DOCSLIB.ORG

Who Guideline on Estimation of Residual Risk of Hiv, Hbv

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Who Guideline on Estimation of Residual Risk of Hiv, Hbv 1 2 3 WHO/BS/2016.2283 4 ENGLISH ONLY 5 6 WHO GUIDELINE ON ESTIMATION OF RESIDUAL RISK 7 OF HIV, HBV OR HCV INFECTIONS VIA CELLULAR 8 BLOOD COMPONENTS AND PLASMA 9 NOTE: 10 This document has been prepared for the purpose of inviting comments and suggestions on the 11 proposals contained therein, which will then be considered by the Expert Committee on Biological 12 Standardization (ECBS). Publication of this early draft is to provide information about the proposed 13 WHO Guideline on estimation of residual risk of HIV, HBV or HCV infections via cellular blood 14 components and plasma, to a broad audience and to improve transparency of the consultation process. 15 The text in its present form does not necessarily represent an agreed formulation of the Expert 16 Committee. Written comments proposing modifications to this text MUST be received by 17 16th September 2016 in the Comment Form available separately and should be addressed to the 18 World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, attention: Department of Essential 19 Medicines and Health Products (EMP). Comments may also be submitted electronically to the 20 Responsible Officer: Dr C Micha Nübling at email: [email protected]. 21 The outcome of the deliberations of the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization will be 22 published in the WHO Technical Report Series. The final agreed formulation of the document will be 23 edited to be in conformity with the "WHO style guide" (WHO/IMD/PUB/04.1). 24 © World Health Organization 2016 25 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health 26 Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: 27 [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for 28 non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: 29 [email protected]). 30 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any 31 opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, 32 city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps 33 represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. 34 The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or 35 recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. 36 Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. WHO/residual risk/Draft/1 June 2016 Page 2 1 All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this 2 publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or 3 implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World 4 Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. 5 The named authors [or editors as appropriate] alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. 6 7 Recommendations and guidelines published by WHO are intended to be scientific and advisory in nature. Each of the following sections constitutes guidance for national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and for manufacturers of biological products. If an NRA so desires, these Guidelines may be adopted as definitive national requirements, or modifications may be justified and made by the NRA. It is recommended that modifications to these Guidelines be made only on condition that modifications ensure that the vaccine is at least as safe and efficacious as that prepared in accordance with the recommendations set out below. The parts of each section printed in small type are comments or examples for additional guidance intended for manufacturers and NRAs, which may benefit from those details. WHO/residual risk/Draft/1 June 2016 Page 3 1 SCHEDULE FOR THE PROPOSED ADOPTION PROCESS OF DOCUMENT 2 3 WHO Guideline on Estimation of Residual Risk of HIV, HBV or HCV Infections via 4 Cellular Blood Components and Plasma 5 Endorsement of the “residual risk guideline” project by the WHO 15.-19.10.2012 Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS), based on requests from low- and middle-income countries aiming to use recovered plasma for manufacture of plasma derived medicinal products Discussions on outline and necessary elements of the guidance 09.-12.06.2014 document at the “WHO Workshop on Blood Testing and Risk Assessment as part of GMP in blood establishments”, Jakarta, Indonesia Working group of experts in the fields of epidemiology and blood safety 17.-18.06.2015 testing; meeting at WHO HQ, Geneva, Switzerland Circulation of draft guideline among working group members and Aug / Sep 2015 international experts Presentation and discussion of draft guideline at the WHO AFRO 23.-25.09.2015 “Regional workshop on the development of regional strategy for blood safety and the establishment of national regulatory system for blood and blood products”, Cotonou, Benin Presentation and discussion of draft guideline at the WHO Expert 12.-16.10.2015 Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS) Presentation and discussion of draft guideline at the Blood Regulator 15.10.2016 Network (BRN) Presentation and discussion of draft guideline at the “12th Arab 20.-23.11.2015 Transfusion Medicine Forum (ATMF), Cairo, Egypt Presentation and discussion of draft guideline at the WHO EMRO 17.-19.05.2016 “Regional Meeting of Directors of National Blood Transfusion Services“, Tunis, Tunisia Presentation and discussion of draft guideline at the “IPFA / PEI 23rd 25.-26.05.2016 International Workshop on Surveillance and Screening of Blood Borne Pathogens”, Lisboa, Portugal Circulation of draft guideline among working group members and Apr – Jun 2016 international experts Circulation of final draft guideline version for public consultation Jun – Sep 2016 Consolidation of comments received and review of feedback Oct 2016 Presentation to the WHO Expert Committee on Biological 17.