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The History of the Development of the Hydrology in Romania

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The History of the Development of the Hydrology in Romania Colloque International OH2 « Origines et Histoire de l’Hydrologie », Dijon, 9-11 mai 2001 International Symposium OH2 ‘Origins and History of Hydrology’, Dijon, May, 9-11, 2001 The history of the development of the hydrology in Romania L’histoire du développement de l’hydrologie en Roumanie Petru SERBAN Elisabeta CSERWID Dr. Ing., National Company “Apele Romane” Str. Edgar Quinet n°6, sect. 1, cod. 70106 Bucuresti (Romania) [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In the first part of the work it is presented information about hydrology activity on the Romanian territory. The year of the beginning of a systematical knowledge of the waters in Romania, is 1838, when it was established the first hydrometrical station at Orsova on the Danube River. Before this date there were information referring to the country’s waters even from the Middle Age period. Further it is described the evolution of the and hydrometrical network; the evolution of the legislative activities in the water field, beginning with the year 1770; the way of organization in hydrological field in different steps; some studies and works referring to the determination of the characteristic elements of the hydrological regime. In the end of the paper it is presented some representatives achievements of the Romanian hydrologists referring to the synthesis and regionalisations in hydrology as well as at the improvement of the hydrological forecasting methods in the basins with hydraulic works. Résumé Dans la première partie de l’ouvrage, sont présentées les premières informations sur l’activité hydrologique sur le territoire de Roumanie. L’année du début des connaissances systématiques des eaux en Roumanie est 1838, quand a été fondée la première station hydrométrique, à Orsova, sur le Danube. Avant cette date, les informations concernant l’hydrologie dataient du Moyen Âge. Ensuite, on décrit l’évolution du réseau d’observations et des mesures hydrométriques ; l’évolution de l’activité législative dans le domaine des eaux, commencent avec l’année 1770 ; la manière d’organiser l’activité hydrologique en différentes étapes ; quelques études et ouvrages concernant la détermination des éléments caractéristiques pour le régime hydrologique. 1 © Université de Bourgogne Colloque International OH2 « Origines et Histoire de l’Hydrologie », Dijon, 9-11 mai 2001 International Symposium OH2 ‘Origins and History of Hydrology’, Dijon, May, 9-11, 2001 À la fin de l’ouvrage, on présente quelques réalisations des hydrologistes roumains concernant les synthèses et les régionalismes en hydrologie, et aussi l’amélioration des méthodes de prévision hydrologique dans les bassins comportant des travaux hydrotechniques. * * * 1. The beginning of the knowledge of the country’s rivers The year of the beginning of knowledge of the Romanian’s rivers based on hydrometrical measures, is 1838, year in which was established the hydrometrical station Orsova on Danube River. The first information about the Romanian rivers dated from the Vth Century, before Christ and was related by the historian Herodot. The first cartographic attempts are dated from the year 1532 for Transylvania (Honterus) and from the year 1584 for the Valachia and Moldavia (Costolda). In the XVIIth and XVIIIth Centuries, when it began to appear original works written by the Romanians, we meet also, in these works, information regarding the country waters. In his work — “The Chronicle of the Moldavia” — Grigore Ureche is referring at two special hydrometeorological phenomena: at the flooding of 1504 and at the unusual drought of 1585. Miron Costin wrote down in his “Chronicle of Moldavia” about the drought from the years 1660-1661. The scientist and the prince Dimitrie Cantemir has wrote out in 1716 the work “Descriptio Moldavia” which contains a map with over 800 names of rivers and villages and a special chapter concerning “The waters of Moladavia”. From the XVIIIth Century have begun to appear more significant flooded control works. The first important diversion channel was made in time of prince Alexandru Ipsilante, in 1775, when the floods of Dambovita River was deviated to Arges River through a channel presented on the map by Rigas Velesinliul Tesaliofal, printed in Viena, in 1797. The canalization of the Bega River has begun in 1728 and on Crasna River in the year 1774. To the end of the XVIIIth Century the high interest of the big Europeans powers for the Romanian regions, determined the appearance of some bibliographical works in which appeared some hydrographical elements. For instance: “Histoire de la Moldavie et de la Valachie (1777)” by the French writer Jean Louis Carré; “Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur la Valachie” (1778) by the general von Bauer; “Mémoires sur l’État ancien et actuel de la Moldavie” (1787) by d’Hauterive. 