviews discussions and individual focus group in the participants region, many border Some commented as a threat to the present-day connectivity of border life. described Brexit and in terms of the harm at length on the effects of this threat in both practical terms discussion is closely related to relationships so painstakingly built over generations. This seen as fundamental to the to the broader question of freedom of movement, which is among all , and the preservation of which is a common wish and aim life’ of way ‘border only just starting and we’re or political views: ‘Yes, participants, irrespective of background to visit the local hotels and to get the young people back into the town at the weekends take not it’ll there, physicality a there’s If thing. of sort that and boating and fishing go that it will fear, my That’s much to interrupt all that or cease that flow of people again. (focus the middle’ catchment area of that circle will be sliced across just go back to…our group 5). ‘We have two key suppliers based in Northern Ireland, accounting for 60% of our for Ireland, accounting in Northern suppliers based key have two ‘We exports go to will have impacts. 15% of our any tariff or price increases ingredients, and a disastrous impact’ A hard border would have Northern Ireland.

A Harder Border Harder A 36 A Harder Border 39 [We thought] we were never going to get a united Ireland in 100 years…people are now are now in 100 years…people a united Ireland going to get we were never thought] [We Europe and the issue; we want back into only one solution to this whole saying there’s right or that’s [a united Ireland]. Whether into Europe is back through only way back (focus group 2). what is happening up that road’ wrong, that’s north-south could be a lot more beneficial deal does go through, trade ‘I’d imagine if this within a united Ireland framework beneficial to work it would be more economically …that There will be looking so powerless as well. sort. Especially with Scotland or unity of some they do come. come fairly quick when coming down the line and they’ll major changes than that actually’ (focus it could be a lot earlier I think Whatever about your lifetime, group 1). that a hard border the opinion express this report, elsewhere in as discussed others, Still Good Friday Agreement and related rights and freedoms. would constitute a violation of the a severe loss of trust in the British government or in the A set of responses articulate functioning a of absence the to connect some which fact a – large at establishment political concerning for those unionist This view is particularly in Stormont. Assembly and Executive a hard Irish as one survey respondent described the case, voters who perceived this to be incompetent, and self-destructive ‘It would be the stupidest, most border caused by Brexit: (R323). has enacted on one of its member regions’ action that any UK government trust in both British and Northern Ireland politicians as well Again, the question of loss of disinterested in in particular are either ignorant of, as the opinion that British politicians and individual in fact, both, was an oft repeated theme in focus groups Northern Ireland or, of participants discussing the expected in the context interviews, and arose spontaneously on the border region: effects of Brexit the political side of it, there are MPs [MLAs] that are after getting paid for the last ‘On even form a government, an Assembly in three years for doing nothing. They wouldn’t money think I differently. it at look would they money, the getting weren’t they If north. the all They party. talking about any particular sides. I’m not in it, on both plays a major role arguing about trivial things. There has to sat on their hands and came up with excuses, be a middle ground’ (focus group 5). Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit responses to the prospect of a hard border. An interviewee explains that explains interviewee An border. hard a of prospect the to responses ‘political’

Alongside the big environmental and economic and practical concerns, there are inevitably Alongside the big environmental highly that many felt was being made under the 1998 has tripped up the general progress Brexit once more on the constitutional status of Northern Ireland, Agreement by renewing focus opinion: about which there is such differing the direction of for a significant spanner in the works has done is thrown ‘What Brexit And … as a border community brought to society. travel that the Good Friday Agreement again. question national the on focused increasingly become has discourse political the That leads to increasing uncertainty’ (interview 5). research, where we noted This renewed focus on the national question is reflected in this rounds the previous in matter than the on commenting of participants proportion a greater state their opinion as to of research in the region. A portion of survey respondents either that a hard border will lead to Irish the expectation or simply express the need for Irish unity, or a natural response to a unification – and some view this as unequivocally a good thing (R17). This view ‘I would become proactive in seeking a United Ireland’ e.g. hard border, participants: was articulated in greater depth by some of our focus group That Ireland? new is a Ireland, what of type what conversation, a long going to be ‘It’s before Brexit. It wasn’t is now an everyday conversation with people that I’m meeting. were banging our head against the wall, as republicans. We The anticipated political consequences The anticipated of a hard border A focus group participant elucidates another consequence of a jurisdictional border simply simply border jurisdictional a of consequence another elucidates participant group focus A contain many risks: being unable to Emissions is the issue of ammonia emissions. that people are facing example simple ‘A be to going you’re So, borders. political any recognise don’t cattle, comefrom which complying with going to be south, you’re strategies and in the different developing two all-island an need to going you’re that something there’s regulations…so and laws EU border the of south the in say emissions, those Potentially issue. that tackle to strategy penalised and then you’re getting farmers up the emissions in the north could be putting They are big, critical issues for us’ disease and all of that. the same with rivers…fish ... It’s (focus group 4).

A Harder Border Harder A 38 A Harder Border 41 (R170). These arguments could be seen as demonstration of the fact that some see Brexit as as demonstration of the fact that some see Brexit These arguments could be seen Whilst this is answer rather than an ideological one. making Irish unification a pragmatic the findings of this report, it is noteworthy that there were far from a dominant narrative in surveys two previous our in than vein in this responses more significantly proportionately is in part because there is a common perception among of this type in the region. This region depend on unlimited of life in the border aspects our respondents that multiple data, and goods animals, people, from – everything of movement cross-border for ability and ability to access of qualifications recognition the associated rights and to citizens’ UK the for challenge The pensions. and benefits, and security social healthcare, education, such cross-border movement and EU negotiators has been preserving the conditions for frontier of the EU. even as the border becomes an external and parties would, it could be argued, actively wish to see Brexit make a major impact on a major make see Brexit actively wish to be argued, would, it could and parties life there. for Irish poll and possible preparation mind, the matter of a border with this in Possibly in 20 respondents) (by about 1 in occasions of mentioned on a number was unification border the for issues important any are there whether asking question survey the to answer to address. Examples include: not been covered and they wished region that had for a united Ireland’ (R3) planning ‘Government think the British or Irish Governments discussed in the media, I don’t it is being ‘Although Ireland and how it is the best chance for the seriously the idea of a re-united have taken drawn plans and discussion some see to like would I survive. to Ireland of island whole (R92) to address this’ up between the two governments means to Ireland and the UK’ need to start thinking of what reunification ‘We Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit ‘4 in 10 mainland Britons don’t care about Northern Ireland’, the respondent wryly Northern about care don’t Britons mainland 10 in ‘4

Another focus group participant in Pettigo summarised the lessons that have to be learned to be learned lessons that have the summarised in Pettigo focus group participant Another in on politics bemoans the impact of Brexit process about cooperation and from the peace Northern Ireland: sit to stop fighting, we’ve end of the day, thing we have learned – at the one ‘There’s table into the done here is throw the and sort it out. I mean what they’ve around a table direction. that going she’s direction; that going He’s door. the out is everyone and corner a retrogressive not the way forward. It’s her? It’s following him and who’s Who is following (focus group 4). going to do’ the economic damage it’s never mind step for society, lines. party and central local representatives of between opinions a difference there is Yet, of the border for politics and politicians from in terms of the importance More generally, a rather disparaging view: respondents in one focus group expressed Westminster, talk about the in Westminster you feel when politicians ‘Interviewer: How does that make Irish border? – and that includes those that are trying to of little consequence 1: That we’re Participant retain the border. [many] of the Conservative [party] membership also 2: It has been shown that Participant rid of Northern Ireland. That it is a ‘thorn in the side’. that it would be good to get thinks (focus group 1). Ireland than have no Brexit’ They would rather get rid of Northern group also described how little voters in Great Britain One participant in another focus as showing which was headlined Quoting a recent poll from YouGov seemed to care. that remarked: a priority at all. Even 47% of remainers ‘I think we all know that Northern Ireland isn’t have to – and they wouldn’t would rather that they got what they wanted – to remain worry about Northern Ireland’ (focus group 4). of the United Kingdom only Such a feeling of insecurity and uncertainty in the union not to and a keenness anxiety for unionists about the implications of Brexit, exacerbates right to the UK. This speaks see Northern Ireland treated differently from the rest of the parties and most process. In Northern Ireland, all political tension at the heart of the Brexit have only a fairly minimal impact to see Brexit supporters) would like voters (including Leave voters supporting Leave on the region. This is in contrast to those in Great Britain, where

A Harder Border Harder A 40 A No Deal Brexit 43 Socio-economic and practical concerns and practical Socio-economic the importance of reflecting predominate, and practical concerns First, socio-economic growth in placed on stability for economic and also the value cross-border movement tariffs. of impact the about concerns mention respondents of number large A region. the emigrate (e.g. a few predict that they will a long-lasting recession, in which Others predict it in general terms: R201). Many summarise More to local economies on both sides of the border. ‘Increased and long-term damage safe place to live and work’ (R29) patterns. Less changes to work, living and travel development and economic development. Price increases. ‘Instability for business, tourism and other products that are currently transported north and Shortages of food, medicines (R286). losses and loss of population’ south and through Britain... Job concerns: ‘It will flatten agricultural sales Farming and agri-food are frequently-mentioned 60% of their Here in Omagh our local dairy stand to lose of meat, milk and dairy produce. (R319). creating unemployment almost at once’ overseas markets in Fermanagh in a series of questions, is offered by a vet A slightly different perspective, and Omagh: I prescribe Can to me? care veterinary for their from Ireland their pets clients bring my ‘Can across this border and used in Ireland at the medications that are to be transported is northern clients happily travel to Ireland with their pets (this Can my residence? client’s in the manufactured are medicines veterinary of Lots daily routine)? clients’ of many part (R328). will these still be available?’ EU or have ingredients originating in the EU, the loss of competitiveness Also mentioned as a particular concern in Northern Ireland is trends already of Ireland; much of this view comes from vis-a-vis those in the Republic emerging and noticed: business their us send to not decide customers if under go could Deal No a in ‘Business potential clients already. as we [in NI will be] outside EU which has already stopped new is built on free is not good for business on the border or in Ireland and my business Brexit movement across Ireland and UK’ (R315). Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

(R326).

