Early Hypoxia-Regulated Genes in Rice and Arabidopsis Thaliana

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Early Hypoxia-Regulated Genes in Rice and Arabidopsis Thaliana Early Hypoxia-regulated Genes in Rice and Arabidopsis thaliana Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Mathias Klode aus Hamburg Kiel 2011 Referentin: Prof. Dr. Margret Sauter Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Frank Kempken Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27.10.2011 Zum Druck genehmigt: 27.10.2011 gez. Prof. Dr. Lutz Kipp, Dekan Contents Contents Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 1 A. Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................... 4 B. Summary .......................................................................................................... 5 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 6 1.1. Hypoxia in plants ................................................................................... 6 1.2. Adaptations to hypoxia and flooding ...................................................... 6 1.3. Perception and signal transduction of flooding and hypoxia ................ 10 1.4. Ethylene and ethylene responsive factors (ERFs) ............................... 11 1.5. Regulation of energy consumption ...................................................... 13 2. Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 14 3. Results ....................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Identification of 284 homologs in the Arabidopsis genome .................. 41 3.2. Transgenic Arabidopsis mutants overexpressing hypoxia-related genes ............................................................................................................ 53 4. Discussion.................................................................................................. 56 4.1. Regulation of metabolic adaptation ..................................................... 63 4.2. Differences and similarities to rice in Arabidopsis hypoxia adaptation 65 5. Arabidopsis ERF71 and ERF73 are differentially regulated by ethylene .... 70 5.1. Summary and own contribution ........................................................... 70 5.2. Article: ‘The hypoxia responsive transcription factor genes ERF71/HRE2 and ERF73/HRE1 of Arabidopsis are differentially regulated by ethylene’ ............................................................................................................ 70 6. References ................................................................................................. 80 7. Supplemental Data .................................................................................... 93 8. Declaration of Authorship ......................................................................... 114 9. Curriculum Vitae ...................................................................................... 115 Abbreviations Abbreviations (b)HLH (basic) Helix-loop-helix A<Wavelength> Absorbance at given wavelength ABA Abscisic acid ABRE ABA-responsive element ACC 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ACO ACC oxidase ACS ACC synthase ADH Alcohol dehydrogenase AFB Auxin signaling F-box protein AGI Arabidopsis genome identifier AOC Allene oxide cyclase AOS Allene oxide synthase AOX Alternative oxidase AP2 Apetala 2 ARD Acireductone dioxygenase ARF Auxin response factor BLAST Basic local alignment search tool bp Base pairs bZIP Basic leucine zipper CaMV Cauliflower mosaic virus CCA Circadian clock associated CDS Coding sequence CIPK Calcineurin B-like interacting binding kinase CML Calmodulin-like COX Cytochrome c oxidase Ct Cycle threshold Cyc Cycles of PCR amplification DUF Domain of unknown function E Exon-positioned insertion eEF Eukaryotic translation elongation factor EREBP Ethylene responsive element binding protein ERF Ethylene responsive factor E-value Expect value FCh Fold change GA Gibberellic acid gDNA Genomic DNA GOLLUM Growth in different oxygen levels influences morphogenesis HIF Hypoxia-inducible factor HRE Hypoxia responsive ERF HREF Hypoxia responsive EF protein 1 Abbreviations IAA Indole-3-acetic acid ID Identifier JA Jasmonic acid JAZ Jasmonate-ZIM domain LDH Lactate dehydrogenase LHY Late elongated hypocotyl LOES Low oxygen escape syndrome LOQS Low oxygen quiescence syndrome 1-MCP 1-Methylcylcopropene MKK MPK kinase MPK Mitogen-activated kinase mRNA Messenger RNA MS Murashige and Skoog mtETC Mitochondrial electron transport chain NAC Protein domain defined by the NO APICAL MERISTEM , ATA and CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information OPR 12-Oxophytodienoate reductase P Promoter or 5’-UTR-positioned insertion P4H Prolyl-4-hydroxylase PCR Polymerase chain reaction PDC Pyruvate decarboxylase PFM Position frequency matrix