A SPECIAL MEETING THE

JANUARY 15–17, 2020 FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTURE: IDEAS AND ACTIONS FOR A FREE SOCIETY

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE ECONOMIC FREEDOM: OBJECTIVE, TRANSPARENT MEASUREMENT FRED McMAHON

1 HOOVER INSTITUTION • STANFORD UNIVERSITY1 Economic Freedom: Objective, Transparent Measurement

Fred McMahon Michael Walker Chair of Economic Freedom Research

2 3 What is Economic Freedom

Individuals have economic freedom when property they acquire without the use of force, fraud, or theft is protected from physical invasions by others and they are free to use, exchange, or give their property as long as their actions do not violate the identical rights of others. An index of economic freedom should measure the extent to which rightly acquired property is protected and individuals are engaged in voluntary transactions. James Gwartney et al. 1996

3 3 Components of the Economic Freedom of the World Index

• Size of government and taxation • Private property and the rule of law • Sound money • Trade regulation and tariffs • Regulation of business, labour and capital markets

4 5 What is the Economic Freedom of the World Index?

. Originated by Michael Walker and Milton and Rose Friedman over 35 years ago in 1984. . Decade long research phase involved over 60 top scholars in a variety of fields and produced three volumes of studies. . An annual compilation of data representing 42 variables which determine the economic freedom of a jurisdiction. . All data are from third party sources for objectivity. . Fraser has no political affiliation—the focus is on policy not politics. Thus no conflict of political interest in measuring Canada or other nations. . Transparent formulas are used to manipulate the data.

5 5 What’s New . The index includes a Gender Disparity Adjustment, based on 41 variables from the World Bank’s gender discrimination data, to recognize women too often do not have the same freedom as men. . Authors: James Gwartney, Robert Lawson, Joshua Hall, and Ryan Murphy. . Scoring for many nations projected back to 1950. . In cooperation with the Atlas Network and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for freedom, we have conducted economic freedom audits in nearly 20 nations. . Data now includes historic estimates of economic freedom for 111 countries back to 1950, 113 to1955, 116 to1960, and 118 to 1965 using a newly available dataset. . Now a collaboration of Institutes in nearly 100 nations and territories.

6 7 Why is Economic Freedom Important?

• Economic rights are fundamental rights in the sense that without them there can be no political freedom or civil freedoms • They are a prerequisite for growth and development • They are a prerequisite for broader human development

7 7 Importance of objective, transparent measurement

• We have a great story to tell: the advances in human welfare created by economic freedom. • However, in an era of fake news and lies accepted as truth (and vice versa), it is essential to be as clear cut and honest as possible. • The slides to follow tell the human story of economic freedom; you will be familiar with many of the statistics, but I hope to add some value added.

8 9 The Age of Global Free Trade, Free Market Economies, and Economic Freedom Have Brought Huge Benefits to Humankind

9 9 Billions Global poverty 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

People not in extreme poverty People living in extreme poverty

10 11 The human condition has improved immensely

While the human condition has improved immensely—in prosperity, health, education, and any number of other good outcomes— only those that live in nations with high levels of economic freedom have fully benefitted. Those in nations with low levels of economic freedom live in conditions often little changed from the 1950s.

11 11 Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (PPP, 2016) (% of population) 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%

Least Free 3rd 2nd Most Free Quartile Quartile Quartile Quartile

Least Free ……………. Most Free

12 13 Income of the Poorest 10% and Economic Freedom (PPP, 2016)

$11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 $0

Least Free 3rd 2nd Most Free Quartile Quartile Quartile Quartile Least Free ……………. Most Free

13 13 Per capita GDP Constant US$

$10,000

$8,000

$6,000

$4,000

$2,000

$0 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

14 15 Per Capita Income and Economic Freedom Quartile

$36,000

$30,000

$24,000

$18,000

$12,000

$6,000 international $ international

PPP constant 2011 2011 constant PPP $0 Least Free 3rd Quartile 2nd Quartile Most Free Quartile Quartile Least Free ……………. Most Free

15 15 Billions Literacy: Billions 8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016

