Communications Sent, 1 June to 30 November 2013; Replies Received
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The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi
Human Rights as Means for Peace : the Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi Author: Fidele Ingiyimbere Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2475 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2011 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. BOSTON COLLEGE-SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY AND MINISTY S.T.L THESIS Human Rights as Means for Peace The Catholic Understanding of Human Rights and the Catholic Church in Burundi By Fidèle INGIYIMBERE, S.J. Director: Prof David HOLLENBACH, S.J. Reader: Prof Thomas MASSARO, S.J. February 10, 2011. 1 Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................... 0 General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 2 CHAP. I. SETTING THE SCENE IN BURUNDI ......................................................................... 8 I.1. Historical and Ecclesial Context........................................................................................... 8 I.2. 1972: A Controversial Period ............................................................................................. 15 I.3. 1983-1987: A Church-State Conflict .................................................................................. 22 I.4. 1993-2005: The Long Years of Tears................................................................................ -
Eritrea National Service, Exit and Entry – Jan. 2020
COUNTRY REPORT January 2020 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) Eritrea National service, exit and entry newtodenmark.dk © 2020 The Danish Immigration Service The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 2100 Copenhagen Denmark Phone: +45 35 36 66 00 newtodenmark.dk January 2020 All rights reserved to the Danish Immigration Service. The publication can be downloaded for free at newtodenmark.dk The Danish Immigration Service’s publications can be quoted with clear source reference. ERITREA – NATIONAL SERVICE, EXIT, ENTRY Contents Disclaimer ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary .......................................................................................................................... 5 Map of Eritrea .................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction and methodology ................................................................................................ 7 2. Background: recent developments in Eritrean politics ................................................................. 12 2.1 Brief overview of the general situation in Eritrea, including human rights .......................................... 15 3. National Service ........................................................................................................................ -
Stoking the Fires
STOKING THE FIRES Military Assistance and Arms Trafficking in Burundi Human Rights Watch Arms Project Human Rights Watch New York AAA Washington AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 December 1997 by Human Rights Watch All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-177-0 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-80896 Human Rights Watch Arms Project The Human Rights Watch Arms Project was established in 1992 to monitor and prevent arms transfers to governments or organizations that commit gross violations of internationally recognized human rights and the rules of war and promote freedom of information regarding arms transfers worldwide. Joost R. Hiltermann is the director; Stephen D. Goose is the program director; Loretta Bondì is the Advocacy Coordinator; Andrew Cooper, and Ernst Jan Hogendoorn are research assistants; Rebecca Bell is the associate; William M. Arkin, Kathi L. Austin, Dan Connell, Monica Schurtman, and Frank Smyth are consultants. Torsten N. Wiesel is the chair of the board and Nicole Ball and Vincent McGee are the vice-chairs. Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6104 Tel: (212) 972-8400, Fax: (212) 972-0905, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with Asubscribe hrw-news@ in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank). -
Eritrea 2019 Human Rights Report
ERITREA 2019 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Eritrea is a highly centralized, authoritarian regime under the control of President Isaias Afwerki. The People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), headed by the president, is the sole political party. There have been no national-level elections since an independence referendum in 1993. Police are responsible for maintaining internal security, and the armed forces are responsible for external security, but the government sometimes used the armed forces, reserves, demobilized soldiers, or civilian militia to meet domestic as well as external security requirements. Agents of the national security service, which reports to the Office of the President, are responsible for detaining persons suspected of threatening national security. The armed forces have authority to arrest and detain civilians. Civilian authorities maintained effective control over most security forces. Significant human rights issues included: forced disappearance, torture, and arbitrary detention, the preceding three actions all committed by the government; harsh and life-threatening prison and detention center conditions; political prisoners; arbitrary or unlawful interference with privacy; serious problems with the independence of the judiciary; the worst forms of restrictions on free expression and the press, including censorship and the existence of criminal libel laws; substantial interference with the rights of peaceful assembly and freedom of association; severe restrictions on religious freedom; widespread restrictions on freedom of movement; restrictions on political participation; trafficking in persons; criminalization of consensual same-sex sexual conduct; and forced labor, including forced participation in the country’s national service program, routinely for periods beyond the 18-month legal obligation. The government did not generally take steps to investigate, prosecute, or punish officials who committed human rights abuses. -
Protection on the Move: Eritrean Refugee Flows Through the Greater Horn of Africa
