Major Research Project Report of Chemistry
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Major Research Project Report STUDIES ON INCIDENCE AND EXTENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE IN NATURAL WATER RESERVIORS IN WASHIM DISTRICT OF VIDARBHA REGION Submitted to UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION BAHADURSHAH ZAFAR MARG, NEW DELHI – 110002 Submitted by Dr. N. S. THAKARE, Principal Investigator, M. S. P. Arts, Science and K. P. T. Commerce College, Manora Dist. Washim (M.S.) A CONSTITUENT COLLEGE UNDER S.G.B. AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY, AMRAVATI (MAHARASHTRA) CONTENTS Sr. Page No. Titles No. 1 Introduction 3-20 2 Objectives 21 3 Methods and Materials 22-23 4 Result 24-42 5 Discussion and Conclusion 43 6 References 44-46 Awareness of the peoples about the preventive and control 7 measure of pesticides residues in environment 47-49 2 Final Major Project Report From 01/04/2013 to 01/04/2016 Principal Investigator: - Dr. N. S. Thakare UGC File No.F.42-350/2013 Title: - “STUDIES ON INCIDENCE AND EXTENT OF PESTICIDE RECIDUES IN NATURAL WATER RESERVIORS IN WASHIM DISTRICT ON VIDARBHA REGION.” Amount Sanction: - 9, 33,000/- Introduction: - The term Pesticide is a composite term that includes all chemicals that are use to kill or control pest. Pesticide is a substance intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or migrating pests. A substance intended for use as plant growth regulator, defoliant or desiccant is also classified as pesticide. Pesticides are classified into insecticides, fungicides, herbicides or weedicides, acaricides, nematicides based on the target pest. The fundamental contribution to the green revolution has been the development and application of pesticides for the control of wide variety of insectivores and herbivores pests that would otherwise diminishes the quantity and quality of food products. The use of pesticides coincides with chemical age which has transformed society since the 1950. The agricultural use of pesticides is a subset of the larger spectrum of industrial chemical use in the modern society. The American Chemical Society database indicates in 1993 with some 500000 new compounds being added annually. In the Great lakes of North America for example the joint commission has estimated that there are more than 200 chemicals of concern in water and sediments of the Great lakes. Pesticides are classified into five groups based on their structure viz, Organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethoids and others. Organochlorine pesticides are hydrocarbon that contains chlorine atoms and most of them are highly persistent, carcinogenic and mutagenic. DDT, DDE, Endosulfan, dicofol, Lindane, Heptachlore, methoxychlor, Chlorodane belong to 3 this group. Most of them are banned except endosulfan, dicofol and methoxychlor the last two being analogus of DDT but are comparatively safer. Most of them are insisticides and acricides. The organophosphate (OP) pesticides are ester of phosphoric, thiophosphoric or dithiophosphoric acid. They are much safer when compared to the organochlorine pesticides in theat they degrade much faster in the environment and do not accumulate in animals. But they are cholinesterase inhibitors in animals and are toxic to pest-control operators who come directly in contact with them. The carbamates are derivitives of cabamic, thiocarbamic or dithiocarbamic acid. All the three types of pesticides belong to this group. The pyrethroids are relatively newer pesticides. They are synthetic structural analogues of the naturally occurring pyrethrines in the pyrethrum extracted from the plants Chrysanthemum cinerariacfolium especially in the flowers. Commonly used as insecticides, they are much safer when compared organochlorine and organophosphate compounds. Being esters, they degrade in environment and are used in small quantities due to their high toxicity to the insects. Allethrins (used in mosquito repellent product) permaethrins, Phenotherins, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin and cyhalothrin belong to this group. Pesticides that do not belong to these groups are triazine herbicides such as atrazine, simazine etc., plant growth regulators such as 2, 4-D, dicamba, gibberilic acid, indol-3-acetic acid etc urea herbicides, sex pheromones, and so on. The trend of application of different pesticides in India radically differs from rest of the world. The data pre- sented in Figures 1(a) and (b) reflects the estimates of global usage of pesticides (Figure 1(a)) in general and India (Figure 1(b)) in particular. The 76% of the total pesticides used in India is insecticide (Figure 1(b)). Correspondingly, the lesser use of herbicides and fungi- cides is reflected (Figure 1(b)). The main use of pesticides in India is for cotton crops (45%), followed by paddy and wheat. The major