The risks of a No Deal The risks UK divorce agreement (needed to see the of a No Deal: no withdrawal There are two risks which would provide the legal treaty, sure footing) and no future the EU on a legally was conducted The survey for this report relationship. foundations for the future UK-EU from the EU for the possibility of there being a No Deal exit under the shadow of a growing was in which a No Deal Brexit took place in a context UK. The focus groups and interviews seen as less likely. perceived difference between a No Deal Brexit survey respondents about the asked We is that the responses to this question show how with a Deal. One notable finding and Brexit were There Deal. No by affected being as seen are life everyday of aspects of range a wide to this question, often in the majority of responses multiple themes and issues covered Good Friday the 264: ‘Breaking is from Respondent A neat example within one answer. tourism.’ travel disruptions. Uncertainty for future on industry, and Agreement. Tariffs if you will, for the border is intertwined with the existential, This shows how the practical and all-encompassing in their responses: ‘I see it as the region. Others are more blunt in the foot and shooting yourself in the head, both will be difference in shooting yourself anyone can countenance ‘No Deal’ is beyond but how very destructive for the country, me’ in were negative, responses to this question the overwhelming As the above suggests, voters) that But there were a handful of answers (all from Leave so. many cases extremely it would be better than suggested that, although No Deal would not bring any benefits, ‘given the intransigence of not having a good deal (R32) or that it was preferable to a deal majority the summarise can we said, That secured. had May PM what and (R258) the EU’ and practical concerns, of responses here under three broad themes: socio-economic and the destabilising power of uncertainty. concerns for security, A No Deal Brexit A No Deal

A No Deal Brexit Deal No A 42 A No Deal Brexit 45 ‘We want to put in place new plans ‘We posts again, that border will split those jobs and they cross hundreds of times from one of times from cross hundreds jobs and they will split those that border posts again, that?’ (focus group 5). How do you police factory to another. working in the local conducted with someone an interview, from extract In the following rather euphemistically expressed, the threat of violence is sector, voluntary and community effects of Brexit: perceptions of the negative to the respondent’s yet is very central again … to would move back to a situation I would have is that we ‘The biggest concern interested I am it happening quickly, see And while I don’t of strife. the whole element a political It seems to me now that there’s happening at different locations. in what’s is showing its head more and more. that sort of extremism change and it appears to be people and factions who in actual fact thrive that there’s always the possibility … there’s (interview 3). strife’ when there’s in who bourgeon region border the in organisations criminal of persistent existence The community tension, and who also prosper directly from an environment of conflict and an important as research in this by participants raised frequently that is a point is smuggling, handling the consequences of Brexit. consideration when it comes to The negative effects of uncertainty The negative effects views of No an overriding theme in people’s as highlighted in our previous reports, Finally, nature of life for many in the border Given the cross-border Deal was that of uncertainty. to set out the scale of the impact of such were keen region, respondents in the survey uncertainty: will bring some certainty and allow for medium to deal, no matter how unpalatable, ‘A No deal will bring both civic and business. long term plans to be made across society, (R69). instability and chaos’ uncertainty, in other parts of the UK or, Many of the responses on this question are similar to those business: in those from particularly – Europe indeed, to see this all would like and move forward but we are in limbo at the moment. We (interview 9). finished and with a final decision being made’ region, many respondents Given the cross-border dimensions of life for many in the border practical implications for the in this research perceived a No Deal outcome in terms of very And responses to the online survey question of ‘What aspects of life for you in the border. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

Security concerns Security is if there region the border security in for expressed concerns major there are Secondly, region are conditions of the border is in part because the socio-economic a No Deal. This is fostered: environment in which terrorism connected to the and being a being a stable prosperous area is the difference between ‘[No Deal v Deal] the habits of most unfortunate to turn to place that encourages those jobless depressing the past’ (R79). example: The word ‘devastating’ appears a lot in responses; for care about us at A sense that my country didn’t ‘It would be emotionally devastating. the peace and prosperity of N.Ireland for some nebulous all and was willing to sacrifice (R13). cost us our peace’ It will “making Britain great again”. and the changed symbolic of checks, the expectation There is a connection made between expected and an the anticipation of a rise in dissident activity, practical status of the border, risk the of anticipation the in but risk the of fact the in necessarily not is It criminality. in rise of behaviour that terrorism can have its greatest impact. and in the subsequent adjustment the shadow of violence was particularly often elaborated In fact, the threat to peace and and individual interviews. Here it was specifically linked on by participants in focus groups stopping requiring border infrastructure or physical checks, to the potential for any form of experiences in related to personal find such fears are strongly people in the road. We emotionally-charged, even if the past and, as such, both generationally-specific and often with it in of both the perceived threat itself and the emotions associated they often spoke their concerns: indirect ways. Here two participants in a focus group explain people out I can assure you…there’s post put on the border here, a customs ‘If there’s only one something that cannot happen. There’s there waiting to just have a go at it. It’s on the ports and the one place for customs and that’s place for a checkpoint and there’s no from Donegal down. There’s cannot put a line around this country again, airports. You … way you could police the border. away from it, they don’t There are people talking about the border that are living on If there comes customs [controls] back a different world completely. understand it. It’s are waiting to go for it. If we have a stumbling you will breed terrorism. People this border, comes up customs there are 840 jobs. If there’s Ballyconnell, block along the border…In

A No Deal Brexit Deal No A 44 A No Deal Brexit 47 ‘We need fear and concern to be minimized. So, we need good people on the ground the on people good need we So, minimized. be to concern and fear need ‘We very important. very, It’s to border people. and can offer advice who have knowledge ground the on people good need we so form or shape some in happen to going Brexit’s the first thing I’ll the border region. That’s and we need them across and out and about, say’ (interview 5). obvious and commented upon as the most in and of itself was often uncertainty Notably, impact of Brexit: most felt actual the a big dark cloud hanging over there’s they feel almost like are very negative, ‘People their minds and a lot of questions on it’s So, so much uncertainty. border because there’s all Where’s on earth is going to happen next? What by local people like: are being asked you last night? When will this all be over? So, What did Boris Johnson mean this going? 4). (interview life’ on local here and it is having a negative effect a lot of uncertainty know, why uncertainty explains from the voluntary and community sector, Another interviewee, that in the border region: in a society like can have such a corrosive effect and worries which leads to and can lead to mistrust, and ‘Uncertainty leads to concern relationships, on impact or relationships of tapering a is say would I what increasingly, own place where and their are inclined to go back into their own selves because people And that is what I am currently seeing. … people. they are comfortable with like-minded lack of engagement and building up of has started a process of an increasing Brexit So, (interview 5). within communities’ concern between people and the responses to our Uncertainty was also a frequently mentioned concern throughout effects of Brexit in relation to the already experienced It was often expressed online survey. and seen as particularly detrimental to the economy of the region: investment significant delay to me causing is it and uncertainty enormous creating is ‘Brexit (R44) decisions’ investments with border the along business down slowing plainly is uncertainty ‘The (R258) going to be in place’ being stalled until more is known about what measures are are causing huge uncertainty and around Brexit The issues ‘I am a small beef farmer. prices I receive for my stock. As costs continue to rise for This is affecting the anxiety. This will only get worse if there is a No Deal meal, fertiliser etc my farm will not be viable. (R150). and tariffs come in’ Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

demonstrate the wide demonstrate by Brexit?’ most affected to be expect region would you border raised by such a prospect: range of issues enshrined in Human Rights) law which is threats to environmental (and ‘Environment - the a No Deal withdrawal from subject to dismissal following and may be European Law threats we many on-going environmental concerning in relation to the EU - particularly gold mining such as toxic industry extractive including those faced from the face locally, (R1). farming, etc.’ and fracking, factory – in a point that builds on from the discussion above – how Another response below shows for many dimension with another intermingled are for businesses the pragmatic concerns community safety: in the region, i.e. of it is very difficult to plan for the future in terms of certainty, a result of the lack ‘As region, ascertaining whether community safety will become continuing to live in the border Our fortunes. its improve will business family our whether determining and issue big a already a drop in the number of and we have identified family business is in hospitality, account of the political uncertainties associated with Brexit people coming to our area on (R245). it brings’ and the potential trouble that of the Irish border region – and perhaps to Northern This again points to the distinctiveness but it difficult to plan for the future, just make doesn’t Ireland more broadly: that uncertainty security of that future in the most basic terms. it also raises concerns about the as well of potential conflict and insecurity Deal brings risks Given the perception that No comes to the border region as economic challenges, the sense of hopelessness when it having any influence over this process is all the more acute: have any say in what happens in the north or in the UK – we are not involved don’t ‘We any change that happens, in that – but what we are involved in is trying to ensure that happen on the basis of an overnight That it doesn’t happens in a planned, structured way. … sensation or an overnight curtain coming down or whatever. consequences are identified Making sure that where unforeseen changes and unforeseen And no plan just means and do arise that there is a method to be able to deal with them. ensures that anything that is no plan. So, no plan. A No Deal means that there that there’s No Deal is avoided is to be welcomed’ (interview 2). information on this subject All this points to the importance of practical advice and accurate but which the vast majority of respondents feel to be scarce or entirely absent: matter,

A No Deal Brexit Deal No A 46 Responses to the Revised Withdrawal Agreement 49 Responses to the Revised to the Revised Responses Agreement Withdrawal Protocol on Ireland/ The new Northern Ireland of our fieldwork, a new UK Conservative Prime MinsterOnly two months before the beginning was negotiations of Brexit direction political the a change in that, with and, office up took withdrawal from the EU dawned and passed for the UK’s afoot. The deadline of 31 October exit for the new year. date for to be replaced by another whilst the fieldwork was underway, was reached between the UK and the EU on 17 OctoberA revised Withdrawal Agreement had direct implications for containing a new Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland which 2019, on the island of Ireland. and for avoiding a hard border of Brexit the experience Northern Ireland differently to the the Protocol avoided a hard border by treating In summary, Parliament before UK this new agreement was not ratified by the rest of the UK. However, be in an The House of Commons seemed to date at the end of October. the planned exit , PM Boris done’ Brexit slogan promise to ‘Get Under the intractable stalemate over Brexit. General Election for 12 December 2019. Johnson put the country into a been released when the online survey for this hadn’t The revised Withdrawal Agreement but all the focus groups and interviews were conducted after it was in theproject was live, views were recorded during this second phase of research regarding public domain. Various the new Protocol of this Agreement and we summarise them here. thatawareness is There deal. new the about understanding of lack overall an is there First, Protocol than to the previousalthough unionists are even more strongly opposed to this centrist parties in Northern Ireland – although it is beingnationalist and version, so too are getto struggle people that means This government. UK the as well as Irish the by supported for the border region.a clear impression of the deal, let alone to know its full implications of Brexit experience the final judgement, given from refraining in logic a certain There is also few could put store on what the final deal might look as interviewee 9 noted: ‘Very so far, . Interviewee 12 concurred: ‘I would not be surprised, if this been changing so often’ it’s like, it is changing every 3 months.’ I am not watching the news, as might change. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

This view, however, was still further sharpened and even more often shared in relation to shared in relation even more often and still further sharpened was however, This view, a No Deal Brexit: the possibility of (R21) to plan for the unknown’ without a transition period hard ‘Uncertainties, to certainty and allow for medium will bring some no matter how unpalatable, deal, ‘A and business. No deal will bring both civic to be made across society, long term plans (R69) chaos’ instability and uncertainty, EU regulations governing standards; freefall of income for ‘Increased tariffs; loss of all could impose any regulations that they want, NI farmers; uncertainty; UK government (R226). exporting’ especially regarding import and survey indicate that uncertainty is not just a condition but Overall, responses to our online In fact, it is these effects that are so in that it is having direct effects. a force in and of itself, is having. The possibility of forms of impact that Brexit far the most tangible and concrete this sense of uncertainty in the border region has served to exacerbate a No Deal Brexit and experience has already had on some people’s Brexit and thus increase the impact that decision-making.

