TURKEY Last Updated: 2007-05-22

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency The database on iodine deficiency includes data by country on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine concentration

L 2005P Erzurum city: Adults/Elderly B 20.00 - 76.99 340 15.6 22.0 26.8 64.4 65.4 5388 * 11 Erzurum city: Adults/Elderly B 20.00 - 76.99 340 5.6 * L 2005P Istanbul: PW: Total F 18.00 - 31.99 123 128.2 143.4 102.8 5453 * 12 PW by trimester: 1st trimester F 18.00 - 31.99 18 115.5 137.1 90.1 13 PW by trimester: 2nd trimester F 18.00 - 31.99 28 114.2 109.1 73.6 14 PW by trimester: 3rd trimester F 18.00 - 31.99 77 151.0 161.2 110.4 15

L 2004P Yusufeli district: SAC B 7.00 - 14.99 250 29 45 46 4712 * L 2004P Kayseri province: Newborns B 0.00 - 0.00 70 238 4713 * 16 Kayseri province: Women F 18.00 - 37.99 70 33.0 33.0 24.0 90.0 302 17

L 2003P Bolu: SAC B 8.00 - 12.99 342 31.0 5610 * Duzce: SAC B 8.00 - 12.99 384 49.0 Zonguldak: SAC B 8.00 - 12.99 320 98.0

L 2003P Western Anatolia: SAC B 8.00 - 10.99 727 38.0 20.8 15.7 74.6 5734 * Western Anatolia: SAC: Total B 8.00 - 10.99 727 71.0 * SAC by sex B 8.00 - 10.99 372 68.3 SAC by sex B 8.00 - 10.99 355 73.0

NU 2002 National urban: SAC: Total B 9.00 - 11.99 11134 22.3 16.6 22.033.8 5.3 60.9 75 4721 * 18 SAC by city: Ankara B 9.00 - 11.99 324 90 113 102 19 SAC by city: Antalya B 9.00 - 11.99 866 47 81 97 20 SAC by city: Artvin B 9.00 - 11.99 299 150 174 129 21 SAC by city: Aydin B 9.00 - 11.99 203 44 79 85 22

© WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency The database on iodine deficiency includes data by country on goitre prevalence and/or urinary iodine concentration

TURKEY Last Updated: 2007-05-22

Goitre Urinary iodine (µg/L) Notes prevalence (%) Distribution (%) Prevalence (%) Age Sample Grade Grade TGP <20 20-49 50-99100-299 >300 <100 Median Mean SD Reference General Line Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex (years) size 1 2 NU 2002 SAC by city: Bayburt B 9.00 - 11.99 189 66 100 108 4721 23 SAC by city: Bitlis B 9.00 - 11.99 380 19 31 52 24 SAC by city: Bolu B 9.00 - 11.99 199 57 76 66 25 SAC by city: Burdur B 9.00 - 11.99 194 19 44 71 26 SAC by city: Bursa B 9.00 - 11.99 193 73 87 80 27 SAC by city: Çorum B 9.00 - 11.99 200 29 58 72 28 SAC by city: Diyarb B 9.00 - 11.99 201 19 44 73 29 SAC by city: Edirne B 9.00 - 11.99 225 99 107 71 30 SAC by city: Erzincan B 9.00 - 11.99 181 50 60 43 31 SAC by city: Erzurum B 9.00 - 11.99 200 18 43 75 32 SAC by city: Eskişehir B 9.00 - 11.99 392 110 130 97 33 SAC by city: Hatay B 9.00 - 11.99 300 70 97 94 34 SAC by city: Isparta B 9.00 - 11.99 201 44 65 66 35 SAC by city: Istanbul B 9.00 - 11.99 1813 122 148 112 36 SAC by city: Izmir B 9.00 - 11.99 1823 94 107 87 37 SAC by city: K. Maraş B 9.00 - 11.99 351 19 31 58 38 SAC by city: Kastamo B 9.00 - 11.99 197 111 111 85 39 SAC by city: Kayseri B 9.00 - 11.99 220 27.5 43 45 40 SAC by city: Konya B 9.00 - 11.99 202 72 80 58 41 SAC by city: Kütahya B 9.00 - 11.99 199 68 75 52 42 SAC by city: Malatya B 9.00 - 11.99 193 54 73 67 43 SAC by city: Samsun B 9.00 - 11.99 198 93 104 95 44 SAC by city: Tekirdag B 9.00 - 11.99 390 107 129 99 45 SAC by city: Trabzon B 9.00 - 11.99 208 113 123 88 46 SAC by city: Yozgat B 9.00 - 11.99 392 56 87 92 47 SAC by city: Van B 9.00 - 11.99 201 21 36 40 48

