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Vida No Espaço Ensino de Astronomia na UFABC Aula 18 - Vida no Espaço “Audaciosamente indo onde nenhum ser- humano jamais esteve…” Vida Fora da Terra Uma breve história... Anaxágoras de Clazômenas fez o uso do termo “panspermia” (tudo semente) para defender a ideia de que a vida se originou fora da Terra, no século V a.C. “É assim que a excelência de Deus se exalta e que a grandeza de seu reino se manifesta. Ele é glorificado não em um único, mas em incontáveis sóis; não em uma única Terra, mas numa infinidade de mundos.” (Giordano Bruno) “Não é apenas uma opinião, mas uma forte convicção, de que existem habitantes em outros mundos.” (Immanuel Kant) Vida Fora da Terra Perspectivas para a vida fora da Terra ● Entender as condições que possibilitaram o surgimento e a evolução da vida na Terra e procurar essas condições em outros lugares no Universo Tardígrado, um símbolo da astrobiologia ● Expandir as possibilidades para a conceituação e parâmetros aceitáveis da vida ● Colonização do espaço por seres humanos ● Busca e tentativas de estabelecer contato com civilizações extraterrestres Perspectivas para a Vida Além da Terra -bio- (βίος) Grego: vida Astro- Latim: “corpo celeste” -logia (λόγος) Grego: “razão, discurso, cálculo, proporção” Astrobiologia: visa entender a origem, a distribuição, a evolução e o futuro da vida, na Terra e fora dela. (Astrobiologia: Uma Ciência Emergente) O Que é Vida? ● Discussão filosófica “Não devemos nos sentir desencorajados pela dificuldade ● Propriedades de uma definição de vida: de interpretar a vida a partir das leis comuns da física” ○ Universalidade (Erwin Schrödinger) ○ Especificidade ○ Coerência ● Critérios mais aceitos (IAG/USP, 2016): ○ Compartimentalização ○ Informação ○ Metabolismo Perspectivas para a Vida Além da Terra Parte I Entendendo a Vida na Terra Origem da Vida na Terra Teorias de geração da vida ● Criacionismo ● Abiogênese ● Biogênese ● Metabolismo Primordial ● Mundo RNA ● Panspermia Cósmica ● Neopanspermia Cósmica Origem da Vida na Terra Criacionismo ● A existência dos seres vivos e sua diversidade se devem à criação divina ● Presente nas religiões tradicionais e em grande parte das religiões antigas de vários povos ● O Design Inteligente é uma teoria criacionista moderna mais sofisticada (ad hoc) TEORIAS CRIACIONISTAS NÃO SÃO ACEITAS PELA CIÊNCIA!!! Origem da Vida na Terra Abiogênese x Biogênese Experimento sobre geração de insetos Francesco Redi (1629 - 1697) Origem da Vida na Terra Abiogênese x Biogênese ● John Needham (1745) e Lazzaro Spallanzani (1768) realizaram experimentos semelhantes e controversos ● Louis Pasteur apresentou a evidência definitiva em favor da biogênese Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) Origem da Vida na Terra Caldo Nutritivo ● Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) propôs que a vida pode ter sido gerada a partir de um “caldo nutritivo”, calor e eletricidade. ● Haldane e Oparin propuseram estudar a Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) evolução de reações químicas em termos de competição e seleção natural O modelo de Oparin-Haldane teria como ponto de partida reações entre moléculas simples, como CH4, CO, CO2, HS, H2S, HCN, NH3, H2O e outras… ● Com algumas controvérsias, o modelo Oparin- Haldane foi aceito como viável Origem da Vida na Terra Hipótese Oparin-Haldane John Haldane e Aleksandr Oparin (Zaia; Zaia, 2008) Origem da Vida na Terra Genes Primordiais x Metabolismo Primordial ● Os primeiros seres vivos apresentariam uma química prebiótica e rede metabólica complexas. Mas qual veio primeiro? John Haldane e Aleksandr Oparin (Zaia; Zaia, 2008) Origem da Vida na Terra Neopanspermia Cósmica ● Variação da teoria da panspermia cósmica que propõe que biomoléculas complexas vieram do espaço, e não seres vivos ● Evidências da presença de biomoléculas em corpos celestes indicam que eles podem ter tido algum papel Meteorito de Murchison (Austrália, 1969) importante no surgimento da vida no planeta Essa hipótese oferece um precedente para estudarmos as possibilidades da formação da vida em outros planetas! Origem da Vida na Terra Objeções “ingênuas” a teorias naturalistas ● “O experimento de Pasteur demonstrou a impossibilidade de um surgimento espontâneo da vida.” ○ Isso vai muito além do que Pasteur queria demonstrar na época, e seu experimento era simples demais para reproduzir o surgimento da vida como ele é entendido hoje. ● “Se a vida é a auto-organização da matéria, a Segunda Lei da Termodinâmica impediria seu surgimento espontâneo, pois prevê que a entropia de um sistema sempre aumenta.” ○ A Segunda Lei da Termodinâmica é válida apenas para sistemas fechados - reduções locais de entropia são possíveis. Além disso, “ordem” e “desordem” não são grandezas físicas análogas à entropia, e sim qualidades subjetivas. Nesse caso, as interações