A No Deal Brexit Deal No A 48 Responses to the Revised Withdrawal Agreement 51 For here, it’s the least crappy deal out of all the crappy deals. As for the rest of the UK, I UK, the of rest the for As deals. crappy the all of out deal crappy least the it’s here, For there is bad. But I believe Brexit As for the rest, very happy either. isn’t know that Scotland (focus group 2). just fact’ that’s has to be a border, Agreement than a No Deal, this Withdrawal view that, although it is better There is a common still threatening because it is seen as to the border region. This is specifically is still damaging the threat have reawakened it is seen as also managing to Moreover, a form of hard Brexit. than republicanism. rather of loyalism the part on particularly this time only of violence, for unionism, participants of the difficulties among our research There is clear recognition region: including those in the Irish border it’s on the border region. However, have any impact are being told that it won’t ‘We minds and psychology of unionism. That is a concern. Yes, clearly had an impact on the told by PM Johnson that there would not be a hard we are being that is a concern. So, any impact. But we are being told by unionism that it is border and that would not have having a negative their place in a United Kingdom… It’s damaging for them in terms of impact on a sizeable number of having a negative It’s psychology. impact on people’s sense of place and sense of belonging’ (interview 5). psychology and their people’s and symbolic and social and political ramifications There are therefore wider psychological Indeed, a border of a hard Irish land border. from the prospect from this, just as there are no matter to identity, peace and to as a challenge is seen and Ireland the UK between where it is: challenge to identity that comes with that. It’s the the imposition of a border and it’s ‘It’s change and a wholesale It’s taking away freedoms and how you live your normal life. Fermanagh or a sea border, irrespective of whether the border is here in Cavan with That new border that is being considered, going to have a huge impact on life here. it’s to the loyalist and unionist the ramifications of that and the concern that that causes communities in Northern Ireland’ (focus group 5). in that there is a lot still to be The revised Protocol is viewed as perpetuating uncertainty and when it comes to its practical implementation decided and made clear after Brexit costs: how will cross-border opportunities and projects like ‘But there is still a lot of uncertainty, What will this for EU funding? be affected? Will Northern Ireland projects still be eligible and opportunities that have mean for developing cross-border tourism relationships (interview 11). on for some time?’ been worked Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

To an extent, there is also a lack of real interest in the detail of the deal. This is in part the deal. This in the detail of of real interest is also a lack there extent, an To in part due (judging and due to Brexit-weariness comments made in the focus by various Brexit. government ministers regarding to a loss of trust in British groups and interviews) regarding the interpretations and slogans rise to the view that political This has given value. at face be taken border region cannot the Ireland and on Northern effects Protocol’s Given last word on Brexit. sense that this will not be the there is also a strong Furthermore, a harder Irish engage with the prospect of border region have had to that people in the also point to the unsurprising that our respondents it is perhaps Brexit, land border through : of a so-called ‘Irish Sea border’ potential impact of in the Irish sea …I think as a matter or checks at the border ‘The questions of checks from Europe that will have repercussions. It happens and we pull away fact when Brexit (interview 3). must have’ did not resolve all issues in relation to to note that the Protocol were also keen Participants the movement potential of additional uncertainty vis-à-vis the Irish border and that, with the interviewee one from contribution This concerns. new were there Sea, Irish the across to the health sector in Northern Ireland: spells this out clearly with regard with regard For example, a challenge. between countries could become ‘Regulations trying to work across jurisdictions. Irish and EU legislation to regulatory hours for those to this consultant may be asked And yet Letterkenny. would apply to a consultant from there may be divergences Ireland and where after Brexit, work in Altnagelvin in Northern delivery. could impact on service This example in how such legislation applies. from UK to Ireland or vice A border down the Irish Sea might impact on drugs moving versa and where standards would then be different’ (interview 8). who was rather sanguinely This was elaborated further by a person in one focus group, Prime Ireland) and that, in their view, means a border with the EU (i.e. noting that Brexit down the Irish Sea: Minister Johnson had gone against his word and put that border think there are any opportunities coming out of Brexit I don’t agree with Brexit. ‘I don’t if apart from maybe the smugglers... There has to be a border somewhere whatsoever, or a No Deal. under a deal the UK is going to leave the European Union, whether that’s It has to be across Ireland or it has to be in the sea… think the government in the sea [in this Withdrawal Agreement], I don’t The fact that it’s Boris, gets in the way. really cares. The north is a bit of an annoying thing that always put the border down the Irish Sea. has after saying he wouldn’t,

Responses to the Revised Withdrawal Agreement Withdrawal Revised the to Responses 50 Responses to the Revised Withdrawal Agreement 53 Another interviewee summed up the bottom line: up the bottom interviewee summed Another not in any comes out of this will that whichever arrangement ‘I hope very sincerely been well and truly very reason, and it’s result in lives being lost. For that shape or form on the island resembling a hard border not want to see anything remotely discussed, I do before and in the North from what went The scars are still very much of Ireland again. (interview 9). South also’ many are in the Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

Uncertainty is perpetuated by the new deal in another way too, in that people’s trust of trust people’s in that way too, deal in another by the new is perpetuated Uncertainty been strained by the has in Westminster) the political leadership politicians (particularly of the whole topic: process and the handling Brexit just that generally people here London much uncertainty coming from got so ‘You’ve you find that the going and then know which way it’s don’t believe, know what to don’t somebody… you know, So, one another. are actually contradicting political leadership not the case and else says oh, that’s says something and somebody Boris Johnson (interview 4). confused border region’ very and that just leads to a very, contradicts him of to drive south we going to have [or] are to drive to Enniskillen we going to have ‘Are Who knows. The uncertainty is absolutely horrendous. Ballyshannon to clear our goods? well, there secretary coming out and saying of the Brexit And when you have the likes the PM GB into NI, and then NI into GB and from going out from goods with will be checks you know? Do they know what’s the fool here, who’s none, gets up and says there will be for themselves to say want what they saying are They do. they believe don’t I happening? give a damn’ here in the North in particular – they don’t regardless of what the person (focus group 3). in the not to have reassured many people the new Protocol appears in that sense, So, some wariness about the messages express disruption, still border region: they still expect political leaders, and still feel uncertain and uninformed, they have received from some the (re)emergence of any border makes harm. Similarly, which in and of itself only causes who explained well by one interviewee, This is tangible. differences more visible and means for community relations not just trade – regardless summarises what a harder border of whether it be a sea or a land border: are wondering, of the border again. People ‘This process is highlighting the existence we will have to identify It all feels that ‘how will this affect us and our relationships?’ we are going It feels like ourselves again, whereas before this issue had been lessened. don’t People process. peace the on impact may this that is concern the and backwards there is the real question about so much but not being talked want to raise this and so it’s (interview 7). about how this might impact on the peace process’

Responses to the Revised Withdrawal Agreement Withdrawal Revised the to Responses 52 The Views of Leave Supporters 55 ‘A hard border is a unicorn; ‘A But others, as seen in the example below, see the very possibility of restrictions to cross- of restrictions see the very possibility below, the example as seen in But others, as a positive development: Brexit border travel after in the resulting in the first pay rises the number of migrant workers ‘It has reduced (R196). a decade’ manufacturing sector for almost engineering and ), respondent 402 and never will. How and who can implement one?’ never existed it’s a border and thus negate believes that technology can remove any visible effects of such hard border would its effects: ‘If using modern technology for customs while crossing it, [a mean] Nothing.’ Views on a hard border Views on Leave-voting respondents when it comes opinion among our There is a significant range of Irish land border would mean to them. A portion of them to the question of what a hard could it that doubt much very and exist could border hard a that disbelief strong express ever happen in reality: border’ (R58) believe there will be a hard ‘I don’t is more traffic heading North to purchase goods than ‘I doubt much will happen. There only be of benefit to local businesses including my own’ the other way around. This can (R392) (R310) possible’ believe a hard border is physically ‘I don’t a load of crap with the media and - I believe it’s think very much will be affected ‘I don’t before joining the EU and will continue dealt with the South the EU fear mongering. We prosper more outside of I believe we’ll Personally, to do so regardless of the outcome. will interests at heart and only a hard Brexit believe the EU has the UK’s …I don’t the EU. they’d any sense they’d leave cure it. [The] South of Ireland will suffer more than us and if (R475). too’ the view that a hard border cannot exist to this, while respondent 377 expresses Related (e.g. it implement to able be or want will side no because Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