part of the pesticides applied in any area for a specific reason (about 99%) remain unused and it gets mixed with air, soil, water and plants which by several means causes harmful effects on the people, pets, and the environment. Not only the farmers in rural areas but also the people in urban areas use more than half of pesticide in their homes and home gardeners, in and around the schools, business areas, and hospitals etc. 4 Global usage of pesticide Other Herbicide 1% 10% Fungicide 13% Insecticede 76% FIGURE 1 (a) Useage of Pesticide in India Other Herbicide 1% 10% Fungicide 13% Insecticede 76% FIGURE 2 (b) A pesticide is that compound which should be lethal to the targeted pests only and not to the non- target living organisms such as humans and animals. But the disproportionate application of these compounds has adversely affected the flora and fauna of the entire eco- system. After the death of about 100 people in India due to consumption of parathion contaminated wheat flour, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) constituted a committee to suggest possible 5 remedies to combat the toxicity caused due to presence of pesticides and their residues in the edibles. After the first warning about the poisoning of organochlorines (OC) to living systems, the reports from US National Academy of Sciences endorsed the same by studying the toxicity of OC compounds and their metabolites in birds. The pesticides have been shown to display their effects by causing xenotoxicity, alterations in body’s immunity, reproductive system and other physiological processes of different organisms thereby generating several diseases including cancer. Hazardous effects of Pesticides: The pesticides enter into surface and ground water primarily as runoff. Pesticides are the threat to health due to their inherent toxicity. There are many types of pesticides and exposure depends upon many factors. For an in depth discussion of factors surrounding pesticide exposure and human health. Pesticides have an innate capacity to cause damage to biological systems which may involve human health, animal health or environment. The most dramatic of such effects on human and animals are the accidental acute poisoning. Several major outbreaks of poisoning with methyl and ethyl mercury compounds, hexachlorobenzene and parathion, have occurred in different causes of cause of acute poisoning have resulted from ingestion of large quantities of pesticides accidentally or with suicidal intent. Pesticides Production can also be dangerous. One of the disasters at a pesticides manufacturing plant was in Bhopal, India. The plant accidently releases 40 tons of an intermediate chemical gas, methyl isocynate, used to produced some pesticides. In that disaster nearly 3,000 people were killed immediately, over approximetly 15,000 deaths occurred and even today nearly 100,000 peoples are suffering from mild to severe permanent damage as a result of that disaster. Pesticides can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion, or by dermal penetration through the skin. Those who work with agricultural pesticides are the most at risk if they are not properly dressed or if there are broken and leaking equipment. The majority of average citizens who are affected by the pesticides intake the pesticide through consumption of a 6 food that was been contaminated with a pesticide."In 1958, all members of the family of a local chief who is a prominent cocoa farmer at Okebode in southwestern Nigeria were hospitalized after eating a leaf vegetable undergrowth of a cocoa farm that was earlier sprayed by lindane. In 2004, carbofuran pesticide residues found on several batches of noodles manufactured in Nigeria may have resulted in 23 reported cases of vomiting and one death". Pesticides cause headaches, blurred vision, vomiting, abdominal pain, suppress the immune system, lead to blood and liver diseases, depression, asthma, and nerve damage. The issue with these effects is that they may wait appear until a while after being ingested so tracing the symptoms back to the pesticide can prove to be quite difficult. Many of the symptoms can be mistaken for the flu and therefore not properly treated. The inactive ingredients such as chloroform can also cause serious risks to the liver and nervous system. These effects can also be experienced by the animals living around the streams where the pesticides accumulate. The pesticides bioaccumulate within the animals as they are not easily soluble, as that animal is eaten by another animal the pesticide then biomagnifies and obtains an even higher concentration as it moves further up the food chain. 7 Fig. Pesticides Cycle in Environment Pesticides have been linked from a short-term to a chronic impact of a wide range of health hazards. The chances of getting its health effects depend on the type of pesticides and the chemical it contains