L 2002 Zonguldak city: SAC: Total B 7.00 - 12.99 304 12.8 29.3 143.5 5566 * 49 SAC by age B 10.00 - 10.99 62 147.0 SAC by age B 11.00 - 11.99 47 162.0 SAC by age B 12.00 - 12.99 42 136.5 SAC by age B 7.00 - 7.99 36 154.0 SAC by age B 8.00 - 8.99 53 123.0 SAC by age B 9.00 - 9.99 64 159.5 Zonguldak city: SAC B 7.00 - 12.99 304 16.1 3.3 19.4 * R 2001 -2002 Aegean region: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 12.99 2300 53.0 54.9 27.9 5294 * 50 SAC by area of residence: Mugla B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 86.0 51

TURKEY Last Updated: 2007-05-22

Goitre Urinary iodine (µg/L) Notes prevalence (%) Distribution (%) Prevalence (%) Age Sample Grade Grade TGP <20 20-49 50-99100-299 >300 <100 Median Mean SD Reference General Line Level Date Region and sample descriptor Sex (years) size 1 2 R 2001 -2002 SAC by area of residence: Manisa B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 33.3 5294 52 SAC by area of residence: Usak B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 11.5 53 SAC by area of residence: Kütahya B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 59.6 54 SAC by area of residence: Afyon B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 75.3 55 SAC by area of residence: Izmir B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 59.8 56 SAC by area of residence: Denzli B 6.00 - 12.99 NS 43.3 57 Aegean region: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 12.99 2300 12.1 * SAC by area: Urban B 6.00 - 12.99 700 7.7 SAC by area: Town B 6.00 - 12.99 484 9.5 SAC by area: Outskirt B 6.00 - 12.99 331 15.5 SAC by area: Rural B 6.00 - 12.99 785 17.2

S 2001 Ankara: SAC B NS 359 87.0 3424a * S 2001 Isparta province: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 11.99 500 72.070.0 75 48.0 5766 * 58 SAC by area: Urban B 6.00 - 11.99 232 100.0 SAC by area: Rural B 6.00 - 11.99 268 50.0

L 2000 -2002 Bolu city: Newborns B 0.00 - 0.00 64 61.2 77.8 5587 * 59 Düzce city: Newborns B 0.00 - 0.00 72 82.7 80.3 60 Zonguldak city: Newborns B 0.00 - 0.00 76 154.6 122.5 61 Bolu city: Women F NS 57 31.4 48.8 62 Düzce city: Women F NS 68 44.2 55.4 63 Zonguldak city: Women F NS 65 75.2 71.6 64

S 2000 Ankara: SAC B NS 308 32.5 3424b * L 2000P Antalya region: SAC B 6.00 - 11.99 605 5736 * 65 Antalya region: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 11.99 605 27.4 7.6 35.0 * SAC by sex F 6.00 - 11.99 304 37.5 SAC by sex M 6.00 - 11.99 301 32.6

L 1999 Istanbul: SAC B 6.00 - 16.99 1573 2.3 46.2 105.0 4007 * 66 L 1998P Buyukcakir: SAC/Adults B 5.00 - 24.99 NS 1819 * 67 Ankara: SAC B 6.00 - 15.99 NS 68 Ankara: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 15.00 2155 34.0 0.8 34.8 * Buyukcakir: SAC/Adults: Total B 5.00 - 24.00 232 65.1 26.0 92.0

