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COVID-19: Review of a 21St Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-Psychiatric Implications

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COVID-19: Review of a 21St Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-Psychiatric Implications Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 77 (2020) 459–504 459 DOI 10.3233/JAD-200831 IOS Press Review COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic from Etiology to Neuro-psychiatric Implications Vicky Yamamotoa,b,c,d,1, Joe F. Bolanosa,b,1, John Fiallosa,b, Susanne E. Stranda,b, Kevin Morrisa,b, Sanam Shahrokhiniae, Tim R. Cushingf , Lawrence Hoppg, Ambooj Tiwaria,h, Robert Hariria,i,j, Rick Sokolovk, Christopher Wheelera,b,l, Ajeet Kaushikm, Ashraf Elsayeghn, Dawn Eliashiva,o, Rebecca Hedrickp, Behrouz Jafariq, J. Patrick Johnsonr,s, Mehran Khorsandit, Nestor Gonzalezs, Guita Balakhaniu, Shouri Lahiriv, Kazem Ghavidelw, Marco Amayaa,b, Harry Kloora, Namath Hussaina,x, Edmund Huangu, Jason Cormiera,y, J. Wesson Ashforda,z, Jeffrey C. Wanga,aa, Shadi Yaghobianbb, Payman Khorramicc, Bahman Shamloodd, Charles Moonff , Payam Shadibb and Babak Kateba,b,x,ee,gg,∗ aSociety for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA bBrain Mapping Foundation (BMF), Los Angeles, CA, USA cUSC Keck School of Medicine, The USC Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA dUSC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA eCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nutrition, Los Angeles, CA, USA f UCLA-Cedar-Sinai California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA gCedars Sinai Medical Center Department of Ophthalmology and UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA hNew York University, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA iCelularity Corporation, Warren, NJ, USA jWeill Cornell School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA kCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Infectious Disease Los Angeles, CA, USA lT-NeuroPharma, Albuquerque, NM, USA mNanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Arts, and Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, USA nCedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, Los Angeles, CA, USA oUCLA David Geffen, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA pCedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Los Angeles, CA, USA qUniversity of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA rCedars Sinai Medical Center, Spine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA sCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA tCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Cardiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA 1These authors contributed equally to this work. ∗Correspondence to: Babak Kateb MD, Society for Brain Map- ping and Therapeutics (SBMT), Los Angeles, CA, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. ISSN 1387-2877/20/$35.00 © 2020 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved This article is published online with Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 460 V. Yamamoto and J. Bolanos et al. / COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic uCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA vCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Los Angeles, CA, USA wUniversity of Tehran School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran xLoma Linda University, Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda, CA, USA yLafayette Surgical Specialty Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA zStanford University School of Medicine (Affiliated), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Department of Veteran’s Affair, Palo Alto, CA, USA aaUSC-Keck School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA bbCedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA ccCedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Los Angeles, CA, USA ddCedars Sinai Medical Center, Pain Management, Los Angeles, CA, USA eeNational Center for NanoBioElectronic (NCNBE), Los Angeles, CA, USA ff Cedars Sinai Orthopaedic Center, Department of Orthopedics, Los Angeles, CA, USA ggBrain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA Accepted 14 August 2020 Abstract. COVID-19 is a severe infectious disease that has claimed >150,000 lives and infected millions in the United States thus far, especially the elderly population. Emerging evidence has shown the virus to cause hemorrhagic and immunologic responses, which impact all organs, including lungs, kidneys, and the brain, as well as extremities. SARS-CoV-2 also affects patients’, families’, and society’s mental health at large. There is growing evidence of re-infection in some patients. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2-induced disease, its mechanism of infection, diagnostics, therapeutics, and treatment strategies, while also focusing on less attended aspects by previous studies, including nutritional support, psychological, and rehabilitation of the pandemic and its management. We performed a systematic review of >1,000 articles and included 425 references from online databases, including, PubMed, Google Scholar, and California Baptist Uni- versity’s library. COVID-19 patients go through acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, acute hypercoagulable state, and autonomic dysfunction, which must be managed by a multidisciplinary team including nursing, nutrition, and rehabilitation. The elderly population and those who are suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and dementia related illnesses seem to be at the higher risk. There are 28 vaccines under development, and new treatment strategies/protocols are being investigated. The future management for COVID-19 should include B-cell and T-cell immunotherapy in combination with emerging prophylaxis. The mental health and illness aspect of COVID-19 are among the most important side effects of this pandemic which requires a national plan for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, coronavirus, COVID-19, COVID-19 diagnostics, COVID-19 test, mental health, SARS- CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 treatment, Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Avigan, Actemra, COVID-19 Nutrition, COVID-19 Rehabilitation, COVID-19 Clinical manifestations, COVID-19 Risk factors and comorbidities, COVID-19 Vaccines,COVID- 19 immunotherapy, COVID-19 Natural Killer Cells and stem cell therapy, COVID-19 Janus Kinase Inhibitor 1 and 2, COVID-19 air filtration, Nanomedicine for COVID-19, COVID-19 mental disorders, COVID-19 domestic abuse, COVID-19 Alzheimer’s Disease and dementia, COVID-19 complications, COVID-19 Screening, COVID-19 ophthalmology, COVID-19 Neurological implications, COVID-19 antiviral, COVID-19 Steroids, COVID-19 Convalescent plasma, COVID-19 antico- agulants, COVID-19 monoclonal antibodies INTRODUCTION The first case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported by Dr. Li Wenliang, an The report of the World Health Organization ophthalmologist in Wuhan China in December 2019. (WHO) states that the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has This respiratory disease presented similar symptoms registered 15,785,641 confirmed cases globally and to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) 640,016 deaths as of July 26, 2020 [1]. in 2003. It was later named Severe Acute Respira- V. Yamamoto and J. Bolanos et al. / COVID-19: Review of a 21st Century Pandemic 461 tory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [2]. COVID-19 affects every age group; however, the elderly are more prone to a severe symptom display and have a higher mortality rate. Even with the majority of affected people being under the age of 65 (83.2%), people over the age of 65 still stands for 79.5% of all COVID-19 related deaths in the United States (US) [3]. An average of 13.3% of people over the age of 65 have a proven neurological comorbidity, including dementia [4]. Although the elderly population is most severely affected by the illness, a new study has found a higher SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA load in young children’s nasopharynx than what had previously been found in older children (>5 years old) and adults [5]. Young children might Databases used in the search for articles included therefore be far more likely to spread the virus than PubMed, California Baptist University Library, Clin- the anticipated asymptomatic spreaders. In other icalTrials.gov, Google Scholar, and multiple news words, individuals of all age groups are prone to sources. The search was restricted to articles about both contracting and spreading the virus, even when COVID-19 in English published between December mild or no symptoms are present [6]. 1, 2019 to August 4, 2020. We only considered arti- In recent months many papers have been published, cles for inclusion published in reputable journals with criticized, discredited, and retracted. Thus, we believe a high impact factor that pertained to the topic and this comprehensive review could update scientists investigational inquiries, as well as rigorous method- about the state-of-the-science and technology and ology. clarify any ambiguity about the current diagnostics Each article included was selected and reviewed and therapeutics strategies for COVID-19. by the 35 authors who then provided comments based on their area of expertise. Research papers METHODOLOGY were reviewed and critiqued independently; those not meeting the requirement for inclusion were excluded. As the COVID-19 pandemic surges worldwide, Part of this data presented in this research paper is in new information on the virus and its consequences development and not yet published, hence the need are being published daily. We carried out a compre- to convene a panel of COVID-19 treating specialists. hensive
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