Leave supporters and this survey and this supporters Leave this research, despite our best represented in supporters are not proportionately Leave spectrum full the across people from possible as participation much as encourage to efforts how interviewees or participants group focus ask not did We subject. the on views of were there and supporters), Leave were they that disclosed some (although voted they As a proportion of who completed the survey. respondents out of the 475 41 Leave-voting voters in 2016, Leave a vote at the time of the referendum the 312 respondents who had their responses and care to analyse have taken We represent 13% of the survey sample. of answers They do differ in some significant ways from the majority report on them here. given to our questions. has that it say 41 of the 24 already, Brexit of effects the to experiencing comes it When Most of those who say it has impacted upon them say this had no impact on them so far. of sterling encouraging shoppers from south devaluation has been in positive ways (e.g. has had a negative effect say Brexit respondents of the border). Only four Leave-voting being investments e.g. uncertainty, effects of the to in relation is primarily and this so far, respondents in our survey Just one of the Leave-voting put on hold and increased prices. regret at voting Leave. expresses answers to the question of ‘What aspects of life respondents’ Notable in Leave-voting is the fact to be most affected by Brexit?’ for you in the border region would you expect as posing a risk to the respondents, they also perceive Brexit that, as with Remain-voting present-day levels of freedom of movement in the border region: is psychological need. ‘Freedom to travel round the land of our birth without restriction three is direction one in border the - unacceptable are kind any of restrictions Border (R17). acceptable on any level-self explanatory!’ miles from where I live- NOT risk]’ (R257). freely in my own country [is at ‘Travelling The Views of Leave Supporters of Leave The Views

The Views of Leave Supporters Leave of Views The 54 The Views of Leave Supporters 57 (R308). Others are wary of giving an opinion, citing the lack of sufficient information currently opinion, citing the lack of sufficient information currently Others are wary of giving an border. available on the future Brexit option than No Deal associate the latter with a wide range Those who view a deal as a better as from economic impacts (‘It’ll cripple the local economy of negative effects. These range (‘The potential [R34]) to the possibility of violence so dependent on cross-border trade’ it’s [R7]). Indeed, the perception as a response to hard Brexit’ for increased dissident activity and unpredictable is reflected in a few responses from that the impact could be broad respondents regarding what a No Deal would mean: Leave-voting disaster for businesses best inconvenience over border crossing; at worst economic ‘At in the area’ (R475) will importantly and most economy border life, work, social travel, daily restrict ‘It will [R17). highlight long forgotten tension’ Views on a No Deal Brexit Views on respondents in this around half of the Brexit, to the prospect of a No Deal When it comes a deal and a is no difference between suggest either that there Leave survey who voted (and included No Deal is a better option for the border region, or that No Deal scenario that Irish nationalist opinions suggesting views of No Deal are two among these positive of a harder closer). As with the prospect would bring a united Ireland such a situation have that No Deal really will of these respondents are sceptical a high proportion border, much effect on the border region: UK border is UK border’ (R133) see a difference. ‘Don’t on the put checks if you could call it that. If the UK doesn’t ‘No one wants a hard border (R402) border will the EU do the same?’ than any other part of the UK’ will suffer but Ni will be no different ‘Republic Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives (R196). The Border into Brexit

However, the much greater proportion of responses to this question comes from those from comes question this to responses of proportion greater much the However, negative consequences for the region. These are framed who see a hard border as having Remain- the with (as are that issues of range a cover and perspective practical a from largely delays, travel and daily life, voting respondents), very wide-ranging, such as disruption to prices rises, and securitisation/militarisation of the border: and financial burdens ‘Extra time spent on administration, waiting times at border (R472) associated with above’ (R457) ‘The end of freedom to travel north to south’ better together’ (R392) ‘It will put an end of a generation of progress in trade and growing (R466) ‘Disaster for social and commercial cohesion’ (R165). ‘Violence’ Another group of five respondents suggest that a hard border would mean checks (be they (be mean checks border would that a hard suggest group of five respondents Another not will it that or thing, positive a either is this that view the share but customs) or passport lives: affect their personal there was no problem’ the old customs border and I remember border. ‘It will be a customs (R463) to be honest’ (R257) see what the fuss is about can’t with a hard border, ‘I have no issue (R52). to stop illegal immigrants and to protect British trade’ ‘Better control of security and respondents appear that a small minority of our Leave-voting It is important to acknowledge the view that a hard border position, and they express to come from an Irish nationalist When unification, which they see as a positive outcome. would spur momentum for Irish them, they answer: what a hard border would mean for asked in North of Ireland’ (R3) rule an end to Westminster ‘More determined to work for a United Ireland – [a hard border] is not acceptable’ ‘I would become proactive in seeking (R17) occupation and a new intensity to end it’ ‘The remanifestation of British

The Views of Leave Supporters Leave of Views The 56 The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced 59 What have you done/planned as a result of Brexit? What have you done/planned to do/plan as a result of Brexit? What have you not been able

This was in order to cover the fact that Brexit could mean people having to do or prepare do or to having people could mean that Brexit fact the cover to order was in This and it could mean people not doing need not have done, for things that they otherwise About 1 in 5 of the online survey respondents say done. what they would otherwise have EU). the in still was UK the asking of time the (at impact an noticed yet not have they that from impact direct a of examples specific recount respondents of majority the However, that they have already noticed. Brexit The Impact of Brexit of Brexit The Impact Experienced Already been having an impact in the has already previous report that Brexit Knowing from our respondents had examples of how (if in any ways) for specific we asked border region, This took the form of two questions: been affected. f f work and investment Impact on business, Perhaps most on their work and business. effects of Brexit Many people commented on the redundancies: this includes several reports of strikingly, pulled out of NI moved job to the EU’ (R101) Company last year. my job ‘Lost ‘I have been made redundant’ (R377) ‘Will have to be laid off from work’ (R157) (R473). redundancies’ ‘Staff points to the pre-emptive One respondent described his redundancy in a way that in the border region untenable: certain businesses would make anticipation that Brexit majority European made redundant. business decision by large employer... ‘Already (R19). profitable’ apparently our plant was still customer base.. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit person’ in terms of politicians per an over represented country ‘we are already

It is also worth noting that, just as with respondents from all perspectives, there are a from all perspectives, noting that, just as with respondents It is also worth question of political voters in response to the the Leave among expressed variety of views not see a need for a greater 1 in 8 do for the border region after Brexit. representation commenting one present, at exists than region the for representation of form different or that as noted elsewhere in this report, it is widely held among (R143). A few share the view that, what will matter is the quality of representation, which needs respondents to this survey that to be ‘better’, not the nature of it. or representation British-Irish of a joint refer to some sort respondents 1 in 5 Leave-voting including two respondents who suggests that of the EU, one that involves representatives both north/south and British/Irish, is necessary: more formal cross-border cooperation, to oversee and find a best possible and sustainable long ‘Dedicated cross border body (R93) it seems, is becoming a problem’ term solution to what once again cross and level government national at Ireland UK and between representation lateral ‘Bi (R7). border local authority engagement’ in Northern local Assembly and Executive a resolute desire for a functioning Others express there is scope for greater involvement by local authorities. It Ireland and some suggest that representation political in confidence of no a vote cast participants a few worth noting that is from sectors such as at all, suggesting instead that there is scope for wider representation or even a greater role for the police service. the business community, an interesting supporters in this survey reveals Analysis of the responses from Leave in the supporters supporters, as well as among Remain diversity of opinion among Leave on the (e.g. regarding Brexit border region. It also shows that uncertainty and lack of detail about the future. revised Protocol) also acts as a dampener on their confidence Preferences for representation for the for the for representation Preferences region after Brexit border

The Views of Leave Supporters Leave of Views The 58 The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced 61 of such calculations is complicated yet crucial. People in the of such calculations is complicated yet crucial. People ‘people dimension’ ‘terrified’ is the word they would use. They are mainly large, unionist dairy farmers. Quite farmers. Quite unionist dairy are mainly large, They would use. is the word they ‘terrified’ (focus group 1). happen’ consequences of what might terrified of the on the business impact of Brexit example of the wider gave a specific And an interviewee and anticipated: both already experienced sector, industry. for local (Irish) to put it mildly, situation has been worrying, rate ‘The exchange in certainly in the event of a Hard Brexit, that sterling would fall rapidly It is expected going into cause problems for any product and that would obviously the initial stages, challenge’ a real be would of Brexit, a result as rate in the exchange fall further A Britain. (interview 9). survey of deals falling through including those given in the There are also many examples sample: small a is Here jobs. of offering and houses of selling businesses, farming to relating (R6) ‘Investment in business on hold’ due to on disposable income impact of home. value fall in move. house ‘Fallen through rate] drop in £ [sterling]’ (R81) [exchange It will have job security. I now don’t My job is EU funded, may impact my job. ‘Brexit From paying my mortgage to my aspect of my life. therefore impact on every single own peace of mind’ (R383) education and my children’s to take is not willing in the north, so employer I live because ’Had [a job offer] withdrawn work in EU’ (R420) the risk I’ll be able to travel and is over’ (R333). Brexit ‘I need to buy farm machinery but will not do anything until have had to explains that decisions Another respondent working in the financial sector exit occurring on the specified of Brexit be based on their assessment as to the likelihood risking costly miscalculations: date, is a No have had to put serious plans into our business to accommodate us if there ‘We However we work in pushed the button as yet until we know for definite. haven’t Deal. We of renewal therefore insurance and we have to issue renewal notices 30 days in advance October and not the 31st’ (R57). arrangements from the 1st of we have to make The on their daily might have a direct impact border region have had to consider how Brexit Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

In fact, 1 in 10 respondents to the survey describe a change in business plans as a result plans as a change in business describe a to the survey in 10 respondents In fact, 1 Northern into the to import planning no longer as examples covers such This of Brexit. that in Northern Ireland. The fact or delaying investment from EU countries, Ireland market is Ireland Northern in as border the of side southern the on much as felt be can impact this from one focus group: seen in this comment know They don’t have slowed down expansion. of our businesses and factories lot ‘A they ago, going to affect them. Five years is going to go or how this is what way this but that has slowed down. If nearly every month, ahead and expanding were ploughing happen. won’t it slows down, job expansions [advice] but work to give small businesses done Trojan I know our [Irish] government has businesses around here do a lot of business in Northern they are still worried… A lot of another spending and out going about worried be they’d I think and England and Ireland (focus group [without knowing] which way does this go?’ half a million or another million, 5). and factor fear on business as being ‘the the effects of Brexit One interviewee (11) describes example, As an there is a nervousness about future investments. a lack of confidence… an in debt a with saddled being fearing plans, investment curtailed has business one uncertain market.’ and retraction are particularly evident in the agricultural Examples of delayed investment sector: the As farmers our future. and on daily lives impact on our negative has a major ‘Brexit level. If any at diversification in or investment expansion for not allow does uncertainty we [Common Agricultural Policy] subsidies are not maintained at current levels of CAP Disadvantaged [Severely as land here is mostly [designated as] SDA will not survive, plans as threat we would have continued our expansion Area]. …If there was no Brexit was before 2016’ (R362). on those who are impact of the uncertainty described the in a focus group A participant particularly in the border region and in agriculture: to Brexit, most exposed the main reason I wanted to ‘I have a chartered accountancy practice in Mid Ulster and is that] …I have a practice of 500 clients: a lot of come today [to attend the focus group, A real broad mix of farmers, a lot of builders, a lot of engineers, engineering companies. word I think the with bank loans… bigger farmers with the farmers, In particular, clientele.

