THE spring/summer volume 12 PRIMER issue 2 Data Quality, Data Sets and New Directions: Plotting IMG’s Next 10 Years in this issue

At the recent 10th Annual An example of Kyrpides’ efforts to A Decade Using IMG...... 2 of Energy & Environment meeting systematically describe and classify Tapping Microbial Communities hosted by the U.S. Department of microbes in action can be seen in the in Colorado ...... 4 Energy (DOE Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) Highlights from the Annual JGI), a DOE Office of Science User data management system that his DOE JGI Meeting...... 6 Facility, Nikos Kyrpides (below), head program developed and maintains in Concerned about Melting of the DOE JGI Prokaryote Super partnership with the Biosciences Permafrost...... 8 Program, received the van Niel Computing Group of Berkeley Lab’s International Prize in Bacterial Computational Research Division. Systematics. The Van Niel Prize was IMG is the leading data analysis established in 1986 in honor of system of the DOE JGI’s Prokaryote microbiologist Cornelis Van Niel’s Super Program, and Kyrpides has contribution to scholarship in the been pushing the developments as field of , and is awarded the scientific lead of the project from Growing the Interest every three years by the University of its first working prototype in 2005 to in Genomics Queensland in Australia on the its current incarnation. On the IMG recommendation of a panel of experts system’s 10th year anniversary, he With a capacity crowd in atten- of the International Committee on took time to reflect on the milestones dance, the DOE JGI hosted the 10th Systematics of Prokaryotes. Phil achieved thus far and future directions. Annual Genomics of Energy & Hugenholtz, Director of the Center Environment Meeting. To mark the for Ecogenomics at the University of What are the highlights of the last 10 occasion, instead of a single opening Queensland and a former DOE JGI years to you? keynote address, the DOE JGI invited colleague of Kyrpides, was on hand representatives from the three at the Meeting to present the award. In a period of 10 years, IMG has Bioenergy Research Centers to give a Watch the ceremony at broken several records and has been series of short talks that highlighted http://bit.ly/JGI15KyrpidesVanNiel. established as one of the premier their collaborations with the DOE data management systems in the JGI, and featured applications of the community for comparative analysis basic science provided by the of microbial genomes and metage- Institute. Blake Simmons from the nomes. Its data size has grown Joint Bioenergy Institute (JBEI), 70-fold in terms of number of data Shawn Kaeppler of the Great Lakes sets and 22,000-fold in number of Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), genes. We have currently almost and Jerry Tuskan of the Bioenergy 50,000 genomes in our system, Science Center (BESC) all spoke containing 90 million genes. It’s briefly, while the closing keynote was taken 20 years to sequence all of delivered by Ed DeLong of the those genomes; I anticipate we will University of Hawaii at Manoa. easily double that number in the next The themes of their talks echoed two years. We have 6,000 metage- in presentations given over the nome data sets, which contain 29 three-day meeting held March billion genes. As far as I know, this 24–26, 2015 in Walnut Creek, Calif. represents the largest publicly Videos of these keynote talks, and of available database of other presentations from the annual genes and therefore this is one more meeting, can be viewed on the DOE of IMG’s records. We’ve grown from a JGI YouTube channel at http://bit.ly/ few hundred to about 12,000 JGIUM2015videos. Images from the registered users in more than 90 meeting are online at http://bit.ly/ countries. We continued on page 2 JGI15UMphotos. continued on page 6 THE PRIMER A Decade of IMG

