DOCSLIB.ORG

Moths of North Carolina - Early Draft 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Moths of North Carolina - Early Draft 1 Crambidae Pantographa limata Basswood Leafroller Moth 20 n=6 • High Mt. N 10 u • • m • • • • b • e 0 • • r 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 • 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 NC counties: 11 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec o 20 f n=44 • = Sighting or Collection Low Mt. High counts of: in NC since 2001 F = Not seen since 2001 l 10 20 - Madison - 2020-08-13 • i 20 - Madison - 2021-09-02 g Status Rank h 2 - Haywood - 1988-07-19 0 NC US NC Global t 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 D Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec a 20 20 t n=2 n=0 e Pd CP s 10 10 0 0 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 15 5 25 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Three periods to each month: 1-10 / 11-20 / 21-31 FAMILY: Crambidae SUBFAMILY: Pyraustinae TRIBE: Spilomelini TAXONOMIC_COMMENTS: <i>Pantographa</i> is a small genus of mostly neotropical moths, with only two described species in North America. FIELD GUIDE DESCRIPTIONS: Covell (1984); Beadle and Leckie (2012). ONLINE PHOTOS: MPG; BugGuide; BAMONA TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION, ADULTS: Covell (1984); Beadle and Leckie (2012) TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION, IMMATURE STAGES: ID COMMENTS: The adults are easily recognizable due to their distinctive coloration and wing patterning. The ground color of the forewing is straw-colored along the costal region and much of the basal area, and metallic purplish brown on the remainder of the forewing. The lighter ground color is overlain with a series of crisp lines and small spots or blotches with purplish brown margins, including the orbicular, claviform, and reniform spots. The entire wing has a faint light or metallic sheen. The hindwing is heavy dusted with purplish brown coloration near the basal region. This fades into lighter dusting apically. A scalloped double-line occurs near the subterminal region and a small white spot is present between the middle and the base of the hindwing. DISTRIBUTION: <i>Pantographa limata</i> ranges across most of the eastern US and adjoining areas in extreme southern Canada. Populations extend as far south as Florida and Texas, and westward to eastern Texas, eastern Oklahoma, Missouri, and Iowa. This species is mostly absent from much of the Atlantic Coastal Plain from southern Virginia southward to southern Georgia. In North Carolina, <i>P. limata</i> is locally common in the mountains and western foothills of the Piedmont. It appears to be absent from much of the eastern Piedmont where basswood is less common, and has not been documented in the Coastal Plain. FLIGHT COMMENT: Local populations are univoltine, with adults in flight from late May through late August or early September. HABITAT: Local populations appear to be strongly dependent on American Basswood for successful reproduction. This species is generally found in areas with circumneutral soils with high nutrient content. Habitats include rich cove forests and mesic slopes in the mountains, rich forested sites in the Piedmont, and shell middens and/or marl-influenced sites in the Coastal Plain. FOOD: American Basswood (<i>Tilia americana</i>) appears to be the primary host plant. Covell (1984) reported that <i>P. limata</i> uses oaks and Rock Elm (<i>Ulmus thomasii</i>). These taxa appear to be minor hosts, and Rock Elm does not occur in North Carolina. <i>Tilia americana</i> has had a complex taxonomic history, and was previously split into multiple species (<i>T. heterophylla</i>; <i>T. caroliniana</i>; <i>T. floridana</i>) and varieties. More recently, these forms have been treated as a single, geographically variable species (<i>T. americana</i>; Weakley, 2018). OBSERVATION_METHODS: The adults are attracted to lights, and the rolled leaves on American Basswood are easy to spot in the field. NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM RANKS: GNR S4S5 STATE PROTECTION: Has no legal protection, although permits are required to collect it on state parks and other public lands. COMMENTS: <i>Pantographa limata</i> is locally common in the mountains and foothills where stands of basswood occur. Populations in the Piedmont are more spottily distributed. Deforestation, along with the replacement of hardwood forests with managed pine forests, has likely adversely affected local populations of this species. March 2021 The Moths of North Carolina - Early Draft 1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lepidoptera of North America 5
    Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera by Valerio Albu, 1411 E. Sweetbriar Drive Fresno, CA 93720 and Eric Metzler, 1241 Kildale Square North Columbus, OH 43229 April 30, 2004 Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Cover illustration: Blueberry Sphinx (Paonias astylus (Drury)], an eastern endemic. Photo by Valeriu Albu. ISBN 1084-8819 This publication and others in the series may be ordered from the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Abstract A list of 1531 species ofLepidoptera is presented, collected over 15 years (1988 to 2002), in eleven southern West Virginia counties. A variety of collecting methods was used, including netting, light attracting, light trapping and pheromone trapping. The specimens were identified by the currently available pictorial sources and determination keys. Many were also sent to specialists for confirmation or identification. The majority of the data was from Kanawha County, reflecting the area of more intensive sampling effort by the senior author. This imbalance of data between Kanawha County and other counties should even out with further sampling of the area. Key Words: Appalachian Mountains,
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-Eared Bats a Symposium
    Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-eared Bats A Symposium y Edited b Susan C. Loeb, Michael J. Lacki, and Darren A. Miller U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station General Technical Report SRS-145 DISCLAIMER The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. Papers published in these proceedings were submitted by authors in electronic media. Some editing was done to ensure a consistent format. Authors are responsible for content and accuracy of their individual papers and the quality of illustrative materials. Cover photos: Large photo: Craig W. Stihler; small left photo: Joseph S. Johnson; small middle photo: Craig W. Stihler; small right photo: Matthew J. Clement. December 2011 Southern Research Station 200 W.T. Weaver Blvd. Asheville, NC 28804 Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-eared Bats: A Symposium Athens, Georgia March 9–10, 2010 Edited by: Susan C. Loeb U.S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station Michael J. Lacki University of Kentucky Darren A. Miller Weyerhaeuser NR Company Sponsored by: Forest Service Bat Conservation International National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Offield Family Foundation ContEntS Preface . v Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-Eared Bats: An Introduction . 1 Susan C. Loeb, Michael J. Lacki, and Darren A. Miller Distribution and Status of Eastern Big-eared Bats (Corynorhinus Spp .) . 13 Mylea L. Bayless, Mary Kay Clark, Richard C. Stark, Barbara S.
    [Show full text]
  • Butterflies and Moths of Greenbrier County, West Virginia, United
    Heliothis ononis Flax Bollworm Moth Coptotriche aenea Blackberry Leafminer Argyresthia canadensis Apyrrothrix araxes Dull Firetip Phocides pigmalion Mangrove Skipper Phocides belus Belus Skipper Phocides palemon Guava Skipper Phocides urania Urania skipper Proteides mercurius Mercurial Skipper Epargyreus zestos Zestos Skipper Epargyreus clarus Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus spanna Hispaniolan Silverdrop Epargyreus exadeus Broken Silverdrop Polygonus leo Hammock Skipper Polygonus savigny Manuel's Skipper Chioides albofasciatus White-striped Longtail Chioides zilpa Zilpa Longtail Chioides ixion Hispaniolan Longtail Aguna asander Gold-spotted Aguna Aguna claxon Emerald Aguna Aguna metophis Tailed Aguna Typhedanus undulatus Mottled Longtail Typhedanus ampyx Gold-tufted Skipper Polythrix octomaculata Eight-spotted Longtail Polythrix mexicanus Mexican Longtail Polythrix asine Asine Longtail Polythrix caunus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) Zestusa dorus Short-tailed Skipper Codatractus carlos Carlos' Mottled-Skipper Codatractus alcaeus White-crescent Longtail Codatractus yucatanus Yucatan Mottled-Skipper Codatractus arizonensis Arizona Skipper Codatractus valeriana Valeriana Skipper Urbanus proteus Long-tailed Skipper Urbanus viterboana Bluish Longtail Urbanus belli Double-striped Longtail Urbanus pronus Pronus Longtail Urbanus esmeraldus Esmeralda Longtail Urbanus evona Turquoise Longtail Urbanus dorantes Dorantes Longtail Urbanus teleus Teleus Longtail Urbanus tanna Tanna Longtail Urbanus simplicius Plain Longtail Urbanus procne Brown Longtail
    [Show full text]
  • A Check List of the Lepidoptera of Fulton County, Ohio with Special Reference to the Moths of Goll Woods State Nature Preserve
