Cool Season Crops

Liz Maynard Extension Specialist, Dept. of Hort. and LA

Indiana Horticultural Congress January 23, 2014 Wyndham Indianapolis West

Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. What Are Cool Season Crops?

Hardy Half-hardy Asparagus Onion Beet Broad beans Parsley Carrot Broccoli Peas Cauliflower Brussels sprouts Radish Celery Cabbage Rhubarb Chard Chives Spinach Chicory Collards Garlic Globe artichoke Horseradish Endive Kale Lettuce Parsnip Leek Potato Mustard Salsify

Source: O.A. Lorenz and D. N. Maynard, Kno's Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1980. Why Grow Them? u Interest in local food creates year-round demand u Product available for early Spring, late Fall, Winter u Suitable for season extension structures u Current Indiana production less than 1% of Indiana consumption

Spinach, Jan. 12, 2014 Approx. Monthly Temperature for Best Growth and Growing Degree Day Base Temperature GDD Family Crop Opt Min Max Base °F Carrot Carrot 60-65 45 75 38 Carrot Celery 60-65 45 75 Carrot Parsley 60-65 45 75 Carrot Parsnip 60-65 40 75 Goosefoot Beet 60-65 40 75 40 Goosefoot Chard 60-65 40 75 Goosefoot Spinach 60-65 40 75 Onion Chives 55-75 45 85 Onion Garlic 55-75 45 85 Onion Leek 55-75 45 85 Onion Onion 55-75 45 85 35 Pea Broad beans 60-65 40 75 Pea Peas 60-65 45 75 40 Sunflower Chicory 55-75 45 85 Sunflower Endive 60-65 45 75 Sunflower Lettuce 60-65 45 75 40

Source: Maynard, D.N. and Hochmuth, G.J. 2007. Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5 ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Approx. Monthly Temperature for Best Growth and Growing Degree Day Base Temperature GDD Plant Family Crop Opt Min Max Base °F Mustard Broccoli 60-65 40 75 40 Mustard Br. sprouts 60-65 40 75 Mustard Cabbage 60-65 40 75 Mustard Cauliflower 60-65 45 75 Mustard Ch. cabbage 60-65 45 75 Mustard Collards 60-65 40 75 40 Mustard Kale 60-65 40 75 Mustard Kohlrabi 60-65 40 75 Mustard Mustard 60-65 45 75 Mustard Radish 60-65 40 75 Mustard 60-65 40 75 Mustard Turnip 60-65 40 75

Source: Maynard, D.N. and Hochmuth, G.J. 2007. Knott’s Handbook for Vegetable Growers, 5 ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. Tatsoi Feb. 2013 in high tunnel Kale 4/21/2013 in high tunnel

Spinach, 4/21/2013 in high tunnel Leuce, 4/21/2013 in high tunnel Temperature and Daylength Effects u Flowering Bolting Bulbing Quality Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal.

Plant Family Crop N P2O5 K2O pH Micro Response ------lb./A------High Med. Carrot Carrot 100 27 102 6.5 B Cu, Mn Carrot Celery 200 60 348 6.8 B Cu, Mn Carrot Parsley 100 11 77 6.5 Mn B, Cu, Zn Carrot Parsnip 100 42 117 6.5 B Cu, Mn Goosefoot Beet 100 29 101 6.5 B, Cu Mn, Zn B, Cu, Goosefoot Chard 100 7 55 6.5 Mn, Zn Goosefoot Spinach 170 16 72 6.5 B, Cu, Zn Mn Cu, Mn, Onion Onion 190 130 240 6.5 Zn Pea Peas 40 14 30 6.5 Mn Sunflower Endive 100 18 113 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn 100- Sunflower Lettuce 40 180 6.5 Cu, Mn B, Zn 140 Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra. 2004. Nutrient Recommendaons for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing. Major Nutrients P2O5 and K2O are maintenance amounts based on crop removal.

Plant Micro Family Crop N P2O5 K2O pH Response ------lb./A------High Med. Mustard B,+Cu,+ Br. sprouts 140 16 47 6.5 Mn Mustard Broccoli 140 4 44 6.5 B Cu,+Mn Mustard Cabbage 140 32 136 6.5 B Cu,+Mn Mustard Cauliflower 140 21 53 6.8 B Cu,+Mn Mustard Collards 100 12 36 6.5 Cu,+Mn B,+Zn Mustard Kale 100 12 36 6.5 Cu,+Mn B,+Zn Mustard Mustard 100 12 36 6.5 Cu,+Mn B,+Zn B,+Cu,+ Mustard Mn Radish 50 3 22 6.5 Zn Cu,+Mn,+ Mustard B Rutabaga 100 47 146 6.5 Zn Cu,+Mn,+ Mustard B Turnip 90 18 69 6.5 Zn

Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra. 2004. Nutrient Recommendaons for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing. Major Nutrients

u Nitrogen u Take into account N from prior crop and organic materials u Phosphorus u Use maintenance levels when soil P is more than 35-40 ppm u No more needed if soil P is more than 80 ppm u Potassium u Use maintenance levels when u soil K more than 85 ppm on soils with CEC=4 u soil K more than 115 ppm on soils with CEC=16 u No more needed if u soil K more than 135 ppm on soils with CEC=4 u soil K more than 165 ppm on soil with CEC=16

Source: Warncke, D., J. Dahl, B. Zandstra. 2004. Nutrient Recommendaons for Vegetable Crops in Michigan. E2934. Michigan State University, E. Lansing. Plant Population