-21.10.2016 Standardization for adoption Any other follow-up action as required 6 WHO/residual risk/Draft/1 June 2016 Page 4 1 Executive Summary 2 This guideline advises on estimation of the residual risk of HIV, HBV or HCV being present 3 in cellular blood components and plasma. This estimation has implications for the safety of 4 non- (or incompletely) inactivated blood or plasma products. There are large differences in 5 the prevalence and incidence of viral infections in blood donors around the world. The impact 6 of these epidemiological differences on blood safety needs to be assessed together with the 7 sensitivity of the testing strategy applied. These estimations may be used for strategic 8 decisions on the choice of assays to interdict virus-positive blood and plasma units and as a 9 basis for cost benefit analysis of different testing scenarios most suitable in the region. The 10 factors influencing the risk of virus transmissions by blood components are described as well 11 as simple mathematical formulas to calculate its probability. Similarly, the probability and 12 potential level of viral contamination of plasma pools used for manufacture of plasma derived 13 medicinal products can be calculated and subsequently the infectivity risk of plasma products 14 can be estimated in relation to the inactivation and reduction capacity of the manufacturing 15 process. Currently, recovered plasma from whole blood donations is often not used for 16 plasma fractionation because of the potential virus risks and quality concerns. It is hoped that 17 this document can help in rationalising decision making on the use of plasma units for 18 fractionation on the basis of residual risk estimations. 19 Since the performance of assays is a key element in minimizing residual risk of blood 20 components and guaranteeing safety of plasma products, an annex to this guideline gives 21 advice on assessment of in vitro diagnostics in studies using specimen panels from the region. 22 This limited performance evaluation of new assays may be performed prior to acceptance of a 23 new blood screening assay in the country. 24 25 WHO/residual risk/Draft/1 June 2016 Page 5 1 Content Page no. 2 Glossary 6 3 Abbreviations 9 4 Introduction 10 5 (1) Course of HIV, HBV and HCV infections 10 6 (2) Residual risk origins 11 7 (3) Screening assay categories and diagnostic window periods 13 8 (4) Viral concentrations during diagnostic window 16 9 (5) Confirmation of reactive screening results 17 10 (6) Virus epidemiology of donor populations 17 11 (7) Estimation of incidence and window period modelling of risks 18 12 (8) Residual risks 22 13 References 23 14 Annex 1 Targeted evaluation of new blood screening assays 28 15 Annex 2 Examples for estimation of residual risks 31 16 Achnowledgment 34 17 18 WHO/residual risk/Draft/1 June 2016 Page 6 1 Glossary 2 Analytical sensitivity: the smallest amount of the target marker that can be precisely 3 detected by an assay; it may be expressed as the limit of detection and is often determined by 4 testing limiting dilutions of a biological reference preparation 5 Apheresis: the process by which one or more blood components are selectively obtained 6 from a donor by withdrawing whole blood, separating it by centrifugation and/or filtration 7 into its components, and returning those not required to the donor. The term ‘plasmapheresis’ 8 is used for a procedure dedicated specifically to the collection of plasma.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • STI Screening Timetable
    Patient Education Information from University Health Center’s STI Screening Clinic Page 1 of 1 STI Screening Timetable How long until STI (sexually transmitted infection) screening tests turn positive? How long until STI symptoms might show up? The time between infection and a positive test, or between infection and symptoms, is variable and depends on many factors, including the behavior of the infectious agent, how and where the body is infected, and the state of a person’s immune system and personal health. Many STIs don’t have any symptoms. The incubation period times listed in the chart below are averages only. If you have further questions or concerns, you can schedule an appointment with a clinician at 541-346-2770. STI screening test Window period (time from exposure until Incubation period (time between exposure and screening test turns positive) when symptoms appear) Chlamydia (urine specimen or swab of 1 week most of the time Often no symptoms vagina, rectum, throat) 2 weeks catches almost all 1-3 weeks on average Gonorrhea (urine specimen on swab of 1 week most of the time Often no symptoms, especially vaginal vagina, rectum, throat) 2 weeks catches almost all infections usually within 2-8 days but can be up to 2 weeks Syphilis (blood test, RPR) 1 month catches most Often symptoms too mild to notice 3 months catches almost all 10-90 days average 21 days HIV (oral cheek swab) 1 month catches most Sometimes mild body aches and fever within 1-2 3 months catches almost all weeks then can be months to years HIV (blood test, antigen/antibody
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatitis B and C Testing: Why? Who? How? a Guidance Paper on Testing in Community and Harm Reduction Settings 1 Colophon