TURKEY Last Updated: 2007-05-22

NU 1997 -1999 National urban: SAC: Total B 9.00 - 11.99 5948 36 3426 * 69 SAC by city: Ankara B 9.00 - 11.99 303 25.5 SAC by city: Aydin B 9.00 - 11.99 394 46.5 SAC by city: Bayburt B 9.00 - 11.99 306 16.0 SAC by city: Bolu B 9.00 - 11.99 187 53.0 SAC by city: Burdur B 9.00 - 11.99 394 21.0 SAC by city: Bursa B 9.00 - 11.99 385 51.0 SAC by city: Corum B 9.00 - 11.99 230 61.5 SAC by city: Diyarbakir B 9.00 - 11.99 243 43.5 SAC by city: Edirne B 9.00 - 11.99 384 78.0 SAC by city: Erzincan B 9.00 - 11.99 394 48.0 SAC by city: Erzurum B 9.00 - 11.99 383 19.0 SAC by city: Isparta B 9.00 - 11.99 394 28.0 SAC by city: Kastamonu B 9.00 - 11.99 303 30.5 SAC by city: Kayseri B 9.00 - 11.99 288 25.5 SAC by city: Kitahya B 9.00 - 11.99 178 59.5 SAC by city: Konya B 9.00 - 11.99 187 41.0 SAC by city: Malatya B 9.00 - 11.99 151 78.0 SAC by city: Samsun B 9.00 - 11.99 151 20.0 SAC by city: Trabzon B 9.00 - 11.99 314 14.0 SAC by city: Van B 9.00 - 11.99 386 37.0

L 1997 Ankara: SAC: Total B 9.00 - 11.99 303 25.5 3333 * Kastamonu: SAC: Total B 9.00 - 11.99 303 30.5 Bayburt: SAC: Total B 9.00 - 11.99 306 16.0 Trabzon: SAC: Total B 9.00 - 11.99 314 14.0 SAC by age and city: Ankara B 10.00 - 10.99 156 28 SAC by age and city: Ankara B 9.00 - 9.99 41 23 SAC by age and city: Ankara B 11.00 - 11.99 106 21 SAC by age and city: Kastamonu B 9.00 - 9.99 96 28 SAC by age and city: Kastamonu B 10.00 - 10.99 134 33 SAC by age and city: Kastamonu B 11.00 - 11.99 73 31 SAC by age and city: Bayburt B 9.00 - 9.99 63 18

TURKEY Last Updated: 2007-05-22

S 1995 15 provinces: SAC: Total B 6.00 - 12.00 6906 30.3 3428 * SAC by sex F 6.00 - 12.00 3575 27.5 5.1 32.6 SAC by sex F 6.00 - 12.00 3331 24.0 3.7 27.7 SAC by province: Artuin B 6.00 - 12.00 449 23.4 9.3 32.7 SAC by province: Bayburt B 6.00 - 12.00 400 37.0 7.3 44.3 SAC by province: Bolu B 6.00 - 12.00 556 26.8 2.7 30.0 SAC by province: Burdur B 6.00 - 12.00 400 15.0 0.0 15.0 SAC by province: Bursa B 6.00 - 12.00 400 9.8 2.0 11.8 SAC by province: Edirne B 6.00 - 12.00 482 14.3 0.8 15.1 SAC by province: Hatay B 6.00 - 12.00 462 24.9 6.5 31.4 SAC by province: Kastamonu B 6.00 - 12.00 400 29.8 5.5 35.3 SAC by province: Konya B 6.00 - 12.00 400 30.8 0.0 30.8 SAC by province: Kutanya B 6.00 - 12.00 1093 26.1 3.7 29.8 SAC by province: Malatya B 6.00 - 12.00 400 39.3 7.2 46.5 SAC by province: Rize B 6.00 - 12.00 400 19.5 5.0 24.5 SAC by province: Samsun B 6.00 - 12.00 500 28.6 7.6 36.2 SAC by province: Trabzon B 6.00 - 12.00 162 63.0 5.5 68.5 SAC by province: Zonguldak B 6.00 - 12.00 400 22.8 5.0 27.8