Source: ID-56 2014 and Knott's Handbook Plant Plant Bet. Population Family Crop Row In-row Ft In Mustard Broccoli 3 12-18 Mustard Br. sprouts 3 18-24 Mustard Cabbage 2-3 12-15 Mustard Cauliflower 3 15-18 Mustard Ch. cabbage 1.5-3 10-18 Mustard Collards 3-3.5 18-24 Mustard Kale 2-4 8-16 Mustard Kohlrabi 1-3 3-6 Mustard Mustard 1-1.5 10-12 Mustard Radish 1.25 0.8-1 Mustard Rutabaga 1.5-3 5-8 Mustard Turnip, greens 0.5-1 1-4 Mustard Turnip, root 1.2-1.5 2-3

Source: ID-56 2014 and Knott's Handbook Weed Management u Mechanical u Cultivation u Hoe and hand-weeding u It’s a system: row or bed spacing, plant spacing, equipment, people u Stale seedbed u Flaming u Mulches u Dense planting u Herbicides u See the ID-56 at mwveguide.org

Harvest

Gast, KLB. 1994. Harvest Maturity Indicators for Fruits and Vegetables. MF-1175. Kansas State Univ. AES and CES, Manhattan. Harvest

Crop Harvest Notes Florets tight, good color, 3 in. diam. 8 in. Broccoli long, trim off side shoots and leaves. Better after freeze, 1-2.75 in., begin at Br. sprouts bottom of stem, remove outer leaves Cabbage Firm head, 1 lb. min., trim outer leaves Blanch head during production. min. 4 Cauliflower in., tight florets. Trim outer leaves. Market dictates size. Harvest entire Collards or cut leaves for bulk sales. Market dictates size. Harvest entire Kale plants or cut leaves for bulk sales. Market dictates size. Harvest entire Mustard plants or cut leaves for bulk sales. Size: 1/2 to 1.25 in. diam. Bunch by size. Radish Leave tops on or trim close to root. Min. 1/75 in. diamter. Top and trim and Rutabaga wax for longer storage. Market dictates size. Harvest entire Turnip, greensplants or cut leaves for bulk sales. Min. 1 in. diam. With tops, short-trimmed, Turnip, root or without tops.

Gast, KLB. 1994. Harvest Maturity Indicators for Fruits and Vegetables. MF-1175. Kansas State Univ. AES and CES, Manhattan. Storage

Optimal Conditions for Storage u 32°F u RH 95% for lettuce and beets u RH 65-70% for dry bulb onion and garlic u RH 90-95% for all others

Source: USDA ARS. 1968. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. online draft available at http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/ Length of Storage Crop Storage Broccoli 10-14 d Optimal Conditions Br. sprouts 3-5 wk for Storage 3-6 wk early, 3-4 Cabbage mo late u 32°F Cauliflower 2-4 wk u RH 95% for lettuce and Ch. cabbage 1-2 mo beets Collards 10-14 d u RH 65-70% for dry bulb Kale 10-14 d onion and garlic Kohlrabi 2-4 wk u RH 90-95% for all others Mustard 10-14 d Radish 3-4 wk Rutabaga 2-4 mo Turnip, greens 10-14 d Turnip, root 4-5 mo

Source: USDA ARS. 1968. The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks. Agriculture Handbook Number 66. online draft available at http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/ Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or Varieties ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’ Asian% Asian% $ Brassicas$ Broccoli$ Broccoli$ Beet$%std Beet$other std other std other Cylindra Early Blood Soloist San Fen Arcadia Fiesta Baby Pac Bull's Blood Boro Choy Fen Jen Belstar* Imperial Chiogga* Bulls Blood MeiQing Mizuna DiCicco Detroit Dark Shanghai Red* Chioggia Green Napa Green Belt Green Early Wonder Eagle Tatsoi Prize Choy Magic Early Merlin Wonder Gypsy* Gold Pronto* varieties Pak Man Red Ace* Golden Solo Tall Top Tall Top Forono Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or Varieties ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’

Cabbage - Cabbage - Carrot- Cauliflow Collards- Collards- std other Carrot-std other er-std std other

Blue Dynasty Alantis Ablodo Dragon Absolute Champion Vates Blue Vantage* Bravo Chantenay Laguna Amazing

Cheers Capture Danvers Mokum* Bishop

Copenhagen Charmant Hercules Cheddar Little fingers- Deadon Early early Edith Early Gonzales Thunder Nantes Fremont*

Kaitlin Late Dutch Napoli* Orange Purple Red Dynasty Reds Nelson Graffiti Snow Stonehead Crown Super Star

Thunderhead Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or Varieties ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’

Kale- Kohlrabi- Lettuce- Lettuce- Mustard- Mustard- Kale-std other std std other std other Red Blue Armor Russian* Kohlabri Bergams Cardinale Green Wave Baby cuts Dwarf Siberian Winterbor Kossack* Cherokee Dancine Broadleaf

Lacinato Winner Concept Green Ice Florula Rhubarb Green Red Forest Pablo Salad Types Southern Giant Toscano Guzmaine Tropicana Curled Tuscan types Leaf Types

Nancy Paris Island Cos

Skyphos Varieties reported by survey respondents as ‘standard’ or Varieties ‘other varieties you would like to see in trial’

Turnip greens- Parsnip- Radish - Radish - Spinach - Spinach - Rutabag Turnip - std std std other std other a - std std ? Family French Asian Seed Andover Breakfast Rudolf Menorca America Laurentian Varieties

Purple Tops Javelin Champion Daikons Bloomsdale* Giant Nobel Hakurei Large Cherriette Donkey Upright Hakurei* German Summer Giant Pigeon Tolerant Purple Top*

Sparkler Raccoon* Tyee Shogoin

White Icicle Space

Teton

Tyee*