Data and new directions continued from page 1

provide an alternative source of data, on how the data analysis tools and efficiently provide a comparison of a particularly for metagenomes, and we workflows should be organized, and metagenome against other metage- add significant value through the the developers implemented exactly nomes. Given the size of the data integration of various data types, as what the biologists wanted. It’s clear involved, that would take weeks and well as with curation and annotation. there was a grand vision upfront to you can’t do this efficiently on a In terms of data integration, we’ve handle this much growth in the past production scale (i.e. on a weekly managed to integrate several different 10 years. We can continue another 10 basis) even with high performance data types including one of the largest years on this current system, although computing (HPC) right now. collections of curated metadata from we also need to start exploring new The National Energy Research the GOLD database, as well as several solutions for more efficient handling Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) omics types including transcriptomics, of the data deluge ahead. is a vital partner in succeeding in the metatranscriptomics, proteomics, and One more of our early choices that era of big data. We’re already operat- methylomics. In an effort to connect I believed proved to be critical both ing at the scale where processing of to our DNA synthesis program at the for the growth and the success of the our data requires a HPC environment JGI, we have integrated a large system was to offer only a single data and we are very fortunate that at the collection of known natural products processing option for all datasets JGI this is provided by NERSC. We and connected them to their biosyn- submitted into our system. We do the need a bigger database and bigger thetic gene clusters, creating one of annotation for the users, and we computer clusters to support the the largest resources in the field. We process the datasets the way we know growing community demand, but we are currently working towards the best. Maintaining a huge system such also need to have the right computa- integration of metabolomics and trans- as IMG gives you great power, and tional environment to run our pipelines. posomics data produced at the JGI. with great power comes great respon- Another big challenge is how to Adding all of these means a complete- sibility. I believe we’re obliged to support big data, without sacrificing ly different operation from the figure out and apply the best annota- data quality. For example, annotating straightforward comparison of genes tion practice at any time rather than the metadata in the Genomes OnLine and genomes. With transcriptomes, allowing users to figure out what to Database (GOLD) is heavily manual, for example, you’re now talking about use and which one choose as some but it adds tremendous value to the the expression of genes you already other systems do. Providing an sequence data. Manual annotation have, and expression levels vary under environment where all the data are certainly contradicts with scaling, but varying conditions. In transposomics, uniformly processed and annotated is the availability of metadata is critical you look at the genes that are essen- of paramount value and importance. information in order to interpret the tial or have different fitness under data we have. varying conditions. So the original Looking forward to the next 10 years, IMG’s three-dimensional model of what are some of the challenges the How do you see IMG integrating with genes, genomes and functions has IMG system will need to tackle? KBase? What are the challenges here? become more multidimensional as you add each of the different data types. Our data sets are thousands of The two systems have different terabytes in size and we’ll be going to scientific goals and overall mission What do you think has helped IMG petabytes soon. We need to scale at and because of that they also have grow over the past 10 years? the level of hundreds of thousands of fundamentally different design data sets and hundred of billions of commitments, and follow different One of the critical things is that it genes. Right now our user interface principles in data organization and was a joint development between a can support the comparison of a few user support. For example, while group of engineers under the leader- hundred datasets but what we need IMG’s focus is on the comparative ship of Victor Markowitz (http://bit.ly/ and what researchers are asking for is analysis of microbial genomes and LBNL-BCG), long experience in to compare thousands against thou- metagenomes with emphasis on the genomic data, and a group of biolo- sands. No one is doing something like interface between the two, KBase’s gists that had very strong genomics that now. Everyone is currently focus seems to be more on the isolate and backgrounds. comparing a metagenome against genome side and metabolic modeling, Biologists provided the requirements isolate genomes, but no system can at least for now. System integration

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nomes, worldwide. In terms of new directions, my expectation is that in the next decade, the biggest overhaul in the landscape of microbial genom- ics and metagenomics will be at the interface of the two, and therefore this is where a large part of future IMG developments will focus. In keeping with its goal of supporting the analysis of both the parts and the whole, I would like to see IMG playing a central role in enabling the identifica- tion and analysis of individual popula- tions from environmental communi- ties, as well as facilitating the elucidation of their role within the community.

What should the user community know about IMG as the data manage- ment system embarks on the next 10 years?