    Hepatitis B and C testing: why? who? how? A guidance paper on testing in community and harm reduction settings 1 Colophon This paper is a product of the Correlation Hepatitis C Initiative. You can access the paper at www.hepatitis-c-initiative.eu Author: Danny Morris Review: M. Harris, A. Kautz, A. Leicht, H. Lochtenberg, E. Schatz Copyright © 2016 Copyrights remains with the publisher Correlation Network PO Box 10887 1001 EW Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone.: +31 20 5317600 Fax.: +31 20 4203528 [email protected] Correlation Network is a part of the international activities of the Regenboog Groep. For more information: www.deregenboog.org The production of this paper has been supported by an unrestricted grant from Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd 2 Acknowledgements We want to thank the author Danny Morris and all who helped to draft this paper and the Regenboog Group, Abbvie and GILEAD for their financial support of the Hepatitis C Initiative. Eberhard Schatz Correlation Hepatitis C Initiative Amsterdam, December 2016 “The Hepatitis C Initiative aims to enhance the momentum of current HCV treatment opportunities and strives for universal access to essential HCV prevention and treatment for the most affected and under-served communities: people who use drugs.” 3 Content Chapter 1: Introduction 6 1.1 Hepatitis B and C infect one in fifty adults in the European Region 9 1.2 Higher rates of hepatitis among vulnerable groups 9 1.3 A public health approach to hepatitis 9 1.4 Harm reduction as prevention 10 1.5 Diagnosing hepatitis B and C 10 1.6 Awareness raising - key recommendations 11 1.7 Testing and diagnosis - key recommendations 13 Chapter 2: Who should be tested 14 2.1 Barriers to testing 16 2.2 Barriers to testing and treatment may include 16 2.3 Overcoming barriers to testing 17 2.4 Testing as standard practice 18 2.5 Pre and post-test discussion 18 2.6 Serological testing for viral hepatitis 20 4 Chapter 3: Screening technologies and development of non-invasive techniques 22 3.1 Venapuncture 23 3.2 Dried blood spot testing 24 3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Donor Testing and Risk: Current Prevalence, Incidence, and Residual Risk of Transfusion-Transmissible Agents in US Allogeneic Donations
    Donor Testing and Risk: Current Prevalence, Incidence, and Residual Risk of Transfusion-Transmissible Agents in US Allogeneic Donations Shimian Zou, Susan L. Stramer, and Roger Y. Dodd Over the past 20 years, there has been a major increase virus (HIV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus did in the safety of the blood supply, as demonstrated by not. The incidence (/100 000 person-years) of HIV and declining rates of posttransfusion infection and reduc- HCV among repeat donors showed apparent increases tions in estimated residual risk for such infections. from 1.55 and 1.89 in 2000 through 2001 to 2.16 Reliable estimates of residual risk have been possible and 2.98 in 2007 through 2008. These observed within the American Red Cross system because of the fluctuations confirm the need for continuous monitor- availability of a large amount of reliable and consistent ing and evaluation. The residual risk of HIV, HCV, and data on donations and infectious disease testing human T-cell lymphotropic virus among all allogeneic results. Among allogeneic blood donations, the pre- donations is currently below 1 per 1 million donations, valence rates of infection markers for hepatitis C virus and that of hepatitis B surface antigen is close to 1 per (HCV) and hepatitis B virus have decreased over time, 300 000 donations. although rates for markers of human immunodeficiency © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. HE BLOOD SUPPLY in the United States DEMOGRAPHY OF DONOR POPULATIONS T and many other countries has become safer In 2008, a total of 3 830 094 volunteer blood than ever, thanks to continuing improvements in donors successfully made 6 638 877 blood dona- donor selection and testing, along with broad tions to ARC Blood Services, with whole blood and improvements in public health.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention and Treatment
    Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention and Treatment Kevin L. Ard, MD, MPH Massachusetts General Hospital, The Fenway Institute Disclosures I have no financial disclosures. Doxycycline PEP is not FDA-approved. Learning objectives 1. Describe the epidemiology of syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other STIs among LGBTQ populations 2. Summarize optimal screening strategies for STIs. 3. Outline approaches to STI control that can be integrated into primary care. 3 Caveats ▪ Many (most?) LGBTQ people do not face a high risk of STIs. ▪ Clinical care must be individualized, not based on group risk. ▪ Data about STIs among cisgender WSW are limited. ▪ Terms that describe identity and behavior are imperfect and change over time. The rate of chlamydia diagnosis is increasing. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017, CDC Proportion of STI clinic patients testing positive for chlamydia Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017, CDC The rate of gonorrhea diagnosis is increasing. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017, CDC MSM face an increasing disparity in the rate of gonorrhea. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017, CDC Antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea is increasing. Resistanc e Elevated MICs Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. Neisseria gonorrhoeae — Percentage of Urethral Isolates with Elevated Azithromycin Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) (≥2.0 µg/ml) and Elevated Ceftriaxone MICs (≥0.125 μg/ml) by Reported Sex of Sex Partners, Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), 2011–2017 A. Azithromycin B. Ceftriaxone * No cases of elevated ceftriaxone MICs were reported among MSM in 2017. ACRONYMS: MSM = Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (collectively referred to as MSM); MSW = Men who have sex with women only.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Knowledge of HIV Status As an HIV Prevention Strategy