TURKEY

Reference no 5592 General Notes: Cross-sectional survey in Malatya province, an area known for endemic goitre; sampling: 30 clusters of 20 children from 11 schools randomly selected from rural and urban areas. Line note 1 Interquartile range: 57.7-72.0 µg/L Line note 2 Interquartile range: 59.7-75.1 µg/L Line note 3 Interquartile range: 54.6-70.0 µg/L Line note 4 Interquartile range: 58.8-65.9 µg/L Line note 5 Interquartile range: 56.7-72.1 µg/L Line note 6 Interquartile range: 56.9-71.0 µg/L Line note 7 Interquartile range: 55.7-71.0 µg/L Line note 8 Interquartile range: 59.7-72.0 µg/L Line note 9 Interquartile range: 58.8-74.6 µg/L Line note 10 Interquartile range: 54.7-74.0 µg/L Reference no 5388 General Notes: Sample comprised of randomly selected adults/elderly from the city of Erzurum situated in northeastern Anatolia; only subjects who were born in Erzurum included; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database.

Line note 11 UI median range: 0.3-457 g/L Reference no 5453 General Notes: Facility based survey (1 midwife clinic at university hospital) in Istanbul; subjects randomly selected; UI expressed in µmol/L, values converted to µg/L. Line note 12 UI median range: 1.3-593.9 µg/L Line note 13 UI median range: 53.3-291.9 µg/L Line note 14 UI median range: 1.8-326.1 µg/L Line note 15 UI median range: 3.8-593.9 µg/L Reference no 4712 General Notes: Sample comprised of children from rural villages in Yusafeli district; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database.

Reference no 4713 General Notes: Sample comprised of mothers and their newborns; all women admitted for delivery at Erciyes University Maternity Unit, Kayseri province; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database; urine samples obtained from all mothers and their newborns on the 5th day after delivery; same survey reported in reference No. 4846. Line note 16 UI <15 µg/L: 27.0%, UI 15-30 µg/L: 33.0%, UI 31-50 µg/L: 23.0%, UI >50 µg/L: 17.0% Line note 17 Women's age, data from reference No. 4846. Reference no 5610 General Notes: Cross-sectional survey of children from 23 primary schools in rural and urban areas from 3 cities in Turkey (Bolu, Duzce and Zonguldak).

Reference no 5734 General Notes: Sample comprised of SAC selected from 4 urban and 8 rural schools in the western Anatolia (Bolu and Düzce cities and 6 mountainous rural areas); goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database.

© WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Reference no 4721 General Notes: Sampling: 20 areas (cities) selected based on previous endemicity of iodine deficiency (goitre palpation data) and 10 areas selected because they were large cities and represented a significant segment of the Turkish population. Line note 18 UI <50 µg/L: 39.5% Line note 19 UI <50 µg/L: 30.9% Line note 20 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 51.0% Line note 21 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 14.4% Line note 22 UI <50 µg/L: 55.2% Line note 23 UI <50 µg/L: 45.5% Line note 24 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 83.4% Line note 25 UI <50 µg/L: 44.7% Line note 26 UI <50 µg/L: 75.3% Line note 27 UI <50 µg/L: 36.8% Line note 28 UI <50 µg/L: 62.5% Line note 29 UI <50 µg/L: 91.0% Line note 30 UI <50 µg/L: 22.2% Line note 31 UI <50 µg/L: 52.5% Line note 32 UI <50 µg/L: 76.5% Line note 33 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 17.1% Line note 34 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 41.3% Line note 35 UI <50 µg/L: 53.7% Line note 36 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 16.8% Line note 37 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 27.8% Line note 38 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 84.6% Line note 39 UI <50 µg/L: 23.4% Line note 40 UI <50 µg/L: 70.9% Line note 41 UI <50 µg/L: 38.4% Line note 42 UI <50 µg/L: 40.2% Line note 43 UI <50 µg/L: 46.6% Line note 44 UI <50 µg/L: 34.3% Line note 45 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 21.0% Line note 46 UI <50 µg/L: 18.3% Line note 47 Data taken from reference No. 4722. UI <50 µg/L: 47.2% Line note 48 UI <50 µg/L: 78.6% Reference no 5566 General Notes: Sample comprised of SAC randomly selected from the city of Zonguldak, located in the western part of the Black Sea region; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database.