The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced Experienced Already Brexit of Impact The 60 The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced 63 Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives restrictions on EU workers coming in to NI, industry is facing a resourcing cliff edge. Fewer Fewer cliff edge. a resourcing industry is facing coming in to NI, on EU workers restrictions in the leading to economic depression in means potential factory closure, people coming area’ (R12). Ireland are experiencing other EU countries in Northern people from unsurprisingly, Perhaps (12) working in the migrant as this interviewee force already, as a highly significant Brexit community explained: have been really happen. People know what will they don’t are really confused, ‘People on their plans.’ has impacted - Brexit returning to their home countries such that representation political of lack acute the given poignant particularly is This individuals have in these circumstances: and spend in the local yet they pay taxes a vote, have ‘Migrant communities don’t (interview 12). them’ They are speechless on the big decisions affecting economy. consequences, regardless of the these decisions will have long-term As we discuss below, UK/EU relationship. final outcome from the changed interviewees from the business consequences of Brexit, In outlining the current and future the situation of trying to deal with what it has been like sector also took care to explain to that could be seen and expansion a hiatus and lag in planning . This indicates ‘limbo’ will mean to this is particularly notable given what Brexit have actually had an effect. This business: have been putting in place We organised locally. have gone to seminars on Brexit ‘We limbo, in are we minute the at But outlay. financial some involved has this and plans new and have done as much as we can. to NI exporting from beyond markets, our expand we have to would mean that Brexit will have to delivery routes. We This will mean widening and to consider new markets. and consider employing new staff. research and development examine moment. want to put in place new plans and move forward. But we are in limbo at the We (interview 1). made’ to see this all finished and with a final decision being would like We business side of is echoed by another interviewee working on the This type of experience the agri-food sector in Ireland: The Border into Brexit (R15) and a reduction in the pool of in the and a reduction (R15) ‘families leaving’ (R21), emigration’ ‘likely

life and then make decisions or adjustments accordingly. For example, a British citizen citizen a British For example, accordingly. adjustments decisions or make then life and and the Ireland summarises the spread and working in the NHS in Northern living in Ireland such uncertainty: consequence of British citizen]. of living in Donegal [as a an Irish passport after 30 years ‘I am applying for occupational no control over – my British about other things so have …I’ve been worrying I can still recognized, whether to be will continue my qualifications pension, whether the border to work in Dublin [crossing HSE [in the ROI], how will I travel apply for jobs in that I might level job in my field in NI applied for a senior route]. I haven’t in the shortest (R24). have without Brexit’ investment or spending plans. These also describe withholding of personal Respondents buying a house to going on holiday, kitchen one’s range from anything from renovating Specific loan. a out taking or border), of the side other the on exclusively not but (especially making people to led have that Brexit of consequences the about concerns of examples problems in data sharing, in recruiting employees, and these negative decisions include of sterling. A good illustration of this is from a business the downside of the devaluation person based in Northern Ireland: and UK. But now with Brexit USA Ireland, France, data from ‘I own a business and take to receive this information/data from all my EU Clause Contract I need a Standard customers from sending us their business deterring these customers outside the UK. It’s and the cost I may have to open a premise in Ireland and data and looking elsewhere. associated with that’ (R315). of a loss of business comes from this vet in Fermanagh and Omagh: Another example have who clients many have already certainly We everything… affect will controls ‘Border border controls to visit our made it clear that they are not willing to bring their pet through These clients care they have. vets, even though we are the closest emergency veterinary in Ireland [on southern side have already requested their notes be sent to another vets of the border]’ (R328). interviews and groups focus survey, the in responses of number a by raised issue Another Northern Ireland, on reducing the availability of labour in is the long-term effects of Brexit including migrant workers seeking employment: migrant workers food processing is heavily dependent on particularly ‘The Craigavon industrial base, / turnover and in the event of a hard Brexit The workforce has a high migrant labour.

The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced Experienced Already Brexit of Impact The 62 The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced 65 (R17). ‘I think that following the Good Friday Agreement that most people thought ‘that’s the thought ‘that’s most people Agreement that Good Friday that following the ‘I think and cross- and doing their business and got on with living as normal end of that problem’ ordinary political stuff and Do partnership. friends [and] cross-border border work and to it a big threat There’s this; it has not gone. reawakens But Brexit promote the projects. be vigilant’ (focus group 1). we have to there, working away from back-to-back there has been a movement the past years ‘Over that changes, this of any If manner. integrated an in and collaboratively working towards (interview 8). would be a regression’ socio-political or communal tensions that persist in the The second is in relation to the think that it would be topic: ‘I didn’t polarising is largely seen as a divisive, region. Brexit an in effects negative particularly has This 1). group (focus so oppositional’ It’s so binary. Ireland, and who abstained in One respondent living in Northern already-divided society. in these stark terms: the impact of Brexit the 2016 referendum, described untold stress. My Protestant work colleagues are openly ‘It is causing me and my family saving the union whilst the Catholic staff try not to say supportive of the No Deal and I am actively seeking work opportunities in ROI’ much to avoid tensions building. And it would be remiss not to recognise that such tensions and differences can be fuelled that such tensions and differences can be fuelled And it would be remiss not to recognise on both sides. No doubt because of the by paramilitary organisations and exploited about the revised Withdrawal Agreement, publicly in Northern Ireland concerns expressed in Caledon: was mentioned in focus groups. For example, the spectre of loyalist violence not paramilitaries and it’s ‘There have been very dangerous comments from loyalist going to blow up the south. surprising that they’re doing that and threatening that they’re sadly mean that we haven’t What is worrying is the lack of reaction to that. Does that That the establishments, the governments, the police, moved on an awful lot in 20 years? destroying They’re recruiting”. working away there, the military are saying “they’re unionist and loyalist in interest an taking is nobody that sad communities…it’s own their communities that are worse off probably now than ever’ (focus group 1). be to change the in a nutshell, according to many respondents, will The effect of Brexit effects for politics and direction of travel for Britain, and this is viewed as having knock-on felt insecurity the deepening In particular, identity as well as economics in Northern Ireland. in a focus group: by one participant by some unionists in Northern Ireland is well expressed So that’s unionists away. ‘They [the UK political establishment] are quite happy to cut want us anymore. don’t The UK anymore?’ them ask ‘who do we belong to bound to make Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

Impact on social relations and connections Impact on social is already having in the border on social relations that Brexit There are two types of impact have been that they report Some and planning. to daily life regard The first is with region. in a way that minimises or place of study, residency, considering a change in employment, In relation to this, many describe personal/family decisions the need for cross-border travel. of Brexit: in expectation threat Brexit to due NI in education level 3rd do to not decided have children my of ‘Two making the brain drain from as they want to remain connected to Europe - this threat is (R38). border counties even worse than it was’ known in the past in the Such decisions are reminiscent of the ‘back to back’ experience competing interests on either border region, with the sense of there being different if not only was This concerns. common to approach joined-up a lacking and border, the of side the normalisation of cross- overcome by the slow embedding of the peace process and well in one of the focus border relations. This process – and the threat to it - was described groups: There is a certain weariness with the continuing uncertainty. People are saying ‘I wish this are saying ‘I wish People uncertainty. with the continuing a certain weariness There is goes it is on a limb if [Brexit] one… The food industry is the big very soon’. would be over in Ireland is really concerned. The entire food sector of a hard Brexit. ahead in the form know what Many don’t in business are afraid. People has become greater. The weariness (interview 9). plans’ are changing existing to do and some carefully-built already means an eroding of goes on to note that this This interviewee Irish land and sea border: businesses across the relationships between from the continent, and those businesses are now sourcing suppliers ‘For example, go To years with UK and NI suppliers have now gone. relationships built up over many is particularly challenging for small Irish speaking markets further afield into non-English (interview 9). exporters’ damaged by just business relations that people are concerned could be it is not Of course, as we discuss in the section below. Brexit,

The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced Experienced Already Brexit of Impact The 64 Looking Ahead 67 , as a respondent from focus group focus from respondent a as , consequences’ ‘unintended Looking Ahead Looking interrelated of the The complexity of Brexit consequences is that ‘Brexit’ data from this project is very striking across all the research One thing that is of the issues that arise reflects timeframes. The complexity not viewed in singular terms or the region. These in turn are signs of integration in that exists the connectivity and sensitivity the UK and Ireland, as well as across the Irish border itself. that have happened between the issues under set headings because so many issues it is difficult to categorise And so, concern is best summarised as being greatest people’s are closely interrelated. In fact, of reaction chain a of one to name three aspects of life in the respondents when the survey asked 1 put it. And so, the range of areas covered are very by Brexit, to be affected border region that they expect of the range of interrelated and complex is a good illustration illuminating. This example for people in the border region: issues that arise from Brexit infrastructure physical through go to having of prospect The border. the spans family My ‘1. about bad dreams and having flashbacks I’m me. re-traumatising already is visit them to again. the British army terrorising us brothers who play in England frequently have matches matches and my 2. I go to GAA there? going to happen here in Ireland - what’s collapse of farming in the 3. I’m not a farmer but I’m seriously worried about the possible of us as agriculture is such north and the widespread consequences that will have on all a big part of our economy’ (R426). in consequences was also well articulated by participants nature of Brexit The web-like would bring – effects that people fear Brexit focus groups. Here the multitude of negative – are enumerated in detail from terrorism and violence to loss of business and EU funding comments: in two participants’ to going is Ireland in business every hit, be to going is border the along business ‘Every I’m in the farming have to start filling in all this paperwork. if they be hit the same way, probably 75% of their product business. …For one of the biggest dairies in the country, Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

We decided we don’t want to be part of the EU. We want the union at all costs. … So, it’s it’s … So, union at all costs. want the We EU. be part of the want to we don’t decided We around making people turn … It’s people. This whole thing is alienating alienating people. … It is forcing people into Who can I rely on?’. my friends anymore? and say ‘who are out as a theoretical economic started think they should be in. …this corners that I don’t (focus group Unless it gets resolved’ us here. got really dangerous for it’s argument [but] 4). for communities in the border a fear of associated isolation others emphasise More broadly, and that comes within the UK north and south – and isolation region of all backgrounds, and economic spheres: Ireland and across social, political our lives, travel, leisure and business. major part of a major, ‘[I fear] Isolation from Ireland – in worked Having UK. the of rest the in people the from isolation further feel I also And everyday person has no knowledge of Northern Ireland, England, I truly realised how the was part of the UK! with many noteven knowing it and services become less and less attractive to Our products going to improve. This isn’t UK customers. both southern customers and business my for items courier to prices that told been have I month past the in times Three (R328). completely unjustifiable to order these items’ have tripled in costs making it a of threat the and cohesion community to challenges increasing are there fear Others others see it as already occurring: Some fear this for the future, resurgence of violence. for shopping & social events, as often as I would like ‘Not visiting Northern Ireland, (R255) because of rising social tensions’ it harder to cross the border. ‘Fear of being divided again, it controlling us and leaving (R48) Also the fear of violence starting up again’ scares. bomb other and area our in bomb one had already have we - concerns ‘Safety daily a on about think to have not UK do the of parts other that fear life real a is This (R328). basis’ tensions and violence Again, it is important to remember that the fears of isolation, are not completely by participants in this research in the Central Border Region expressed that for and memories abstract or academic concerns – they arise from lived experience many remain vivid and real.