There’s a huge amount of function- ality in IMG already, but we certainly need to continue adding more. The two main directions in the near future include adding more functionality and efficiently supporting data/size growth. New functionality will include expand- ing the system to support the new data types produced from JGI func- tional genomics efforts (e.g. metabolo- mics and transposomics), but also Former JGIer Phil Hugenholtz (right) presented the Van Niel award to Nikos Kyrpides (left). (Image by David Gilbert, JGI) creating specialized datamarts such as the IMG-ABC (integrating Natural Products and their corresponding doesn’t seem to be the right path here. effect on the available solutions in Biosynthetic gene clusters). Our primary goal instead is to enable data management. Some of the most We are also expanding our coverage users to review and analyze their data frequently adopted solutions improvise of eukaryotic genomes to include more as well as move easily across the two on “cutting corners” and invariably plant and fungal genomes into IMG. systems. In order to achieve that we select data partitioning instead of Our goal is to achieve a more holistic need to develop a seamless data integration, and speed over accuracy, approach in data integration and transfer/exchange between JGI and with detrimental effects on the quality analysis, in order to study complex KBase and this is currently the and precision of the results. biological systems, such as the plant direction of our joint efforts. My hope for the next 10 years is microbiome. Of course, getting the that IMG will persevere with its large isolate genomes in the system What do you hope IMG will look like current course in supporting the JGI will mean substantial increases in the and be able to do for users in 10 user community and JGI Science comparison times and computational years? through its emphasis on high quality, resources investments. But that’s the and will maintain its position as a obvious way to go, you need to have The exponential growth of sequence premier comparative analysis system all the data integrated. If you have data is having already a dramatic for microbial genomes and metage- missing parts, discovery is missed.

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THE PRIMER Rifle, CO Research

Reconstructing Environmental Microbial Communities Though microbes are critically probably at the range of several important to environmental processes, thousands or tens of thousands of accurately characterizing them is different species.” difficult because many cannot be DOE JGI Metagenome Program cultivated in a laboratory setting. One head Susannah Tringe noted that workaround is to study DNA extracted while the Rifle studies came out of from the metagenome, but studying a the Community Science Project population rather than an individual (CSP), the longer-read analyses raises different obstacles on the path conducted and reported in this study to knowledge. The challenges of were motivated in part by the DOE assembling genes and genomic JGI’s Emerging Technologies Opportu- fragments into meaningful sequence nity Program (ETOP). Launched in information for an unknown microbe 2013, the program seeks to develop has been likened to putting together a and support selected new technolo- jigsaw puzzle without knowing what gies that the DOE JGI could establish the final picture should look like, or to add value to the high-throughput even if you have all the pieces. sequencing it currently carries out “For metagenomics,” said Jillian for its users. Banfield of the University of Califor- Itai Sharon spoke at the 2014 nia, Berkeley and Berkeley Lab’s Cover image courtesy of Genome Research DOE JGI Genomics of Energy & (Image by Zosia Rostomian, Berkeley Lab) Earth Sciences Division, a longtime Environment Meeting on the benefits collaborator of the DOE JGI, “it is like Metagenome data were generated of multi-Kb Illumina reads. Watch reconstructing puzzles from a mixture from the Berkeley Lab-led DOE his talk on the DOE JGI’s YouTube of pieces from many different puz- subsurface biogeochemistry field channel at http://bit.ly/ zles—and not knowing what any of study site in Rifle, Colorado by a JGIUM9_Sharon. them look like.” Banfield-led team. They evaluated Part of the problem lies in the fact the accuracy of the genomes that the more commonly used se- reconstructed from the sequences quencing machines generate data in produced by the two Illumina tech- short lengths or fragments, on the order nologies to learn more about the of a few hundred base pairs of DNA. microbes present in lower amounts Additionally, short-read assemblers than others and better determine the may not be able to distinguish among species richness of the metagenome multiple occurrences of the same or samples. The project is part of the similar sequences and will therefore Berkeley Lab Genomes-to-Watershed either fail to place them in the correct Scientific Focus Area (SFA), which context, or eliminate them entirely has a goal of developing an approach from the final assembly, in the same for gaining a predictive understand- way that putting together a jigsaw ing of complex, biologically based puzzle with many small pieces that system interactions from the genome look the same, is difficult. In a study to the watershed scale. published on the cover of the April The team found that the longer 2015 edition of Genome Research, a reads captured more of the commu- team including DOE JGI and Berkeley nity’s diverse species. “Extending the Lab researchers compared two ways of analysis further to species with a using the next generation Illumina lower abundance suggests that at sequencing machines, one of which— least … 2,100 different species Berkeley Lab earth scientist Kenneth Hurst Williams describes the Genomes-to-Watershed TruSeq Synthetic Long-Reads—pro- are present,” they reported. “The Scientific Focus Area, and how the DOE JGI is duced significantly longer reads than true number of species is therefore contributing to the scientific effort. Watch the the other. expected to be much higher— video at http://bit.ly/JGI15WIlliamsSFA.