    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 24 Number 4 - Winter 1991 Number 4 - Winter Article 9 1991 December 1991 A Check List of the Lepidoptera of Fulton County, Ohio With Special Reference to the Moths of Goll Woods State Nature Preserve Roy W. Rings Ohio State University Eric H. Metzler Ohio Department of Natural Resources David K. Parshall Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Rings, Roy W.; Metzler, Eric H.; and Parshall, David K. 1991. "A Check List of the Lepidoptera of Fulton County, Ohio With Special Reference to the Moths of Goll Woods State Nature Preserve," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 24 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol24/iss4/9 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Rings et al.: A Check List of the Lepidoptera of Fulton County, Ohio With Speci 1991 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 265 A CHECK LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF FULTON COUNTY, OHIO WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MOTHS OF GOLL WOODS STATE NATURE PRESERVE Roy W. Rings', Eric H. Metzler2 and David K. Parsha1l3 ABSTRACT The results of a comprehensive 1988-1989 survey of the Lepidoptera in the 130 hectare Goll Woods State Nature Preserve in Fulton County, Ohio are presented. In addition many records of butterflies and skippers outside the confines of the Pre­ serve are presented for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Moth Records from Burkes Garden, Virginia
    14 BANISTERIA NO.2,1993 Banis~ria. Number 2, 1993 iCl 1993 by the Virginia Natural History Society Moth Records from Burkes Garden, Virginia Kenneth J. Stein Department of Entomology Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 In contrast to butterflies (Clark & Clark, 1951; Covell, and an average annual rainfall of about 119 cm (47 1972), the species composition and distribution of moths inches) (Cooper, 1944). The region was formerly charac­ have not been well-studied in Virginia. The proceedings terized by oak-chestnut forest, but the chestnut (extirpat­ of a recent (1989) symposium (Terwilliger, 1991) detailed ed in Virginia) is now replaced largely by hickory. the biological and legal status of numerous plants and Remnants of relict boreal forest persist at elevations animals found in the Commonwealth. Nine species of above 1100 m; Beartown Mountain on the western rim Lepidoptera were reported, with only one moth (Cato­ retains a vestige of the red spruce forest that occurred cala herodias gerhardi Barnes & Benjamin) designated there prior to intensive lumbering in the early decades as threatened (Schweitzer, in Hoffman, 1991). Covell of this century. Above 1050 m occurs a northern hard­ (1990) suggested that baseline data are needed to woods forest with a mixture of spruce (Picea rubens understand the diversity and population dynamics of Sarg.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Erhr.), and both moths and butterflies. He urged that more resourc­ yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt) (Woodward & es be appropriated in order to develop regional lepidop­ Hoffman, 1991). The valley floor has been largely teran checklists, and to learn how best to preserve these deforested and converted into pastureland.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera Recorded from the Islands of Western Lake Erie, with a Brief Account of Geology and Flora
    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 22 Number 3 - Fall 1989 Number 3 - Fall 1989 Article 2 October 1989 Lepidoptera Recorded From the Islands of Western Lake Erie, With a Brief Account of Geology and Flora Brian A. Nault University of Georgia Roy W. Rings Ohio State University David J. Horns Ohio State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Nault, Brian A.; Rings, Roy W.; and Horns, David J. 1989. "Lepidoptera Recorded From the Islands of Western Lake Erie, With a Brief Account of Geology and Flora," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 22 (3) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol22/iss3/2 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Nault et al.: Lepidoptera Recorded From the Islands of Western Lake Erie, With 1989 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST III LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED FROM THE ISLANDS OF WESTERN LAKE ERIE, WITH A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF GEOLOGY AND FLORA Brian A. NaultI, Roy W. Rings2 and David J. Horn3 ABSTRACT A list of Lepidoptera from the islands of western Lake Erie is presented along with a brief account of the geology, flora, and human activities in the area. The checklist contains 169 species representing 27 families. Suggestions are made for the improvement of this preliminary checklist as well as for future research.