PROTECTION ON THE MOVE: ERITREAN REFUGEE FLOWS THROUGH THE GREATER HORN OF AFRICA By Christopher Horwood with Kate Hooper TRANSATLANTIC COUNCIL ON MIGRATION PROTECTION ON THE MOVE Eritrean Refugee Flows through the Greater Horn of Africa Christopher Horwood with Kate Hooper September 2016 Acknowledgments This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), for its fifteenth plenary meeting, held in Berlin in January 2016. The meeting’s theme was “Development, Mobility, Protection: Building Opportunity into Refugee Solutions,” and this report was among those that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: Open Society Foundations, Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Barrow Cadbury Trust, the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) also provided generous support to the Council for the January 2016 meeting and this series of reports. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www.migrationpolicy.org/ transatlantic. © 2016 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. Cover Design: Danielle Tinker, MPI Typesetting: Liz Heimann, MPI No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www.migrationpolicy.org. -
European Parliament Resolution of 6 July 2017 on Eritrea, Notably the Cases of Abune Antonios and Dawit Isaak (2017/2755(RSP)) (2018/C 334/16)
C 334/140 EN Official Journal of the European Union 19.9.2018 Thursday 6 July 2017 P8_TA(2017)0309 Eritrea, notably the cases of Abune Antonios and Dawit Isaak European Parliament resolution of 6 July 2017 on Eritrea, notably the cases of Abune Antonios and Dawit Isaak (2017/2755(RSP)) (2018/C 334/16) The European Parliament, — having regard to its previous resolutions on Eritrea, in particular that of 15 September 2011 on Eritrea: the case of Dawit Isaak (1), and of 10 March 2016 on the situation in Eritrea (2), — having regard to the report of 23 June 2017 of the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea, — having regard to the statement of 14 June 2017 by the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea at the 35th session of the Human Rights Council, — having regard to the report of the UN Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, released on 8 June 2016, — having regard to UN Security Council resolutions 751 (1992), 1882 (2009), 1907 (2009), 2023 (2011), 2244 (2015), and 2317 (2016) which extended the arms embargo on Eritrea until 15 November 2017, — having regard to the Joint Communication of the Commission and of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the European Parliament and the Council for a renewed impetus of the Africa-EU Partnership, of 4 May 2017, — having regard to the ACP-EU Partnership Agreement (the Cotonou Agreement), as revised in 2005 and 2010, to which Eritrea is a signatory, — having regard to Council Decision 2010/127/CFSP -
Eritrea Joint Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 32Nd Session of the UPR Working Group
Eritrea Joint Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 32nd Session of the UPR Working Group Submitted 12 July 2018 Submission by CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation, NGO in General Consultative Status with ECOSOC And Eritrean Movement for Democracy and Human Rights (EMDHR) And Eritrea Focus CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation EMDHR CIVICUS UPR Lead, Ms Teldah Mawarire EMDHR Partner lead, Email: Email: [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.civicus.org Miss Helen Kidan, Email: [email protected] Tel: +44 7518462670 Eritrea Focus Web: http://www.emdhr.net/ Eritrea Focus Partner Lead, Email: [email protected] Mr Habte Hagos, Email: [email protected] 1. Introduction 1.1 CIVICUS is a global alliance of civil society organisations (CSOs) and activists dedicated to strengthening citizen action and civil society around the world. Founded in 1993, CIVICIUS has members in more than 170 countries throughout the world. 1.2 The Eritrean Movement for Democracy and Human Rights (EMDHR) is an independent and membership-based CSOs dedicated to promoting human rights, democratic values and principles in all spheres of Eritrean society. EMDHR was founded in 2003 and its programmes are aimed at Eritreans inside the country who lack all forms of liberties. EMDHR also assists CSOs, activists and refugee organisations who are outside Eritrea. 1.3 Eritrea Focus is an association of CSOs, human rights organisations, exile and refugee groups and individuals concerned with the gross abuses of human rights in Eritrea. It is an open and inclusive organisation that welcomes members from all sections of Eritrean communities, both at home and in the diaspora, as well non-Eritreans who are concerned with the dictatorship and the complete absence of rule of law in Eritrea. -
The Origin and Persistence of State Fragility in Burundi
APRIL 2018 The origin and persistence of state fragility in Burundi Janvier D. Nkurunziza Abstract State fragility in Burundi has been a cause, and consequence, of the country’s political instability. Since independence, Burundi has endured six episodes of civil war, two major foiled coup d’états, and five coup d’états that have led to regime change. The root cause of state fragility is traced back to divisive practices introduced by the colonial power, which have since been perpetuated by post-colonial elites. This political volatility has generated persistent cycles of violence, resulting in the collapse of the country’s institutions and economy, even after the negotiation of the Arusha Agreement. This has led to mass migration of Burundi’s people and the emergence of a large refugee population, dispersed among neighbouring states and far away. Therefore, state fragility in Burundi is first and foremost the result of the strategies and policies of its political leaders, who are motivated by personal interests. Political capture calls into question the legitimacy of those in power, who feed state fragility through rent extraction, corruption, and mismanagement. This has had vast economic consequences, including slow growth, an underdeveloped private sector, an unstable investment landscape, and severe financial constraints. For reconciliation to be achieved, justice needs to be afforded to those who have encountered repression from the state, thereby breaking the cycle of violence. What’s more, Burundi needs strong and long-term engagement of the international community for the successful implementation of reforms, as well as the provision of technical and financial resources, to embark on a prosperous and peaceful path. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/01/2021 05:53:02PM Via Free Access 238 Magnet