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Expanding the Archaeal Tree of Life , a domain of single-celled microorganisms, represent a signifi- cant fraction of the earth’s biodiver- sity, yet they remain much less understood than bacteria. One reason for this lack of knowledge is relatively poor genome sampling, which has limited accuracy of the Archaeal phylogenetic tree. In a recent study published March 16, 2015 in Current Biology, researchers approximately doubled the genomic diversity sam- pled from this domain and recon- structed the first complete genomes for Archaea using cultivation-indepen- dent methods resulting in an exten- sive revision of the Archaeal tree of life. Researchers from institutions including the University of California, Berkeley, DOE JGI, the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Image by Nathan Johnson, EMSL Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory used genome- resolved metagenomic analyses to ses of DPANN representatives revealed investigate the diversity, genomes their primary contributions to the sizes, metabolic capacities and earth’s biogeochemical cycles involve potential roles of Archaea in terrestrial carbon and hydrogen metabolism. The subsurface biogeochemical cycles. data suggest these organisms may be They sequenced DNA in sediment and involved in processing the sizeable groundwater samples from a uranium- reservoir of buried organic carbon, a contaminated aquifer at DOE’s finding that can be immediately Integrated Field Research Challenge implemented within genome-resolved site near Rifle, Colo. This is a former ecosystem models to more accurately uranium mill and the primary site for reflect the key role played by Archaea DOE’s Subsurface Systems Scientific in the global carbon cycle. Focus Area. Strikingly, the key features of By sampling genomes of 100 DPANN Archaea closely parallel those different Archaea, researchers identi- of a putative bacterial superphylum. fied two novel phyla—named Wo- Their members are also predicted to esearchaeota and Pacearchaeota— have small genomes and to lack core within the recently proposed metabolic pathways. Taken together, superphylum comprised of 5 archaeal findings suggest these organisms phylum-level groups abbreviated to depend on other members of the DPANN. The unprecedented recon- microbial community to survive and struction of two complete genomes for similar conditions have shaped two of Jill Banfield, senior author of the study, discusses members of this major superphylum the three major branches of the tree how the field of metagenomics has changed in showed these organisms have small of life. the decade since her pioneering collaboration genomes and limited metabolic with the DOE JGI and what that partnership This piece was edited from the EMSL highlight, means moving forward with ongoing research in capacities. Detailed metabolic analy- “Archaeal Tree of Life.” Rifle, Colorado. Watch her talk athttp://bit.ly/ JGI15BanfieldSFA.

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Growing interest continued from page 1

Putting Processes In Place pointed out that studying and synthe- a place to generate hypothesis for sizing pathways weren’t just for understanding the accumulation of Blake Simmons from the Joint applications and chemicals produc- biomass. What we want is a large BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) delivered tion, but for also understanding very healthy plant that doesn’t compete the first of the opening keynotes. He basic questions such as metabolisms with food crops,” she said, reminding reminded the audience about the need in basic living systems production. the audience of the goals of bioenergy to move to sustainable, renewable fuels crop researchers. “Switchgrass has in the transportation sector, where Building Up Biomass many of the features we want for one fossil fuels currently provide 97 percent of these dedicated bioenergy crops.” of the fuels. “Beyond biofuels,” he Shawn Kaeppler from Great Lakes So far, the switchgrass resequencing added, “how do we displace the whole Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) project led by Bartley has found 31 barrel of oil? What we derive from oil is talked about his team’s work on maize million DNA sequence variations basically everything.” diversity, and their focus on the plant (SNPs) across all of the genotypes, Speaking about improving the for its relationship to several candidate though nearly two-thirds of them are processes involved in biofuels produc- bioenergy grasses, including sorghum, unique to a single genotype. She tion, he focused on ionic liquids that switchgrass and miscanthus. He added that the switchgrass genome can help break down plant biomass covered examples of genome-wise itself is still being improved, and and more efficiently liberate sugars. associated studies (GWAS), RNA some of the data are being validated For this process, he said, JBEI sequencing and genetic mapping to by the resequencing findings. researchers have been working with help researchers discover genes and Brutnell’s talk wasn’t on a bioen- enzymes sourced from microbes pathways associated with improving ergy crop, but rather on a plant model whose genomes have been sequenced biofuels crops. for candidate bioenergy grasses. He and analyzed by the DOE JGI. Similarly-focused plant talks came works on green foxtail (Setaria viridis), Picking up on Simmons’ theme of from DOE JGI collaborators Laura another DOE JGI Community Science improving pathways and processes for Bartley from the University of Okla- Program project and model for pani- biofuels production in her presenta- homa, and Tom Brutnell at the coid grasses, which include crops tion, Michelle Chang of the University Danforth Center. Bartley gave an update such as maize, sugarcane, miscanthus, of California, Berkeley talked about on the progress of her switchgrass and sorghum. “This is a really exciting designing synthetic pathways for genome projects, among those selected place now in plant science,” he said. biofuels. “Fuels are the hardest for the DOE JGI Community Science “Many plants are now sequenced by product to make,” she said, as she Program. “We’re using switchgrass as JGI, and provide us a way for moving across lineages and discovering new genes in photosynthesis.” He dis- cussed the use of CRISPR/Cas 9 editing tools on Setaria plants for various studies. He also referenced the work done by Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Jerry Tuskan on poplar. “What Jerry has done for poplar, we’d like to emulate for Setaria,” he said. A Mutual Appreciation