The Impact of Brexit Already Experienced Experienced Already Brexit of Impact The 66 Looking Ahead 69 (focus group 1). The fact that this issue is not confined to just one sector or industry but has knock-on but has knock-on sector or industry to just one is not confined that this issue The fact one focus group participant: public sector is articulated by effects into the our newcomer of the border and that’s that straddles both sides ‘There is one issue of this. Large I just wonder what they think very much in this area. families and they’re If they start area. in the Dungannon newcomer families, particularly schools that have watching leave their jobs. They are and classroom assistants may teachers to leave, the how big that community is on know of all this. I don’t what to make and wondering in large numbers support the agri-food industry they of the border…but southern side have Some time. long a here been have some … them. without it do couldn’t we here, I’m concerned for their wellbeing’ started their own businesses. can be felt across generations, but particularly experience As those comments showed, this at school level: among the young. For example, of those rural areas where people live because they ‘It will, I think, accelerate the decline because they want to do a bit of farming, you live, because their relative want to live, their kids grow up there. the land, want to have want to keep know, That could just as easily go the other way, had increasing rural numbers. Our school’s generation that lived in because people of my in a small rural school. That’s you know, their families and they want to support that. But, equally, England have come back to have could get up and go again if they decide ‘80s. People it did in the ‘70s and it could go like and, are closing schools and the declining services are and the there jobs aren’t the effect on the population of people’ and that could have another generational you know, (focus group 3). , when young people choose to depart And it also has an effect known as the ‘brain drain’ One parent from Northern Ireland illustrated what this the area for work or further study. meant in her own family: would three those of one doubt either I …And college. are in two kids – have three ‘I Although they love where come back to be employed in the Fermanagh border region. going to be no opportunities for them and there’s we live and they love the community, for know, worsened it, you that has even drain, I think talk about brain as much as we they’re not going to have the you know, people that are coming out qualified or whatever, opportunities to come home at all… And that is very sad’ (focus group 3). had been steadily improving. This sense of despair is all the more acute because things trends in business in the There is a lot of reporting from our respondents of negative Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

comes from Northern Ireland and goes back into Northern Ireland, and maybe comes maybe and Ireland, Northern into back goes and Ireland Northern from comes Border the Burren, [Cavan] the work, Trojan done has that money PEACE The again. back go back to If that stopped, we Europe. - all that was funded through Uplands [Project] to waiting a crowd only there’s place, bring a border in any If they before. we were where (focus group 5). thinking’ that brought this in weren’t The people start thuggery… the and relationships across have always been partnerships that…there ‘I would worry will with that gone, formalise it. I wonder, the EU money that helped to border and with a lot of cross- in the arts and we would have I work start to fall away. those relationships us, with work and across come to artists/performers on rely we relationships, border (focus group 1). be gone?’ facilitate sessions; will all that of a detrimental is the overall expectation what also comes through very clearly Finally, – stemming from the interrelated nature of things – a effect on rural areas in particular levels. the heart of this challenge is the question of population At chain reaction of decline. has been a basic ambition Border Region and growing the population in the Central Keeping step in economic development. This is why the letter being a first for representatives there, 2016 made specific Minister to Prime Minister May in August from the First and deputy First in Northern Ireland. There unskilled EU workers skilled and mention of the need to keep will leave the border region, thus leaving certain are particular concerns that migrants This matter came up quite often in labour market. industries suffering from a diminished This was of this research. rounds than in previous – more focus groups and the the survey interviewee: by one clearly explained to come to live to work here, rely on people being attracted as a local economy here, ‘We, in our manufacturing in our house sector, here, up jobs and opportunities to take here, here live to coming not either and welcomed feel no longer who people see I And sector. I actually already So, or deciding not to- maybe other communities are more welcoming. labour’ attract to ability as here, economy local our of terms in impact negative a see (interview 5). of summarised the sense sector, working in the migrant community Another interviewee, confusion which is leading to people leaving the region: have been know what will really happen. People are really confused, they don’t ‘People as not are plans…There their on impacted has Brexit - countries home their to returning just fed are past…People to the in comparison many migrant communities coming here, (interview 12). to happen’ going know what’s up with it all and don’t

Looking Ahead Looking 68 Looking Ahead 71 ‘informed’, , and delivered by delivered and ‘non-self-serving’, commitment and leadership in representing in leadership and commitment ‘stronger’ ‘better’ or and ‘collaborative’ . Many respondents not ideas’ ‘balanced’ and ‘representing people, ‘impartial’, representatives. and ‘pragmatic’ ‘knowledgeable’ do indicate a particular level (rather than quality or The bulk of respondents, however, region in the to see for the border characteristic) of representation that they would like indicate they would nearly the majority (or over 1 in 8 of all respondents) Of those, future. Despite the to see some form of cross-border and cross-jurisdictional representation. like felt, and in a way that is keenly criticisms of Northern Ireland politics, the loss of Stormont express deep frustration with the nature of Northern Ireland politics in particular, and its Northern Ireland politics in particular, deep frustration with the nature of express polarised green/orange tinge: mean DUP or Sinn Féin. I’d personally like and I don’t ‘Someone to speak for the majority leave the tribal politics behind and argue for who’ll to nominate a neutral representative us all’ (R10) (R25) & green’ ‘Impartial, not based on orange (R132) a party to represent people not ideals’ ‘Get needed for 20 years and not had. The border regions ‘The same representation that we’ve representation the so politics, NI it’s But dwindle. to left been have west/west south the in (R134). Ridiculous’ will be chosen based on whether they go to mass or church. of a number of responses under this category also described the required type Relatedly, being as representation representation to be working at present, as well as, importantly, of the extent to which they to the extent of as well as, importantly, at present, to be working representation at this crucial time. and the border region represented see their own voices to the to respond chose 5 respondents in 1 over that a little here to note Interesting It is but rather by level or type of representation not by describing a specific question above that state simply respondents these Half of required. of representation quality of the way , is ‘more’ is required what reflect disappointment with the to which such responses also The extent the border region. would be better opinions such as: ‘Anything representation is reflected in current level of at the moment’ (R326), ‘NI is not well represented anywhere than what we have nothing at be an improvement’ (R343), and ‘There is none at present the moment so anything would working would be good’ (R347). so to get any government services of quality/character in the an improvement to see those respondents wishing Equally, describe the type of representation required as ‘non- representation of the border region tribal’, Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit (focus group 2).

The above participant mentioned representation. A question we asked in the survey is we asked The above participant mentioned representation. A question what type or level of representation do you think the border region would Brexit, ‘After what only not view region border the in people how of revealing are Responses need?’ the system of political is needed of political representation itself but of how they assess How should the border region be How should the border region represented after Brexit? While issues of rurality are central for the border region, one focus group participant was While issues of rurality are central people in particular: on working Brexit careful to outline the effects of between working class people and the institutions ‘There seems to be a bit of disconnect that set up to help them. … The politicians that are that represent them, or the institutions help can we ‘if – outlook politic real business-orientated, a have would network this in class people Whereas, working will be tickety-boo’. businesses get over this, everything Policy] payment CAP [Common Agricultural There is no have a totally different struggle. the problem, when it out here on our own. Sometimes, it seems that we’re for workers: that’s If people. of working-class alienation to the issues relating up is usually gets stirred the elephant in the room, so to speak’ I think that’s not addressed across the border, (focus group 4). region. For example, this interview with a governmental official working to develop the to develop official working a governmental interview with this For example, region. business sector: know don’t in business are afraid. Many People has become greater. ‘The weariness are now businesses plans. For example, some are changing existing what to do and many years built up over relationships from the continent, and those sourcing suppliers speaking go further afield into non-English To suppliers have now gone. with UK and NI (interview 10). challenging for small Irish exporters’ is particularly markets for reports previous the in found we as Ireland, Northern in worse things makes What instances some in border the of south just to business of loss a is there that is ICBAN, compared and business leaders to find security there, because it is very easy for investors rest of the UK: to leave the EU shortly with the to Northern Ireland which is expected [Fermanagh] that people in and around Lisnaskea to scores of small business ‘I’ve talked [across the border in Cavan]’ are looking to move to Ballyconnell