African Journal of Legal Studies 8 (2015) 237–272 brill.com/ajls Constitution Making in Eritrea: Why It Is Necessary to Go Back to the Future Joseph Eliot Magnet Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, 57 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5 [email protected] Abstract Eritrea went through a constitutional process from 1995 to 1997, which resulted in a text that provides for the rule of law, democratic institutions and human rights. The text was ratified by the National Assembly, but never implemented. The United Nations, the USA and the EU support the 1997 Constitution. They have called on Eritrea to “(i)mplement (it) fully and without further delay”. This recommendation is challenged here. Eritrea is multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-lingual. The 1997 Constitution creates a highly centralized Stalinist structure that experience teaches does not work in deeply diverse democracies. Eritrea requires a power sharing constitution, fabricated in a proper nego- tiated process. Implementing the 1997 Constitution would likely bring Eritrea’s two large nationalities into conflict with its eight smaller nationalities with high risk for vio- lent civil strife that could spill over into neighbouring countries. This is concerning for geopolitics and would be devastating for human rights. Keywords African constitutional law – comparative constitutional law – constitution making – constitutional law – constitutional design – Eritrea – Eritrea constitution … © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2�16 | doi 10.1163/17087384-12342064Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 05:53:02PM via free access 238 Magnet Between the strong and the weak, between the rich and the poor, between master and servant, it is freedom that oppresses and the law that sets free. -
Service for Life
Service for Life State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea Copyright © 2009 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-472-9 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org April 2009 1-56432-472-9 Service for Life State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea Map of Eritrea ..................................................................................................................... 1 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 2 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 6 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. -
The State of Eritrea Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 18
The State of Eritrea Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review 18th Session of the UPR Working Group Submitted 24 June 2013 Submission by CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation, NGO in General Consultative Status with ECOSOC and CDRiE: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation Ms Charlotte Allan Email: [email protected] Ms Renate Bloem Email: [email protected] Web: www.civicus.org CDRiE: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea Mr. Suleiman Hussein Email: [email protected] Web: www.cdrie.net 1 1. (A) Introduction 1.1 CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation is an international movement with members in more than 100 countries. Established in 1993, CIVICUS nurtures the foundation, growth and protection of citizen action worldwide, especially in areas where participatory democracy and citizens’ freedom of association are threatened. 1.2 CDRiE: Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea is a Diaspora based Eritrean civil society organisation that works for the full realization of the democratic rights of the Eritrean people; in particular, the broad advancement of the rule of law and of constitutional governance that will enable Eritreans to elect their own leaders through free and fair elections, including full restoration of freedoms of conscience, religion, information, expression and association. 1.3 In this document, CIVICUS and CDRiE outline concerns related to the environment in which civil society and human rights defenders operate in Eritrea, and discuss the threats they face in the exercise of the freedoms of expression, association and assembly. 1.4 CIVICUS and CDRiE are deeply concerned by the total repression of civil society and free speech in Eritrea. -
Eritrea Eligibility Guidelines
UNHCR ELIGIBILITY GUIDELINES FOR ASSESSING THE INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION NEEDS OF ASYLUM-SEEKERS FROM ERITREA United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) April 2009 NOTE UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines are issued by the Office to assist decision-makers, including UNHCR staff, Governments and private practitioners, in assessing the international protection needs of asylum-seekers from a given country. They are authoritative legal interpretations of the refugee criteria in respect of specific groups on the basis of objectively assessed social, political, economic, security, human rights, and humanitarian conditions in the country of origin concerned. The pertinent protection needs are analyzed in detail and recommendations made as to how the applications in question should be decided upon in line with the relevant principles and criteria of refugee law as per, notably, the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, the UNHCR Statute and relevant regional instruments such as the Cartagena Declaration, the 1969 OAU Convention and the EU Asylum Directives. The recommendations may also touch upon, as relevant, complementary or subsidiary protection regimes. UNHCR issues its Eligibility Guidelines pursuant to its responsibility to promote the accurate interpretation and application of the above-mentioned refugee criteria as envisaged by Article 8 of its Statute, Article 35 of the 1951 Convention and Article II of its 1967 Protocol and based on the expertise it has developed over several years in eligibility and refugee status determination matters. It is expected that the positions and guidance contained in the Guidelines should be weighed heavily by the relevant decision-making authorities in reaching a decision on the asylum applications concerned.