Jerry Tuskan from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the Bioenergy Science Center (BESC) delivered the final opening keynote Science program heads (left to right) Susannah Tringe, Igor Grigoriev, Tanja Woyke, Nikos Kyrpides talk. He focused on work being done and Jeremy Schmutz field user suggestions while DOE JGI Director Eddy Rubin moderates the to understand the mutualistic rela- session. (Image by Roy Kaltschmidt, Berkeley Lab) tionship between the poplar tree and

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the fungus Laccaria bicolor, both of pathogens and how they are evolving other members of the microbial which were sequenced by the DOE to perturb the plant, even as they are community. JGI. Knowing how plant health can be under pressure to thrive. “As evolution “I would definitely not have pre- helped by beneficial microbes, as well and natural selection drives us to dicted that,” he said. as how to maintain that association, adapt, they specialize,” he said, The team made use of the tran- he said, can help bioenergy research- adding that lineages with adaptable scriptomes—the collection of RNA ers cultivate agriculture-quality land genomes are less likely to go extinct. sequences in a cell that can tell for biofuels crop production without researchers when and where genes encroaching on farms. One of the Finding a Microbial are turned off—of microbial commu- studies he highlighted featured the nities off the coast of Monterey, search for a poplar protein that moves Community’s Rhythms California and in the open ocean off into Laccaria and appears to change Ed DeLong from the University of Oahu, Hawaii. These communities its behavior. “We’re exploring this as a Hawaii at Manoa delivered the contained species such as Prochlo- way to control behavior of host and closing keynote. He has collaborated roccus, Synechococcus, and Ostro- microbiome,” he said. “There’s a lot with the DOE JGI for more than a coccus, all among the most produc- more signaling than we were aware of. decade, and his projects have tive and abundant photosynthetic A broad genomics approach allows us focused on various marine microbes, microorganisms. to tease apart some of these commu- ranging from deep-sea plankton to DeLong and his colleagues then nication mechanisms and then we can methane-oxidizing archaeon and compared these findings with data favorably influence how individual Antarctic bacterioplankton. obtained at Station Aloha near Oahu, fungi interact with individual poplar.” DeLong’s talk focused on the Hawaii, where 25 years of data have It’s hard to reference the first application of omics techniques to been collected as part of the Hawaii mutualistic fungus to have its genome discern the similarities between the Ocean Time Series. Here they found sequenced without mentioning the daily rhythms of marine microbial once more that the there were multiple project head, longtime DOE JGI communities located oceans apart. As species dominating the communities collaborator Francis Martin of the he and his colleagues at MIT, the at various points throughout the day. French national research institute University of Hawaii, and other “There’s a finely tuned biological INRA. He described the interactions institutions reported in a recent paper orchestra happening everyday that between plants and fungi in forest published in Proceedings of the ripples through the whole community ecosystems as “a 400-million year old National Academy of Sciences, of these ocean waters,” he concluded. affair that shaped the biosphere via despite tremendous differences “We’re close to being able to map colonization of the terrestrial environ- between their habitats, there are microbes in 4 dimensions,” he said, ment.” His own talk at the Meeting strikingly similar temporal patterns “and if you’d said that 10 years ago focused on the use of comparative that trigger metabolic functions in they’d have sent you to the hospital.” genomics to decipher ecological traits to understand the interrelationships between four types of fungi: white rots, brown rots, leaf-decayers and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. One of the findings he shared is that on average, ECM lineages have reduced the complement of plant cell wall degrading enzymes compared to the number of genes in ancestral white rot wood decayers. Sophien Kamoun of The Sainsbury Laboratory presented the flip side of the relationship between plants and microbes. He has previously collabo- rated with the DOE JGI on projects to sequence Phytophthora fungi, which can damage legumes. At the Meeting, he focused on filamentous plant Metabolomics group lead Trent Northen leads a tour for users. (Image by Roy Kaltschmidt, Berkeley Lab)