Looking Ahead Looking 70 Looking Ahead 73 Brexit and we’re saying, ‘don’t get switched off, you need to be listening very carefully to very be listening you need to off, get switched ‘don’t saying, we’re and Brexit this stuff’ (focus group 4). arguments key bring together three at length because her comments This is worth quoting the First, region. border the in representation for problems persistent highlight to serve that addition to rural parliament could be a novel non-combative operation of a cross-sectoral, Second, that it would counteract politicians in the rural region. among what currently exists that it would Finally, regional policy-making. on the urban centres in the dominant focus for the border region, rather pragmatic concern on issues of particular, help maintain focus then struggle even which groups, or community civic to local falling campaigning than the let alone national UK or Ireland levels. to have an impact at regional level, to point to the role who was keen to this point is a comment from an interviewee, Related of non-political actors: society civil the take cannot we that is important, very very, is which say I’ll thing other ‘The organisations as being the leading lights for relationships and community and voluntary as just read. this for villages and towns, we cannot take on both sides of the border, and fear reduce to need to be facilitated resourced and need to be Those relationships which area an that’s … border. the across right relationships build to continue and tension (interview 5). process’ the border during the Brexit would need facilitated right across the to points it because here it quote we and too, groups focus in up came that theme a is It no No relationships, fragility. also its but sector voluntary community and of the potential for granted or border and for common good can be taken form of cooperation, across the interviewee summarises what can persist without proper support and resourcing. Another at such the local population to services in terms of essential can provide civic organisations information: non-partisanship, an ear, a critical time: voice, debate in general women’s members feel absolutely voiceless. In the whole Brexit ‘Our and they’ve voices have been voices have been fairly minimal and certainly rural women’s been relying on us to try and communicate for them. information because they The other thing our members are looking for is accurate another orange and green issue in which the political it’s very much feel that they are.. it became very different views very different views. And because they take parties take members see it. … not how our politicized… and yet that’s kind of information that our And also then the media are not necessarily providing the to be able to provide people members want. And that has been very challenging for us Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

goes far beyond Brexit and to the nitty gritty of basic electoral politics and democratic democratic and politics electoral gritty of basic nitty to the and beyond Brexit goes far responsibility: the in the North at the moment, have any proper administration don’t ‘The fact that we a for operated hasn’t fact actual in (which Belfast in parliament a have don’t we that fact services and detriment. And in relation to now) – that in itself is a serious couple of years things are being all these or whatever, of services, education, health the development and leaders really people should be finding …If good sense prevailed, seriously affected. wounds keeping with each other rather than a better accommodation should be finding (interview 3). open and division’ nobody speaking up for the country. there’s feel like ‘I think at this crucial point you in that respect, you know – the fact that there’s that you voted for are not there People are coming to health and education and other the fact that cuts nobody in Stormont, to lobby anymore and nobody to speak up for you. services and that you’ve got nobody is really untenable but nobody seems to be able to I do think that that position … So, back’ (focus group 3). break the deadlock to get them speaking for them. Again comes back to no feel they have anybody really don’t ‘People – you’re sitting here waiting on paralysis like It’s limited ability. and very little, Stormont really As people we can’t what the future is going to be. another country deciding on (focus you know’ Westminster, going in in change what’s really You can’t influence it. … group 3). suggested by a participant as a model of representation was The idea of a ‘rural parliament’ in one of the focus groups: that is something a rural parliament and I think a European concept, it’s ‘I believe there’s groups, politicians, they act …. It brings together rural explore. that we definitely should that something is that think I on. so and development policy of terms in voice a like and rural explored and perhaps it should be maybe an agriculture should definitely be whether a safe space for people, parliament. Because farming is cross-border as well. It’s of course, it non-political. Yes, a safe space and keep you’re a unionist or a nationalist. It’s have do we it, on reflect you policies…When develop they as there, politicians need you independents, nationalists, a lot of politicians outside Belfast, in rural areas. Unionist, get the You not happening. republicans – but they really need to come together and it’s need to consider I feel. You feature as a voice, dominant voice maybe in Belfast, we don’t what that’s my worry, not getting lifted. That’s but it’s rural and the impact on the border, If you go around doors, talk to neighbours, they’re starting to get switched off to I see.

Looking Ahead Looking 72 Looking Ahead 75 etc. A few ‘madness’ ‘absurd’, , ‘stupid’ , ‘ludicrous’ ‘There is joint procurement operating between North and South, which generates which generates and South, between North operating is joint procurement ‘There event of This value could be lost in the and this is at a mature stage. economies of scale (interview 8) differently after Brexit’ things being done (R127) being available after Brexit’ ‘Medicines not etc.’ cross-border hospital appointments when shopping, medication, ‘Border patrols (R139). and UK the of potential the of that was survey the in raised we that topic additional An This arises time zones for part of the year. being in different Ireland (as an EU member-state) seasonal clock to abolish has put forward a proposal from the fact that the EU Commission voted in favour of the proposal by Parliament March 2019 the European changes. On 26th an official position on Ireland Civil Service has not yet taken 410 MEPs to 192. The Northern a watching brief should there be any signs of movement. the proposal but are maintaining on the potential impacts of with various stakeholders The Irish Government has consulted principle in whilst that, was study that of conclusion The savings. daylight of abolition the a change in daylight savings, this was inconceivable if it Irish people were in favour of side of the border. meant a time difference on either survey: the in question the asked we region, border the in opinion public assess to order In of one hour between one side of the border and the other ‘How might a time difference summarised as a mix of disbelief and affect you, if at all?’ The general response can be combination answer reflects this One respondent’s concern at the practical implications. perfectly: someone who regularly travels throughout the island of Ireland, and can see no benefit ‘As completely nonsensical, and to the British border on the island, this is something that is checking events, sporting concerts/ appointments/ to Travelling no one. benefit stands to factoring in a time difference into hotels/B&Bs - all of this would be thrown into chaos when (R2). across such a small land mass’ they simply cannot conceive Many respondents simply answer with comments which show , of such a scenario – ‘ridiculous’ Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives respondents suggested that the challenge would not be insurmountable. One respondent challenge would not be insurmountable. that the respondents suggested just another It would be on both sides will adjust. from Sligo stated, ‘I’m sure folks (R422) and others pointed to international to trade’ and another barrier inconvenience effects here so [the States United in the in different states ‘They do this e.g. examples, (R403). A few who were not concerned away one’ Just need to add or take would be] none. (R21) The Border into Brexit ‘there is no honest no is ‘there (R60)

What issues relating to Brexit require require Brexit relating to What issues discussion further there were asking respondents whether concluded with a question Our online survey currently being that they felt are not issues relating to the impact of Brexit any particular consider important for the border region. Even though addressed, yet which they would majority the discussion, further issues needed that no indicated 10 respondents 1 in nearly ‘everything’, were all-encompassing, e.g. of responses made points that seriously’ . For example: ‘issues are not take , and discussion’ being addressed in this area – we are [that are] Brexit ‘There are no issues around completely unprepared’ (R174) border in the event of No Deal is still not being taken ‘The reality of the need for a hard how they square the circle without a border’ nobody will honestly explain seriously, Irish related seriously’ ‘British have not considered anything them but the powers involved appear not to take ‘I think the issues have been highlighted into account’ (R286). concern with the future of A more specific, frequently mentioned response included and medication: and its particular effects on the supply of drugs healthcare after Brexit at public service and civil ‘The disparities in health inequality continue to be ignored afoot’ (R19). stark with brexit service and government level, these are set to become more of cross-border services that Healthcare was also frequently mentioned as part of a group to the question of healthcare, Separate but linked are perceived to be under threat by Brexit. by a number of respondents: concern over access to medication was expressed to medicine and medicinal products including recognition of drugs/legal status of ‘Access (R79) medications acquired over the border and professional bodies/recognition’ with the right information and not to actually frighten them even more. …there’s been so been …there’s them even more. frighten and not to actually right information with the (interview 6). coming out at the other end’ much uncertainty

Looking Ahead Looking 74 Looking Ahead 77 Thirdly, the challenges for business were noted, especially given that businesses in the that businesses given were noted, especially for business the challenges Thirdly, sides of the and competitors on both work with suppliers, customers border region often border: months a year time zones operated for six an area elsewhere where dual ‘I have lived in will become Travel two appointment books. Businesses will have to have and it was hell. it will also using public transport and - especially for those unnecessarily complicated (R411). and deliveries’ schools, work impact things like increasing difficulty in managing cross-border movement Overall, the concern was that Given the to attempt to do so. people to be less likely and coordination will simply lead to the growth of the economy and the embedding importance of cross-border movement any additional difficulty can be seen as having a longer-term of peace in the border region, negative consequence. from all the research data gathered in this one thing that remains overriding Perhaps in the Central Border Region and uncertainty that exists project is the sense of insecurity As one interviewee working in a rural of Brexit. when it comes to the overall consequences this leads to a silence and a lack of voice that causes civic organisation clearly articulated, longer term harm and risk. amongst our members that the things that they want to a lot of frustration ‘I think there’s … and very all about trucks discussed. It’s are not being talk about in regards to Brexit very lives and people are very, people and real people’s little about the impact on real fearful. she said actually from a unionist community, one of our members said to me, know, You are People an issue. talk about. I think that’s just become one more thing we can’t it’s camp or the other politically, nearly afraid to talk about it because you are seen as one one of the biggest political things with a potential to impact on and yet it’s with a big P, it is a lot more emotive and our lives for generations. And yet because of our history people are scared to talk about it’ (interview 6). this which seeks a report like It is our hope that research of this nature and at this time, a positive make Region can to summarise and relay findings from the Central Border otherwise unheard. And, contribution towards amplifying the voices of those who feel and of their concerns in turn, can thus go some way towards improving understanding the UK and, thus, now – as strengthening the means of addressing them if action is taken the Irish border region, moves further into Brexit. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

‘In the long term we will be in a term we will ‘In the long border poll: by a successful being surpassed saw it as so does not matter’ (R61). United Ireland, under three potentially problematic come for viewing the matter as The main reasons frequency of cross-border movement, managing in the home, themes: coordination given household within one commitments First, coordinating business. for challenges of life: cross-border nature I start work at 8 in the UK in Ireland and my husband starts work at 7.30 ‘It would mean early or very drive; one of us is going to be either very but we use the one car as he can’t (R474) late’ Thousands work. for day single every border that cross day a people 30,000 ‘Ridiculous. time deliveries or catch ferries. Can you imagine to make of freight traffic cross the border my dad to hospital appointments in a different to take Just crossing the border the chaos? (R70) time zone.’ events schools to go regularly I who children have I about. thinking bear even ‘Doesn’t my on pressure put would zones time Different border]. the of side other [on with etc. (R187). family time as well as work time.’ differential when you are crossing a border so the difficulty of managing a time Secondly, frequently is also raised: when circumstance that in function could you how sure even Not nightmare!!! ‘Complete it wasn’t Funny if two watches?! work! Wear times a day for border 6 crossing the you’re (R409). so serious.” to go across the border for ‘It would mean that my life would be totally disrupted as I tend added an be would difference time The occasions. sporting and entertainment shopping, (R417). complication which would lead to more separation’ effects about the knock-on Public transport is a particular concern, often tied into worries on other aspects of daily life and business in the border region: public transport. It could also ‘It could affect those who are dependent on cross border well as the farming community affect children attending school in the other jurisdictions as and many cross community in respect of bulk milk collections and abattoir services (R397). projects’