inter- e intramoleculares teriam favorecido o agregamento e a auto-organização da matéria. Química Interestelar e Circunstelar Nucleossíntese Estelar ● Elementos essenciais para o surgimento da vida (C-H-O-N-P-S) surgem da atividade estelar - com exceção do H, que já é abundante no meio interestelar Fonte: Wikipedia Química Interestelar e Circunstelar Química do meio interestelar e circunstelar ● Moléculas podem se agregar em grãos de poeira estelar e formar biopolímeros em reações com íons, ou até mesmo formar outras moléculas complexas em reações fotoquímicas ou com raios cósmicos Química Interestelar e Circunstelar Fontes exógenas de biomoléculas (Pilling, 2012) ● Meteoróides: Bases purínicas e pirimídicas (Adenina, Uracila, Xantina, Guanina), coacervados, açúcares, bioassinaturas (?), fósseis bacterianos (?), bactérias vivas (?) ● Cometas: Silicatos, Água (H2O), monóxido e dióxido de carbono (CO e CO2), hidrocarbonetos, ácido Neowise (APoD NASA, 2020) cianídrico (HCN), aldeídos, ácido sulfídrico (H2S) e outras moléculas que poderiam fazer parte da química prebiótica Terra Primitiva Química Prebiótica (IAG/USP, 2016) ● Fontes endógenas de biomoléculas: Vulcões, fontes hidrotermais, minerais, reações em meio sólido e aquoso ● Atmosfera prebiótica: rarefeita, pobre em oxigênio. Provavelmente composta por CO, CO2, NH4, N2, H2, H2O e H2S Terra no período Hadeano ● Fontes de energia: calor, radiação UV (não havia ozônio na atmosfera), descargas elétricas, partículas de altas energias (raios cósmicos) Nessas condições, cientistas conseguiram a síntese experimental de aminoácidos proteicos, bases nucleicas de DNA/RNA e microestruturas orgânicas Evolução Biogeológica da Terra Evolução da Vida na Terra (IAG/USP, 2016; Wikipedia) ● Período Hadeano: Formação da Terra e da Lua, bombardeio de meteoros e química prebiótica. ● Período Arqueano: Aparecimento da vida procarionte e formação de biofilmes microbianos. Aparecimento de cianobactérias fotossintetizantes. Terra no período Hadeano ● Período Proterozóico: A fotossíntese começa a enriquecer a atmosfera com oxigênio (O2), o que favorece a diversificação de organismos aeróbicos. Também surgem os primeiros eucariontes e organismos multicelulares. ● Período Fanerozóico: Condições que existem até hoje. Emersão da Pangéia e diversificação da vida até o surgimento do ser-humano. Evolução Biogeológica da Terra Evolução da Vida na Terra (IAG/USP, 2016) Terra no período Hadeano Evolução Biogeológica da Terra Variação da Temperatura no Planeta (Wikipedia) Evolução Biogeológica na Terra Concentração de CO2 na Atmosfera Fonte: Climate.gov Vida no Espaço Parte II Possibilidades de vida fora da Terra Zonas Habitáveis Critérios para habitabilidade (IAG/USP, 2016) ● Habitabilitade Planetária: O planeta deve ser rochoso, possuir campo magnético, manter água líquida... Outros fatores importantes: atmosfera, gigantes gasosos, atividade geológica ● Zona Habitável Estelar: Classe espectral, distância até a estrela. ○ Limite interno: saturação de nuvens na atmosfera ○ Limite externo: condensação do gás carbônico ● Zona Habitável Galática: Metalicidade ○ Limite inferior: baixa formação de planetas rochosos ○ Limite superior: alta ocorrência de Hot Jupiters ...e taxa de formação estelar Zonas Habitáveis Zona Habitável Estelar (IAG/USP, 2016) Marte, dentro da zona habitável Zonas Habitáveis Zona Habitável Galática Fonte: IAG/USP Fonte: IF/UFRGS Vida no Sistema Solar ● Vênus: Planeta rochoso, perto da zona habitável, com possibilidade de ter sido habitável no passado. Hoje em dia, possibilidade muito remota de vida na atmosfera, quente e úmida. Lua de Júpiter, Europa Vida no Sistema Solar ● Marte: planeta rochoso com vestígios de presença de água líquida na superfície no passado. Possibilidade de vida abaixo da superfície. Atividade geológica intensa no passado. Marte Vida no Sistema Solar ● Marte: planeta rochoso com vestígios de presença de água líquida na superfície no passado. Possibilidade de vida abaixo da superfície. Atividade geológica intensa no passado. Superfície de Marte em detalhes Vida no Sistema Solar ● Europa (lua de Júpiter): matéria orgânica, presença de água líquida em grandes quantidades abaixo de uma crosta de gelo, energia proveniente de fontes geotérmicas e forças de maré, dinâmicas semelhantes às de placas tectônicas. Europa Vida no Sistema Solar ● Ganimedes (lua de Júpiter): presença de água líquida, abundante em matéria orgânica e energia proveniente de fontes geotérmicas e forças de maré. Presença de magnetosfera. Ganímedes Vida no Sistema Solar ● Titã (lua de Saturno): atmosfera densa, atividade hidrológica na superfície com lagos de hidrocarbonetos, possível oceano de água no interior da lua, forças de maré. Titã Vida no Sistema Solar ● Encélado (lua de Saturno): oceanos abaixo de uma crosta de gelo e ocorrência
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