Literate Illiterate

16 17 Literacy (% of population) Male Female

100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 Least Free Quartile 3rd Quartile 2nd Quartile Most Free Quartile

Least Free ……………. Most Free

Sources: The Fraser Institute; World Development Indicators 2013

17 17 Life Expectancy: Years

75

70

65

60

55

50

45 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016

18 19 Life expectancy at birth

80

75

70

65

60 Least Free 3rd Quartile 2nd Quartile Freest Quartile Quartile Least Free ……………. Most Free

19 19 Not just due to time

• In the economically freest nations, the top quarter, only 1.8 percent of the population live in extreme poverty ($1.90 a day) and 5.1 percent in moderate ($3.20 a day) poverty compared to 40.5 percent in extreme poverty and 27.2 percent in moderate poverty in the quarter least free nations. • Life expectancy is 79 years in the freest nations compared to 65 in the least free nations. • Average per capita GDP in the freest nations is $36,770 (purchasing power parity adjusted US$) compared to $6,140 in the least free nations. • Literacy is 95.1 percent among men and 94.1 percent among women in the freest nations but only 64.7 percent and 59.7 respectively in the least free nations, with such outcome gaps between men and women typical comparing free to unfree nations.

20 21 One last thing

21 21 Economic Freedom and Life Satisfaction

6.5

6.0

10 5.5

5.0 out of

LifeSatisfaction 4.5

4.0 Least Free 3rd Quartile 2nd Quartile Most Free Quartile Quartile Least Free ……………. Most Free

22 23 Some of the great longer-term successes

23 23 Asia Economic Freedom Scores 9

8.5

8

7.5

7 Southeast Asia Korea, South 6.5 Singapore 6

5.5

5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

24 25 Per Capita GDP Constant 2010 US$

$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$0

East Asia & Pacific Korea, Rep. Singapore

25 25 Europe Economic Freedom Scores 9

8.5

8

7.5

7 EU 6.5 Ireland

6

5.5

5 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

26 27 Per Capita GDP Constant 2010 US$

$80,000

$70,000

$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$0

Ireland Euro area Greece Spain Portugal

27 27 Per Capita GDP Constant 2010 US$

$80,000

$70,000

$60,000

$50,000

$40,000

$30,000

$20,000

$10,000

$0

Ireland Euro area Greece Spain Portugal

28 29 Economic Freedom Score

8

7.5

7

6.5

6 Sub Sahara 5.5 Botswana

5

4.5

4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

29 29 Per Capita GDP Constant 2010 US$

$9,000

$8,000

$7,000

$6,000

$5,000

$4,000

$3,000

$2,000

$1,000

$0

Sub-Saharan Africa Botswana

30 31 www.freetheworld.com www.fraserinstitute.org

31 31 FRED MCMAHON FRASER INSTITUTE Fred McMahon is the Dr. Michael A. Walker Research Chair in Economic Freedom at the Fraser Institute in Vancouver, Canada. He manages the Economic Freedom of the World Network, an alliance of think tanks in nearly one hundred nations and territories. The network produces the Economic Freedom of the World Report, an annual study that ranks nations on economic liberty.

McMahon is coauthor of Economic Freedom of the Arab World and Economic Freedom of North America. He has worked on economic reform programs in more than a dozen nations and has authored several books and many articles on economic reform, both academic and in the popular media. His book Looking the Gift Horse in the Mouth, about damaging government intervention and spending, won the Sir Antony Fisher Memorial Award.

32 33 PAST AS PROLOGUE TO THE FUTURE

An Opening Conversation

Chapter 1. Why Choose Economic Freedom?...... 6 George P. Shultz and John B. Taylor

Free to Choose: 1980 to 2020 and the Network

Chapter 2. Introduction to Free to Choose 1980 to 2020 and the Network...... 14 Robert Chatfield

Chapter 3. Milton, Rose, me and Poetry...... 16 Robert Chitester

Removing Obstacles on the Road to Economic Freedom: 1947 to 1980

Chapter 4. Removing Obstacles on the Road to Economic Freedom...... 24 Eamonn Butler