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Microbial Activity in the Melting Arctic Science Programs Deputy The frozen soils embedded in the ranging from completely thawed to Jim Bristow Retires Arctic store roughly 1.5 billion tons of completely frozen. Metagenomics carbon. Rising global temperatures (MG), or environmental genomics, concern climate researchers because enabled the researchers to identify the permafrost soils may thaw com- the phylogeny—i.e., history of organ- pletely. This event could potentially lead ismal lineages—of the communities’ to the release of potent greenhouse microbial members, and the func-

gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and meth- tional gene composition. Metatran- ane in what would be the largest scriptomics (MT) allowed the team to contribution of carbon transferred to the determine which genes were being atmosphere by a single terrestrial expressed. Finally, metaproteomics process. (MP) provided insights on which A team of scientists from institu- proteins were actually produced. tions including the DOE JGI, Berkeley For the study, researchers relied on Lab, Pacific Northwest National soil cores collected in Alaska, focus- Laboratory (PNNL) and the United ing on their bacteria and archaea. States Geological Survey sought to Comparison of the MG, MT and MP (left to right: DOE JGI Director Eddy determine the composition of micro- data from the three soils provided Rubin, Science Deputy Jim Bristow, bial communities and their role in insight into the linkages between Operations Deputy Ray Turner, and degrading permafrost organic carbon omics data and elemental cycling Bristow’s wife Willow Dean) After a and the subsequent production of CO pathways. In the thermokarst bog they 2 decade with the DOE JGI and 35 years and methane. A better understanding found the highest rates of methane with the University of California, Jim of these processes is necessary, they production and identified several maintained, for generating more microbes involved in this pathway. Ad- Bristow has retired. “When Jim came accurate models and thus predictions ditionally, several genes involved in to the JGI, we were at the end of the of the environmental consequences. methanogenesis were detected in Human Genome era and we were The team reported on the application both the MG and MT data sets and focused on one project and one tube of multiple molecular technologies corresponding proteins in the MP data of DNA,” said Rubin. “Jim figured out collectively referred to as “omics” to sets. Three draft methanogen ge- how to convert us to a user facility, Jim better characterize microbial activities nomes were identified, and compari- launched all the science programs in a paper published online March 4, sons with sequenced methane pro- and the project management office. 2015 in the journal Nature. ducers suggest these are previously Now we have user reviews and user Microbial ecologist Janet Jansson undescribed microbes. committees and user meetings. He from PNNL led the team that investi- The work done by Jansson and her was such a foundational force.” As a gated three types of Alaskan soils, colleagues is just one of the ecosys- parting gift, Turner had a sign made to tem studies being conducted by the Department of Energy in Alaska. mark Bristow’s next possible undertak- Through the Next-Generation Ecosys- ing: a bike shop on Vashon Island in tem Experiments (NGEE Arctic) the Puget Sound. A video recapping project in Barrow, Alaska, a consor- Bristow’s time at the DOE JGI is at tium of academic institutions and http://bit.ly/JGIBristowRetirement. national laboratories is developing a process-driven ecosystem model that will allow researchers to better predict the evolution of Arctic ecosystems in Contact The Primer a changing climate. Jansson is David Gilbert, Managing Editor currently leading a Community [email protected] Science Program project at the DOE Massie Santos Ballon, Editor JGI for sequencing of samples Study first author Jenni Hultman prepping collected for the NGEE Arctic project. permafrost samples. (Janet Jansson, PNNL)

PACS 15-JGI-1813

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