Looking Ahead Looking 76 Looking Ahead 79 Ireland. We also do not know how many of the other practical issues raised by respondents respondents by raised issues practical other the of many how know not do also We Ireland. or policies, data-sharing, in terms of environmental e.g. will be affected, in this research out. be worked There is so much yet to security cooperation. the legal effect, what the EU is to take the divorce of the UK from In sum, even though be revealed. And this years to is going to take between them will be like new relationship the practical between Northern Ireland and will not only affect relations new relationship between Britain and it will also change relations the Irish land border, significance of Borders all around of the Irish Sea border. and the practical significance Northern Ireland with the general trend being towards a be under pressure, Northern Ireland are going to hardening effect. more be will east-west, and north-south cooperation, and trust-building this, of light In and of such relationship-building And the models and examples important than ever. demonstrated in recent years in the Central Border Region communication that have been be should – up ground the from representation, of levels various at and forms various in – ones to inspire and to build upon. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

As we finalised this report, the results of the General Election of 12 December 2019 of 12 December General Election results of the this report, the finalised As we is now no party means that there The large majority for the Conservative became known. ratified by on 17 October being published to the Withdrawal Agreement obvious obstacle the This contains the EU on 31 January 2020. for the UK to exit in time the UK Parliament arrangements specific that means which Ireland, Northern / Ireland on Protocol revised into play at the end of the transition period (currently set for for Northern Ireland will come to which this will mean friction in the movement of goods 31 December 2020). The extent Ireland cannot yet be determined. It is notable that all between Great Britain and Northern on a platform of opposition to this process – either from 18 MPs in Northern Ireland stood Alliance) or from that of a desire to see (Sinn Féin, the SDLP, the standpoint of Remain ground substantial common There is, therefore, the Withdrawal Agreement renegotiated. MPs, although their capacity to act from that common ground between all Northern Ireland’s pro-Withdrawal in a small minority vis-à-vis the pro-Leave, is limited by the fact that they are of Commons. Agreement majority in the House and the from the EU, of a No Deal exit There is minimal risk What does this all mean? legal and sure a is there that means ratified being Agreement Withdrawal the in Protocol worst fears about a hard Irish land border come without seeing the way of managing Brexit and controls for customs or product standards at for checks to pass. There will be no need procedures or resources and thus no need for new physical infrastructure, the land border, there will be consequences of However, the border. for the movement of goods across Ireland will no that are still felt in the border region, not least because Northern Brexit be won’t this of consequences the of extent full The member-state. EU an of part be longer away. relationship is settled, and that could be some years known until the future UK-EU Deal at the end of the transition period. there is also a possibility of a No And, of course, the hardest impact will be on the movement of goods between however, In that scenario, Ireland de facto being Britain and Northern Ireland, given that the Protocol sees Northern for goods. customs union and single market in the EU’s are made by there will also be consequences from the policies that In addition to Brexit, These may movement. an impact on cross-border that have government the Conservative UK, which could in right to live and work in the and their of people cover the movement Travel Area, and potentially both experience of movement around the Common turn affect rights’ policies which affect human It may see the land border and the Irish Sea border. consequences for Northern protections and enforcement in the UK and this too will have The lay of the land after ‘the Brexit ‘the Brexit of the land after The lay election’

Looking Ahead Looking 78 Appendix 1:The Border Into Brexit online survey 81 ...... membership of the EU in June 2016? on the UK’s How did you vote in the referendum Did not have a vote Prefer not to say What impact (if any) is Brexit already having on you and on your plans? Specifically, is Specifically, on you and on your plans? already having (if any) is Brexit What impact would not have done there something you have done or are planning to do that you otherwise? ...... Is there something you have NOT done or are NO LONGER planning to do as a result done or are NO LONGER Is there something you have NOT examples. Please give specific of Brexit? ...... * Area of residence ...... age group you are in * Please tell us what

3. Gender 4. Citizenship 5. Leave Remain Abstained 6a. 6b.

Survey questions Survey 1. 2. Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit

With Brexit drawing nearer, we invite you to complete a 10 to 15-minute survey on the on survey 15-minute to a 10 complete to you we invite nearer, drawing Brexit With We Region. scenario on the Central Border and a possible ‘No Deal’ impact of Brexit living or working in the areas of Armagh City Banbridge welcome responses from anyone Mid Ulster; Monaghan; Fermanagh and Omagh; Leitrim; and Craigavon; Cavan; Donegal; and Sligo. [… ] of recent developments and discussions on the account This follow-on study aims to take is It 2019. 31st of October date exit the before months two a mere border Irish the of issue study. a non-political and non-partisan Central the from people of group possible widest the from responses gather to keen are We create an opportunity for the voices of local The purpose of the study is to Border Region. to be heard. people on both sides of the border with strict research All data from the survey and focus groups will be gathered in accordance ethics and will remain anonymous. […] Preamble to survey Appendix 1: Appendix Into Brexit The Border survey online

Appendix 1: The Border Into Brexit online survey online Brexit Into Border The 1: Appendix 80 Appendix 1:The Border Into Brexit online survey 83 The findings of this survey will be released before what might be the UK’s final final be the UK’s what might released before will be of this survey The findings to the UK and EU If you could give a message meeting in October. European Council what would it be? that meeting, in one sentence, governments at ...... would region border the think you do representation of level or type what Brexit, After need? ...... Finally, are there any particular issues relating to the impact of Brexit that you feel you that Brexit of impact the to relating issues particular any there are Finally, and which you would consider important for your are not currently being addressed area? ......

Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives 12. 13. 14.

The Border into Brexit ...... EU member- an (as Ireland UK and the time, years’ few in a that, a possibility is There How might a time difference state) will be in different time zones for part of the year. you, if at all? of one hour between one side of the border and the other affect ...... will differ from in the border region of a ‘No Deal’ Brexit How do you think the effects other parts of the UK and Ireland? Brexit make to you, compared make a ‘No Deal’ Brexit does the prospect of if any, What difference, with a deal? to Brexit ...... Please give reasons for your answer...... Ireland and Northern Ireland) is more or less Do you think a hard border (between 5: much more much less likely, scale 1-5 1: than you thought last year? Likert likely likely. Please describe in one sentence what a hard border would mean to you. in one sentence what a hard Please describe ...... What aspects of life for you in the border region would you expect to be most affected most affected to be you expect region would you in the border of life for What aspects explain why. to three aspects and briefly Please suggest up by Brexit?

11. 10b. 10b.

10a. 9b. 9b. 9a.

8.

7.

Appendix 1:The Border Into Brexit online survey survey online Brexit Into Border 1:The Appendix 82 Appendix 2:Theme guides for interviewing 85 Please explain briefly what is the nature of your work in the organisation you represent? the nature of your work in the briefly what is Please explain for your organisation? of Brexit is the subject would you say, How important, you are involved in? And for the sector your organisation? process had on has the Brexit any, What impact, if had on your wider sector? process the Brexit has What impact, if any, of such (an) impact(s) Can you provide some examples as a result of such current impacts? Have you had to change any plans – what are your thoughts on this? How might the new Protocol impact so much, and which is particularly impacting being discussed Is there anything that isn’t upon your organisation and sector? you would wish to add on the subject? Is there anything finally which

f f f f f f f f f f Individual stakeholder interview guide interview stakeholder Individual Perspectives from Local Communities in the Central Border Region of Ireland/Northern Ireland in the Central Border Region Communities from Local Perspectives The Border into Brexit What does the border region mean to you? What does the border region mean how? If so, particularly considering in light of Brexit? Is it different/distinctive and worth to you? Why/how does the border matter there been dynamics you or have been as you expected Has the unfolding of Brexit had not anticipated? observed? already have you that region border the on Brexit of the impacts are What examples? Can you give specific Are there upsides/positive effects? by PM negotiated Agreement Withdrawal revised has the if any, difference, What for of the consequences of Brexit made on your expectations government Johnson’s the border region? that you feel are are there any particular issues relating to the impact of Brexit Finally, important for your area? not currently being addressed and which you would consider

f f f f f f f f f Focus group guide In conducting the focus groups and individual stakeholder interviews we used theme guides theme used we interviews stakeholder individual and groups focus the conducting In questions the discussion would cover all This ensured that questionnaire. rather than a set that explore themes to flexibility depth, and that there was in greater we wanted to explore experiences of participants. the different professional reflecting arose naturally, Appendix 2: Appendix interviewing guides for Theme

Appendix 2: Theme guides for interviewing for guides Theme 2: Appendix 84 Appendix 3: Codes used in referencing data

Focus Group codes

We conducted five focus groups containing participants covering areas on both sides of the border in the region. There was an average of 7 participants at each focus group.

The code used for these groups in the referencing is as follows: Caledon (Co. Tyrone) (focus group 1) Glenfarne (Co. Leitrim) (focus groups 2 and 3) Pettigo (Co. Donegal) (focus group 4) Appendix 3: Codes used in referencing data Castle Saunderson (Co. Cavan) (focus group 5)

Interview codes

Interview 1: business sector Interview 2: local council official Interview 3: community and voluntary sector, local partnership Interview 4: business sector Interview 5: community and voluntary sector, umbrella Interview 6: community and voluntary sector, umbrella Interview 7: community and voluntary sector Interview 8: public sector (health) Interview 9: business sector Interview 10: public sector (business) Interview 11: public sector (tourism) Interview 12: migrant community sector

86 The Border into Brexit Dr. Katy Hayward School of Social Sciences THE Queen’s University Belfast 6 College Park Belfast, Northern Ireland BORDER BT7 1LP

T: +44 (0) 28 9097 3189 INTO E: [email protected] W: go.qub.ac.uk/hayward BREXIT: : @hayward_katy Perspectives from Local Mr Shane Campbell Communities in the Central ICBAN Ltd. Border Region of Ireland/ Enniskillen Business Centre 21 Lackaghboy Road Northern Ireland Enniskillen Co Fermanagh Northern Ireland The eight Member Councils areas of the BT74 4RL Central Border Region include Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon; Fermanagh and T: +44 (0) 28 6634 0710 Omagh; Mid Ulster and the counties of Cavan, Donegal, Leitrim, Monaghan and Sligo. E: [email protected] W: www.icban.com

This ICBAN initiative is part of the Border Navigator Project, working with Queen’s University Belfast and enabled through funding from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade’s Reconciliation Fund.

Design & Artwork www.csgwd.com December 2019