    [Show full text]
  • A NATURAL HERITAGE INVENTORY of MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA June 2007
    A NATURAL HERITAGE INVENTORY OF MIFFLIN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA June 2007 Prepared by: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program Western Pennsylvania Conservancy 208 Airport Drive Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Submitted to: Mifflin County Planning Commission 20 North Wayne Street Lewistown, PA 17044 This project was funded in part by a state grant from the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Wild Resource Conservation Program. Additional support was provided by the Department of Community & Economic Development. Additional funding was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service through State Wildlife Grants program grant T-2, administered through the Pennsylvania Game Commission and the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. ii A Natural Heritage Inventory of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania 2007 Prepared by: Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program (PNHP) Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (WPC) 208 Airport Drive Middletown, PA 17057 Donna Bowers, Administration Lucy Boyce, Seasonal Field Ecologist Anthony F. Davis, Senior Ecologist Jeremy Deeds, Aquatic Zoology Coordinator Alice Doolittle, Conservation Assistant Charlie Eichelberger, Herpetologist Kathy Derge Gipe, Herpetologist William (Rocky) Gleason, County Inventory Coordinator Jim Hart, Mammalogist Rita Hawrot, Terrestrial Zoology Coordinator Denise Johnson, Assistant County Inventory Ecologist Susan Klugman, Conservation Information Manager John Kunsman, Senior Botanist Betsy Ray Leppo, Invertebrate Zoologist Trina Morris, County Inventory Ecologist Betsy Nightingale, Aquatic
    [Show full text]
  • The Microlepidoptera Section 1 Limacodidae Through Cossidae
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Technical Bulletins Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station 8-1-1983 TB109: A List of the Lepidoptera of Maine--Part 2: The icrM olepidoptera Section 1 Limacodidae Through Cossidae Auburn E. Brower Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_techbulletin Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Brower, A.E. 1983. A list of the Lepidoptera of Maine--Part 2: The icrM olepidoptera Section 1 Limacodidae through Cossidae. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 109. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Technical Bulletins by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF MAINE Part 2 THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA Section I LIMACODIDAE THROUGH COSSIDAE Auburn E. Brower A JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE MAINE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION Maine Forest Service Division of Entomology, Augusta, Maine and the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY. ORONO Maine Agricultural Experiment Station August 198! Representatives of the Diverse Groups of Included Microlepidoptera 1 Slug moth 2 Pyralid moth 3 Argyrid moth 4 Plume moth 5 Bell moth 6 Cosmopterygid moth 7 Gelechiid moth 8 Ethmiid moth 9 Gracilariid moth 10 Glyphipterygid moth 11 Aegeriid moth Inquiries regarding this bulletin may be sent to: Dr. Auburn E. Brower 8 Hospital Street Augusta, Maine 04330 A LIST OF THE LEPIDOPTERA OF MAINE Part 2 THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA Section I LIMACODIDAE THROUGH COSSIDAE Auburn E. Brower A JOINT PUBLICATION OF THE MAINE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION Maine Forest Service Division of Entomology, Augusta, Maine and the DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY.
    [Show full text]
  • A List of Cuban Lepidoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta)
    TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Zootaxa 3384: 1–59 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A list of Cuban Lepidoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta) RAYNER NÚÑEZ AGUILA1,3 & ALEJANDRO BARRO CAÑAMERO2 1División de Colecciones Zoológicas y Sistemática, Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática, Carretera de Varona km 3. 5, Capdevila, Boyeros, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. CP 11900. Habana 19 2Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, 25 esq. J, Vedado, Plaza de La Revolución, La Habana, Cuba. 3Corresponding author. E-mail: rayner@ecologia. cu Table of contents Abstract . 1 Introduction . 1 Materials and methods. 2 Results and discussion . 2 List of the Lepidoptera of Cuba . 4 Notes . 48 Acknowledgments . 51 References . 51 Appendix . 56 Abstract A total of 1557 species belonging to 56 families of the order Lepidoptera is listed from Cuba, along with the source of each record. Additional literature references treating Cuban Lepidoptera are also provided. The list is based primarily on literature records, although some collections were examined: the Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática collection, Havana, Cuba; the Museo Felipe Poey collection, University of Havana; the Fernando de Zayas private collection, Havana; and the United States National Museum collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. One family, Schreckensteinidae, and 113 species constitute new records to the Cuban fauna. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Paucivena hoffmanni (Koehler 1939) (Psychidae), new comb., and Gonodontodes chionosticta Hampson 1913 (Erebidae), syn.