PG56 Pin Gaew 56 PLD Phospholipase D PRR Pseudo response regulator qPCR Quantitative real time PCR RAP Rice annotation project RAP2 Related to AP2 RHDP Rhodanese-domain containing protein ROP Rho-like GTPase of plants ROS Reactive oxygen species RTE Reversion to ethylene sensitivity RT-PCR Reverse-transcription PCR SAPK Osmotic stress/ABA-activated protein kinase SD Standard deviation SK Snorkel SLR Slender rice SLRL Slender rice like SnRK Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related kinase SUB Submergence TAnn Annealing temperature 2 Abbreviations T-DNA Transfer DNA telong Elongation time TIFY See ZIM Tm Melting temperature tZ trans -Zeatin U 3’-UTR positioned insertion UTR Untranslated region v/v Volume per volume w/v Weight per volume WIF Wound-responsive / Wound-induced family protein (gene) WT Wild type ZIM ZnF protein expressed in inflorescence meristem (also named TIFY after a typical amino acid sequence) ZnF Zink finger (domain) In addition to the abbreviations listed here, symbols and nomenclature as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International System of Units were used without further introduction. 3 Zusammenfassung A. Zusammenfassung Pflanzen unterliegen während ihres Lebenszyklus Hypoxie in unterschiedlich schwerer Ausprägung. Semiaquatische Spezies, wie beispielsweise Tiefwasserreis, haben eine verbesserte Anpassung an Überflutung und den damit einhergehenden Hy- poxiestress entwickelt. Viele der Antworten auf und Anpassungen an Hypoxie wurden bereits beschrieben. In dieser Arbeit wurden die unterschiedlich an Hypoxie und Über- flutung angepassten Arten Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. und Oryza sativa L. unter- sucht. Microarray-Analysen wurden mit Tiefwasserreis durchgeführt, um Gene zu identi- fizieren, die eine regulatorische Rolle bei der Antwort auf Hypoxie spielen könnten. Es waren 1228 Gene nach 1 h Behandlung mit 5% Sauerstoff differenziell reguliert, unab- hängig von funktioneller Wahrnehmung des Phytohormons Ethylen. Sie wurden klassifi- ziert, um Gene zu finden, die möglicherweise eine Rolle in Signaltransduktion und Re- gulation bei Hypoxie spielen. Mutanten von fünf Genen, die induziert waren, wurden untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden homologe Arabidopsis-Gene gesucht und ebenfalls auf eine Regulation bei Hypoxie analysiert. Von Arabidopsis-Homologen, die ebenfalls durch Hypoxie reguliert waren oder bei denen vorhergegangene Arbeiten auf eine Rolle in der hypoxischen Anpassung hindeuteten, wurden T-DNA-Insertionsmutanten charak- terisiert und auf ihre Fähigkeit, Sauerstoffmangel zu widerstehen, untersucht. Mutanten eines WOUND-RESPONSIVE FAMILY PROTEIN (At4g10270), eines bHLH- Transkriptionsfaktors (At2g42280) und von Arabidopsis CALMODULIN-LIKE 39 (At1g76640) wiesen Veränderungen in der Hypoxie-induzierten ADH-Aktivität (At4g10270 und At1g76640) und im Überleben nach 2 d annähernder Anoxie (<0,1% O2) auf. Überexpressionsmutanten der Prolylhydroxylase AtP4H7 (At3g28480) sowie von RHODANESE-DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN (At2g17850) waren ebenfalls in der Überlebensfähigkeit nach diesem Stress verändert. Um die Funktionen dieser Gene bei Hypoxie verstehen zu können, müssten sie zukünftig genauer in Bezug auf ihre Rol- le in der Hypoxieantwort analysiert werden. Mehrere ERF-Transkriptionsfaktoren der Gruppe VII sind an der Regulation der Hypoxieantwort in Reis und Arabidopsis beteiligt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass fünf weitere ERFs der Gruppe VII, die in Reis aus 15 Mitgliedern besteht, nach 1 h bei 5% O 2 heraufreguliert waren. Zusätzlich wurden ERF71 und ERF73 aus Arabidopsis in Wurzeln analysiert und es konnte gezeigt wer- den, dass ERF73 und ERF71 durch Hypoxie induziert werden. Zudem wurde gezeigt, dass ERF73 , aber nicht ERF71 , durch Ethylen induziert werden kann, sowie dass Ethy- len die ADH-Aktivität in Arabidopsiswurzeln zum Teil über ERF73 moduliert. 4 Summary B. Summary Plants are exposed to hypoxia during their life cycle to differing extents. Some plants, like deepwater rice cultivars, have evolved to be adapted to more severe hypox- ia occurring during flooding events. Several responses and adaptations to hypoxia have been described earlier. Here, two species very different in the extent of their adaptation to hypoxia and flooding, Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and Oryza sativa L. were ana- lyzed. Whole genome microarray analyses were performed using hypoxia-treated deepwater rice with the goal to identify genes potentially having a regulatory role in hy- poxia responses. After 1 h at 5% oxygen, 1228 genes were differentially regulated irre- spective of functional perception of the phytohormone ethylene.
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