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An Analysis of Social Behaviors in Stressful Situations Using Q-Sort Data Lacie Bray-Akers Ashland University, [email protected]

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An Analysis of Social Behaviors in Stressful Situations Using Q-Sort Data Lacie Bray-Akers Ashland University, Lbrayake@Ashland.Edu International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities Volume 6 Article 3 June 2014 An Analysis of Social Behaviors in Stressful Situations Using Q-Sort Data Lacie Bray-Akers Ashland University, [email protected] Shelby Gaydosh Ashland University, [email protected] Dylan Pelham Ashland University, [email protected] Morgan Phillips Ashland University, [email protected] Diane B. V. Bonfiglio Ashland University, [email protected] Recommended Citation Bray-Akers, Lacie; Gaydosh, Shelby; Pelham, Dylan; Phillips, Morgan; and Bonfiglio, Diane B. V. (2014) "An Analysis of Social Behaviors in Stressful Situations Using Q-Sort Data," International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities: Vol. 6, Article 3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1027 An Analysis of Social Behaviors in Stressful Situations Using Q-Sort Data Peer Review This work has undergone a double-blind review by a minimum of two faculty members from institutions of higher learning from around the world. The faculty reviewers have expertise in disciplines closely related to those represented by this work. If possible, the work was also reviewed by undergraduates in collaboration with the faculty reviewers. Abstract Theories suggest that humans may respond to stressful situations by engaging in certain social behaviors aimed at minimizing the effects of stress. Though these social responses during stress have been investigated in many ways, this study adds to the literature by using a standardized Q-sort technique to examine them. When participants characterized situations as more stressful, they reported a greater tendency to distance themselves from others and lesser expressions of warmth. For female participants only, when situations were described as more anxiety-inducing, participants reported greater seeking of assurance. Though male and female participants did not differ with respect to their reports of the stressfulness of situations, they did differ with respect to their reported behaviors in those situations, with female participants reporting more expressing of warmth and male participants reporting more distancing from others. Keywords social support, stress, Q-sort Bray-Akers et al.: Social Behaviors in Stressful Situations INTRODUCTION Jennings 1990), and even a dog (Allen, Blascovich, & Mendes, 2002). Studies from The particular benefits of social outside the laboratory have suggested that support on many positive physiological social support may be related to the processes and for physical health are well development of coping strategies in the face established (House, Landis, & Umberson, of stressors (Kim, Suh, Kim, & Gopalan, 1988; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 2012; Wang & Gan, 2011). Social support 1996). The effects of social support on may even influence the development and these outcomes hold even with the addition course of trauma symptoms associated with of control variables such as age and initial experiencing a severe stressor (Tsai, Harpaz- health status, indicating the high relevance Rotem, Pietrzak, & Southwick, 2012). of social support in this context. Supportive Interestingly, there appear to be others may play an instrumental role in gender differences in the relationships encouraging an individual to engage in among stress, social support, and coping. specific protective behaviors, such as Social support variables may account for exercising, refraining from smoking, or more of the variance in performance of visiting the doctor regularly (Cohen, 1988; health behaviors for women than those Gallant & Dorn, 2001). Social support variables do for men (Gallant & Dorn, could exact its effects on health by bringing 2001). Women seem to be particularly about physiological changes within an responsive to social support manipulations individual, directly or indirectly influencing aimed at reducing physiological responses to neuroendocrine, immune, or cardiovascular stressors (Linden, Chambers, Maurice, & responses (Cohen, 1998; Uchino et al., Lenz, 1993). Women also may be more 1996). Indeed, social support does appear to effective at providing social support in influence a variety of responses. laboratory situations (Glynn, Christenfeld, & Researchers have focused particular Gerin, 1999). attention on the role of social support in the Some may argue that such gender context of psychological stress. Contrary to differences are actually just part of a larger the beneficial effects of social support, stress pattern of differentiated responses to stress. is associated with poorer health behaviors Shelley Taylor and colleagues’ tend-and- (Ng & Jeffery, 2003) and negative befriend model describes a pattern of stress physiological effects (Frankenhaeuser, response in women that diverges from the 1991). It appears, however, that social traditional fight-or-flight view (Taylor et al., support may buffer these negative effects of 2000). Tend-and-befriend describes a stress (Thorsteinsson & James, 1999). pattern of response to stress that includes Cohen and Wills (1985) proposed the efforts to increase comfort and security for buffering hypothesis, which suggests that oneself and close others (tending), while social support is mainly useful precisely also establishing and nurturing connections during times of stress, since social support with others who can support those efforts moderates potentially harmful effects of (befriending). The tend-and-befriend stressors. Several laboratory investigations perspective suggests that this pattern of have demonstrated that negative responses responding to stress with care and affiliation to a laboratory stressor can be moderated by has evolved as an adaptive mechanism for the presence of an unknown confederate women, and is mediated in part by the action (Fontana, Diegnan, Villeneuve, & Lepore, of the hormone oxytocin (Taylor et al., 1999), a friend (Kamarck, Manuck, & 2000). Women tend to have larger social 1 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1027 International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities, Vol. 6 [2014], Art. 3 networks than men (McLaughlin, Vagenas, in the study of the impact of social support, Pachana, Begum, & Dobson, 2010). the most common measures were Women are likelier than men to report questionnaires meant to assess social engaging in tending and befriending integration by examining the existence and behaviors, whereas men are likelier to report interconnections among social ties (Cohen, engaging in fight or flight behaviors in times 1988; Cohen, Gottlieb, & Underwood, of stress (Turton & Campbell, 2005). 2001). However, other conceptualizations Women are likelier to exhibit more support- of social support gave rise to interest in seeking than do men, both in general measuring social support in different ways. (Felsten, 1998) and in the wake of a Measures of perceived support, which focus significant stressor (Norberg, Lindblad, & less on actual received support and more on Boman, 2006). an individual’s beliefs or satisfaction, allow Although the tend-and-befriend researchers to assess quality of relationships, pattern has been conceptualized as the instead of studying only quantity of female alternative to the fight or flight relationships (Cohen et al., 2001; Cohen, pattern, some research has examined Mermelstein, Kamarck, & Hoberman, elements of the model in male participants. 1985). For example, one study examined the role of Social support, as well as social oxytocin in men’s responses to a social responses to stress, also can be assessed support manipulation and determined that using a Q-sort technique (Wagerman & the hormone enhanced the stress-buffering Funder, 2009). Q-sorts require respondents effects of social support (Heinrichs, to sort items into categories such that a Baumgartner, Kirschbaum, & Ehlert, 2003). specific number of items must be assigned Interestingly, a recent study using only male to each level. Fewer items may be assigned participants also reported evidence of to the highest and lowest levels, and more befriending (von Dawans, Fischbacher, items must be assigned to the middle levels, Kirschbaum, Fehr, & Heinrichs, 2012). In so that the resulting pattern of placement that study, men displayed more trust and resembles a normal curve. This procedure sharing with another person after having thus limits the number of descriptors a experienced a laboratory stressor. That respondent can place in the extreme study suggests that not only may men be categories. Turton and Campbell (2005) capable of benefitting from the developed a four-factor Q-sort instrument to physiological processes associated with examine specifically the fight, flight, tend, tend-and-befriend, but they may also display and befriend behavioral response patterns. an orientation toward befriending in at least Other Q-sorts, such as the Riverside some situations. Behavioral Q-Sort (Funder, Furr, & Colvin, Researchers have used various 2000; Furr, Wagerman, & Funder, 2010), methodologies for studying patterns of while not designed explicitly for the sole stress, social support, and related outcomes. purpose of assessing social support, also In particular, researchers have studied the contain items relevant to social support and relationship between stress and social tending-and-befriending. behavior using sets of questionnaires that The relationships among stress, ask participants to self-report the amount of social behavior, and psychological and stress they are experiencing and that ask physical health outcomes have
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