    [Show full text]
  • Fernandez Triana Et Al Prasmodon
    JHR $$: Review@–@ (2014) of the Neotropical genus Prasmodon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae)... 1 doi: 10.3897/JHR.@@.6748 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.pensoft.net/journals/jhr Review of the Neotropical genus Prasmodon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), with emphasis on species from Area de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica Jose L. Fernandez-Triana1,2,†, James B. Whitfield3,‡, Alex M. Smith4,§, Winnie Hallwachs5,|, Daniel H. Janzen5,¶ 1 Department of Integrative Biology and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada 2 Canadian National Collection of Insects, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada 3 Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA 4 Unité d’Entomologie fonctionnelle et évolutive, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, B-1030 Gembloux, Belgique; and Département d’entomologie, IRSNB, Rue Vautier 29, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgique 5 Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018 USA † urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ‡ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: § urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: | urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: ¶ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author: Corresponding author: Jose Fernandez-Triana ([email protected]) Academic editor: G. Broad | Received 4 December 2013 | Accepted 14 March2014 | Published @@ @@@@ 2014 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: Citation: Fernández-Triana JL, Whitfield JB, Smith MA, Braet Y, Hallwachs W, Janzen DH (2014)Review of the Neotropical genus Prasmodon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae),
    [Show full text]
  • Ecography E6940 Stange, E., Ayres, M
    Ecography E6940 Stange, E., Ayres, M. P. and Bess, J. A. 2011. Concordant population dynamics of Lepidoptera herbivores in a forest ecosystem. – Ecography 34: xxx–xxx. Supplementary material Appendix 1 Environmental conditions that can create spurious effects on black light trapping of adult Lepidoptera (moths) were very similar between years. 2004–2005 (11 dates) 2005–2006 (15 dates) 2006–2007 (21 dates) t-statistic p t-statistic p t-statistic p Moonlight 0.79 0.45 0.07 0.94 0.32 0.76 Temp 1.11 0.29 1.26 0.23 0.41 0.71 Rainfall 0.34 0.75 1.53 0.15 0.38 0.71 Appendix 2 Results of ANOVAs testing for structure in Lepidoptera population dynamics from seven hypothetical sources (each row of table), with commas used to separate degrees of freedom (DF) for groups from those for error. Asterisks indicate significance at p < 0.05 (not control- ling for family-wide error rates). Analyses were performed for each pair of years separately. 2004–2005 2005–2006 2006–2007 Group definition DF F DF F DF F Family 9,63 1.33 9,70 1.34 9,88 1.29 Subfamily 19,49 1.95* 19,53 0.89 22,70 2.06* Larval season 2,65 3.14* 2,71 0.12 2,82 0.63 Flight season 3,71 2.89* 3,78 0.38 3,96 1.28 Overwinter life stage 2,63 3.14* 2,68 0.04 2,75 0.7 Host category 5,68 0.44 5,74 0.32 5,91 0.69 Preferred host 11,45 0.78 12,48 0.91 12,60 1.35 1 Appendix 3 Correlation among moth abundances [Ln(moths × trap–1 × yr–1 + 1) captured in black light traps at three sites (HB, MS and RP] across four years (2004–2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Outbreaks in Tropical Forests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Consequences
    11 Insect Outbreaks in Tropical Forests: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Consequences Lee A. Dyer, Walter P. Carson, and Egbert G. Leigh Jr. 11.1 Introduction “First of all, the statement that there are no outbreaks in tropical forests (Elton 1958) is wrong.” Wolda (1983) issued this verdict when he demonstrated that over six-year periods, tropical insect populations fluctuated as strongly as temperate ones. Nevertheless, the paradigm that tropical forests are free of outbreaks (Elton 1958) has persisted in the face of strong evidence to the contrary (Nair 2007). In fact, the term “tropical outbreaks” is usually associated with disease outbreak literature or, to a lesser extent, with insect outbreaks in agricultural ecosystems or tree plantations (Nair 2007). However, as studies of insect natural history and population dynamics in the tropics accumulate, it is clear that insect outbreaks occur in most natural tropical terrestrial ecosystems and that these outbreaks may occur moderately frequently (Table 11.1). Our goal is to review what is currently known about the frequency, causes, and consequences of outbreaks both within and among tropical forests worldwide. In this chapter, we do the following: (1) define an outbreak, identify different general types of outbreaks, and outline challenges associated with quantifying and detecting outbreaks in tropical forests; (2) point out potential biotic linkages between outbreaks in managed landscapes and those in more natural forests; (3) identify taxa that are known to outbreak and traits that make species prone to outbreak; (4) predict where outbreaks are likely to occur both within a stand and across gradients from dry to wet forests; (5) discuss the consequences of outbreaks for plant communities and species coexistence; (6) make predictions about how global climate change will alter the frequency and severity of outbreaks; and, finally, (7) propose a series of testable hypotheses concerning outbreaks in the tropics to serve as a guide for future research.
    [Show full text]