    From Prevention in Focus, Spring 2014 Unknown, negative or positive? Using knowledge of HIV status as an HIV prevention strategy By James Wilton and Tim Rogers As front-line workers in HIV prevention, it is important to understand what prevention strategies clients are using and how they understand the risks associated with them. A common HIV prevention strategy used by gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) is known as “serosorting” and involves limiting all – or just “high-risk” – sexual activities to partners who have the same HIV status. For example, an HIV-negative person may choose to only have condomless sex with other people who are HIV negative or an HIV-positive person may choose to only have condomless sex with other people who are HIV positive. This strategy is used in the context of different types of relationships, such as stable, casual, monogamous and non-monogamous relationships. This article focuses on how often serosorting is used, how well it works, and how knowledge of HIV status can be effectively used as a prevention strategy. The article only covers serosorting strategies that are based on individuals identifying themselves or others as HIV-positive or HIV-negative. It does not address other factors, such as viral load or use of other HIV prevention strategies, which play a very important role in assessing HIV risk. For information on these other strategies, please see the resource list at the end of the article. How common is serosorting? Serosorting is quite common among MSM in Canada and other parts of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of a Home-Use Test to Diagnose HIV Infection in a Sex Partner: a Case Report David a Katz1*, Matthew R Golden2,3 and Joanne D Stekler2,3
    Katz et al. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:440 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1756-0500/5/440 CASE REPORT Open Access Use of a home-use test to diagnose HIV infection in a sex partner: a case report David A Katz1*, Matthew R Golden2,3 and Joanne D Stekler2,3 Abstract Background: Home-use HIV tests have the potential to increase testing and may be used by sex partners to inform sexual decision-making. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an individual diagnosed with HIV using a home-use test with a sex partner. Case presentation: We are conducting a randomized controlled trial of home self-testing for HIV using the OraQuick ADVANCEW HIV-1/2 Antibody Test on oral fluids. In 2011, a 27-year-old, homeless, Latino man who has sex with men not enrolled in the trial (the case) reported receiving a reactive result from a diverted study kit. When interviewed by study staff, the case reported that, 11 months prior, he had unprotected anal sex with a trial subject without discussing HIV status. Afterwards, the subject asked the case if he would like to test, performed the test, and disclosed the reactive result. The case reported altering his behavior to decrease the risk of HIV transmission to subsequent partners and sought care two months later. Conclusions: This case demonstrates that home-use HIV tests will be used by sex partners to learn and disclose HIV status and inform sexual decision-making. It also highlights concerns regarding the absence of counseling and the potential for delayed entry into HIV care.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Evaluation of Transfusion-Associated Infections
    New York State Council on Human Blood and Transfusion Services GUIDELINES FOR THE EVALUATION OF TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS Third Edition 2007 New York State Council on Human Blood and Transfusion Services New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza; P.O. Box 509 Albany, New York 12201-0509 Third Edition 2007, Second Edition 1996, First Edition 1994 Requests for copies of this publication may be directed to: Blood and Tissue Resources Program New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center Empire State Plaza P.O. Box 509 Albany, New York 12201-0509 Telephone: (518) 485-5341 Fax: (518) 485-5342 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.wadsworth.org/labcert/blood_tissue NEW YORK STATE COUNCIL ON HUMAN BLOOD AND TRANSFUSION SERVICES Membership Roster – 2007 Donna Skerrett, M.D., M.S., Chairperson Kathleen Grima, M.D. Director Director Transfusion Medicine and Cellular Therapy New York Blood Center Clinical Services New York Presbyterian Hospital - White Plains, New York Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York Nadia Rajsz, M.S., MT(ASCP) Glen Spey, New York Joseph Chiofolo, D.O. Medical Director Lazaro Rosales, M.D. Transfusion Service Director Winthrop University Hospital Blood Bank Mineola, New York SUNY Health Science Center at Syracuse Robert A. Dracker, M.D., M.H.A. Syracuse, New York Medical Director Summerwood Pediatrics and Richard F. Daines, M.D. Infusacare Medical Services (Ex-officio) Liverpool, New York Commissioner New York State Department of Health William Fricke, M.D. Albany, New York Director Transfusion Service & Hematology Laboratory Jeanne V. Linden, M.D., M.P.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Guidelines on Estimation of Residual Risk of Hiv, Hbv Or Hcv Infections Via Cellular Blood Components and Plasma
    Post ECBS version ENGLISH ONLY EXPERT COMMITTEE ON BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION Geneva, 17 to 21 October 2016 WHO GUIDELINES ON ESTIMATION OF RESIDUAL RISK OF HIV, HBV OR HCV INFECTIONS VIA CELLULAR BLOOD COMPONENTS AND PLASMA © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.