Chapter 5. : The Early Years...... 26 Jennifer Burns

Chapter 6. Mont Pelerin 1947...... 32 Bruce Caldwell

Chapter 7. The Road Not Taken of “Nuovo liberalismo”...... 85 Alberto Mingardi

33 33 Spread of Free-Market Ideas in the 1980s

Chapter 8. The Reception of Free to Choose and the Problem of Tacit Presuppositions of Political Economy...... 102 Peter Boettke

Chapter 9. The Spread of Free-Market Ideas in the 1980s (With a Nod to the Late 1970s)...... 131 David Henderson

Chapter 10. Ideas of Freedom and Their Role in Active Policymaking...... 142 Condoleezza Rice

Lessons Learned from History for the Future of Freedom

Chapter 11. Assaults on Freedom and Citizenship...... 147 Victor Davis Hanson

Chapter 12. Fed Chair Agonistes...... 152 Amity Shlaes

Chapter 13. Keynes v Hayek: The Four Buts...... 160 Robert Skidelsky

34 35 IDEAS FOR A FREE SOCIETY

The Role of Law as Protector of Liberty

Chapter 14. Capitalism, Socialism and Nationalism: Lessons from History...... 168 Niall Ferguson

Chapter 15. Magna Carta, the rule of law, and the limits on government...... 200 Jesús Fernández-Villaverde

Chapter 16. The Commerce Clause, the Takings Clause, and Due Process...... 208 Douglas Ginsburg

How to Deal with the Reemergence of Socialism

Chapter 17. The rise and fall of environmental socialism: Smashing the watermelon...... 221 Jeff Bennett

Chapter 18. Understanding the left...... 226 John Cochrane

Chapter 19. Economic systems between socialism and liberalism and the new threats of neo-interventionism...... 233 Lars Peder Nordbakken

Measures of Economic Freedom

Chapter 20. Economic Freedom Matters & Charts...... 248 Anthony Kim

35 35 Chapter 21. Economic Freedom: Objective, Transparent Measurement...... 279 Fred McMahon

Chapter 22. The World Bank’s Doing Business Indicators...... 310 Valeria Perotti

Restraining Expansions of Government

Chapter 23. Common Sense Approach to Addressing America’s Entitlement Challenge...... 318 John Cogan

Chapter 24. Key Milestones in Regulation...... 339 Susan Dudley

Chapter 25. A Quest for Fiscal Rules...... 343 Lars Feld

ACTIONS FOR A FREE SOCIETY

Taking Ideas to Action around the World

Chapter 26. Turning Freedom into Action: Some Reflections on Reforming Higher Education...... 371 Ayaan Hirsi Ali

Chapter 27. Culture and the Free Society...... 380 Samuel Gregg

36 37 Chapter 28. Taking Ideas to Action Around the World...... 394 Bridgett Wagner

What Happened in Chile?

Introduction...... 402

Chapter 29. Presentation I...... 403 Axel Kaiser

Chapter 30. Presentation II...... 406 Ernesto Silva

Chapter 31. Presentation III...... 409 Arnold Harberger

Taking Ideas to Action: Making the Case for Freedom

Chapter 32. Restoring Liberty for American Indians...... 411 Terry Anderson

Chapter 33. The Effect of Economic Freedom on Labor Market Efficiency and Performance...... 434 Lee Ohanian

Chapter 34. Making the Case for Liberty...... 466 Russell Roberts

37 37 Taking Ideas to Action in the Private Sector

Chapter 35. Brexit: Taking a Good Idea into Action...... 473 Jamie Borwick

Chapter 36. Taking Ideas to Action in Central Governments—The US Case...... 476 Tyler Goodspeed

Chapter 37. Ideas and Actions for a Free Society...... 487 Ruth Richardson

Taking Ideas to Action in the Private Sector

Chapter 38. Public Policy, Private Actor...... 491 Dominique Lazanski

Chapter 39. is Dysfunctional but Liberty is Great...... 508 Joe Lonsdale

Chapter 40. The False Promise of Medicare for All...... 514 Sally Pipes

A Closing Conversation

Chapter 41. China, Globalization, Capitalism, Silicon Valley, Political Correctness, and Exceptionalism...... 527 Peter Thiel and Peter Robinson

38 38