2 © Université de Bourgogne Colloque International OH2 « Origines et Histoire de l’Hydrologie », Dijon, 9-11 mai 2001 International Symposium OH2 ‘Origins and History of Hydrology’, Dijon, May, 9-11, 2001 At the beginning of the XIXth Century have appeared new maps referring to the Romanian regions, which comprise the hydrographical network representation for example, the map made between 1828-1834 and printed in the year 1835, by the Russian Military Academy. 2. The evolution of the hydrometrical network The development of the knowledge about Romanian waters was determined for the Danube River, of the interest of the great Europeans powers for navigation on the river; for Banat, Transilvania and Bucovina, of the Austrian Hungarian administration which had seriously preoccupations regarding the use and the control of waters and for Valachia and Moldavia of the fight for independence and creation of the national and unitary Romanian state. On Danube River, after the hydrometrical station Orsova, it was made, in the year 1854, the hydrometrical station Drencova and in the year 1874 the stations Bazias, Braila and Galati. The first measurements regarding the flow of the water at the mouse of the branch Sulina were made in the year 1857 under the commend of engineer Hartley, the leader of the Technical Department of the Danube European Commission. For the knowledge of the levels of Black Sea, the Geographical Institute of Romanian Army, has fixed at Constanta, in 1895, a medimarometru, which was in function, till the year 1905. On the inland waters, the first hydrometrical stations were developed in Transilvania and Banat beginning with the year 1853. In the year 1900, there were in these regions, 42 hydrometrical stations. The most ancients of them, which work also in now days, are Radna (1853); Savarsin (1859) and Arad (1861) on Mures River; Sighetul Marmatiei (1868) on Upper Tisa River; Satu- Mare (1868) on somes River and Lugoj (1874) on Timis River. The database of these stations was printed till the year 1916 in the yearbooks published in Hungarian language in Budapesta. For the rivers from Bucovina, have also appeared yearbooks printed in German language in Viena. In Moldavia and Valachia, the first hydrometrical stations, on bigger inland waters, worked from the year 1900. The hydrographical map published beginning with the 25th of September 1900, comprised the levels of the Danube River, their tendency, and the state of ice and level on the inland rivers. In the year 1925 had worked 150 hydrometrical stations with observations of the water level. After the year 1925, as a necessity of the knowledge of the discharges and their variations in time, for hydropower reasons, has begun the systematically measurement of the discharges on the inland rivers. 3 © Université de Bourgogne Colloque International OH2 « Origines et Histoire de l’Hydrologie », Dijon, 9-11 mai 2001 International Symposium OH2 ‘Origins and History of Hydrology’, Dijon, May, 9-11, 2001 Till the year 1933 were made almost three hundred discharges measurements using the current meter. The evolution of the hydrometrical station is presented in the Table no.1. It is observed that the number of the hydrometrical stations increased till the year 1989 to 1 100 stations, after which decreased to 970 in now days. Regarding the beginning of the groundwater knowledge based on hydrometrical data it has to be mention the appearance, between the years 1895-1914, of some valuable studies: “Studies upon groundwater hydrology”(1895) by Matei Draghicaenu; “The investigation of Baragan” (1895 and 1896) by C. Alimanisteanu, which was based on numerously observations and measurements of groundwater. After the year 1953 began a systematical activity of groundwater knowledge. In present the network of hydrogeological wells comprises 3 700 wells for phreatic aquifer and 780 for confined aquifer. Beginning with the year 1954 was organized the evaporimetric network of the country, on the base of which was obtained the data necessary for the water balance in the water management activity. In present this network has 71 evaporimeter stations. In the period 1961-1965 were organized the first experimental and representative basins which have allowed to be obtain good data for studies the runoff process and sediment transport and the regime and dynamic of groundwater. The activity of knowledge of water quality began in the year 1953, when were established 101 control sections. In present there are 320 sampling and analyzing cross-section with monthly frequency and 70 cross-section with daily frequency. 2.1. The evolution of the legislative and internal organization The first legislative trials in water field are dated from the second half of the XVIIIth Century. So, in the work: “Behavior guide” by the prince Ipsilanti, from the year 1770, are mentioned the rights of Romanian people of fishing and making water wills. At 1817, through the Caragea’s norms from Valachia “the peasants are stopped to make in the river bed works which can produce flooding or decrease the water volume”, and in the norms wrote by Calimachi, in Moldovia it is described that: “the big and small rivers and their banks, lagoons and sea share are public goods given to the stakeholders only to use it”.
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