    [Show full text]
  • Screening Donated Blood for Transfusion- Transmissible Infections
    Screening Donated Blood for Transfusion- Transmissible Infections Recommendations Screening Donated Blood for Transfusion- Transmissible Infections Recommendations WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: recommendations. 1.Blood transfusion - adverse effects. 2.Blood transfusion - standards. 3.Disease transmission, Infectious - prevention and control. 4.Donor selection. 5.National health programs. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 154788 8 (NLM classification: WB 356) Development of this publication was supported by Cooperative Agreement No. U62/PS024044-05 from the Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), Global AIDS Program (GAP), United States of America. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC. © World Health Organization 2010 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Nucleic Acid Tests on Pooled and Individual Samples
    Guidance for Industry Use of Nucleic Acid Tests on Pooled and Individual Samples from Donors of Whole Blood and Blood Components, including Source Plasma, to Reduce the Risk of Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Additional copies of this guidance are available from the Office of Communication, Outreach and Development (OCOD), (HFM-40), 1401 Rockville Pike, Suite 200N, Rockville, MD 20852- 1448, or by calling 1-800-835-4709 or 301-827-1800, or e-mail [email protected], or from the Internet at http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guida nces/default.htm. For questions on the content of this guidance, contact OCOD at the phone numbers or e-mail address listed above. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research October 2012 Contains Nonbinding Recommendations Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 II. DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................2 III. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................3 A. Rationale for Donor Screening Using HBV NAT .............................................. 4 B. Donor Requalification .......................................................................................... 7 IV. RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Including Human Immunodeficiency Virus
    Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus human immunodeficiency including Laboratory transmitted infections, diagnosis of sexually Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus Editor-in-Chief Magnus Unemo Editors Ronald Ballard, Catherine Ison, David Lewis, Francis Ndowa, Rosanna Peeling For more information, please contact: Department of Reproductive Health and Research World Health Organization Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland ISBN 978 92 4 150584 0 Fax: +41 22 791 4171 E-mail: [email protected] www.who.int/reproductivehealth 7892419 505840 WHO_STI-HIV_lab_manual_cover_final_spread_revised.indd 1 02/07/2013 14:45 Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus Editor-in-Chief Magnus Unemo Editors Ronald Ballard Catherine Ison David Lewis Francis Ndowa Rosanna Peeling WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus / edited by Magnus Unemo … [et al]. 1.Sexually transmitted diseases – diagnosis. 2.HIV infections – diagnosis. 3.Diagnostic techniques and procedures. 4.Laboratories. I.Unemo, Magnus. II.Ballard, Ronald. III.Ison, Catherine. IV.Lewis, David. V.Ndowa, Francis. VI.Peeling, Rosanna. VII.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 150584 0 (NLM classification: WC 503.1) © World Health Organization 2013 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO web site (www.who.int) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO web site (www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html).
    [Show full text]
  • Screening Donated Blood for Transfusion- Transmissible Infections
    Screening Donated Blood for Transfusion- Transmissible Infections Recommendations Screening Donated Blood for Transfusion- Transmissible Infections Recommendations WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: recommendations. 1.Blood transfusion - adverse effects. 2.Blood transfusion - standards. 3.Disease transmission, Infectious - prevention and control. 4.Donor selection. 5.National health programs. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 154788 8 (NLM classification: WB 356) Development of this publication was supported by Cooperative Agreement No. U62/PS024044-05 from the Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), Global AIDS Program (GAP), United States of America. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of CDC. © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]