Line note 49 UI <50 µg/L: 16.4%, UI median range: 1-450 µg/L

Reference no 5294 General Notes: Multi-stage cluster sampling - 91 clusters (schools) in Aegean region; zones (area of residence) separated as the city centres (700 students), outskirts (331 students), town (484 students) and rural area (785 students); goitre investigated by ultrasongraphy, values not included in the database.

© WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Line note 50 UI median range: 2-142 , mean age (SD): 9.58 (1.91) years Line note 51 UI median range: 14-125 µmol/L Line note 52 UI median range: 6-91 µmol/L Line note 53 UI median range: 2-135 µmol/L Line note 54 UI median range: 4.5-104 µmol/L Line note 55 UI median range: 17-142 µmol/L Line note 56 UI median range: 4-123 µmol/L Line note 57 UI median range: 5-137 µmol/L Reference no 3424a General Notes: Survey conducted in collaboration with Ministry of Health; sampling design not provided; data received as personal communication.

Reference no 5766 General Notes: Sample comprised of SAC randomly selected from 5 urban and 6 rural schools in the province of Isparta, Southern Anatolia; the selected SAC had been living in the region for at least 5 years; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database. Line note 58 UI <50 µg/L: 40.6%

Reference no 5587 General Notes: Sample comprised of newborns and their mothers randomly selected from the cities of Bolu, Düzce and Zonguldak. Line note 59 Standard error of the mean: 9.5 µg/L Line note 60 Standard error of the mean: 8.2 µg/L Line note 61 Standard error of the mean: 10.8 µg/L Line note 62 Standard error of the mean: 8.7 µg/L Line note 63 Standard error of the mean: 6.1 µg/L Line note 64 Standard error of the mean: 9.8 µg/L Reference no 3424b General Notes: Survey conducted in collaboration with Ministry of Health; sampling design not provided; data received as personal communication.

Reference no 5736 General Notes: Sample comprised of SAC randomly selected from 6 schools in both urban and rural areas in the Antalya region; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database; UI expressed in µg/g creatinine, values reported in the respective line note. Line note 65 UI <50 µg/gCr: 20.0%, UI mean (SD): 64.1 (20.1) µg/gCr, UI median (range): 62.3 (10.7-136.9) µg/gCr Reference no 4007 General Notes: Sampling: 7 out of 28 central districts in Istanbul selected by cluster sampling, in the 7 districts 14 primary schools randomly selected and in the schools classrooms randomly chosen according to age group. Line note 66 Mean age (SD): 10.51 (2.36) years, UI <50 µg/L: 13.9%, UI median range: 40-212 µg/L Reference no 1819 General Notes: Survey of children and adults from Buyukcakir mountain village, (expected severe iodine deficiency area) and from one school in Ankara, (expected mild iodine deficient area); UI expressed in µg/g creatinine, values reported in the respective line notes.

Line note 67 UI median: 15.7 µg/g Cr, UI mean (SD): 27.6 (40.4) µg/g Cr Line note 68 UI median: 62.7 µg/g Cr, UI mean (SD): 87.6 (68.5) µg/g Cr

© WHO Global Database on Iodine Deficiency Reference no 3426 General Notes: National survey in 20 cities known to be endemic, data collected before mandatory iodization of table salt in Turkey; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database. Line note 69 UI median: 36 µg/L (range 14-78 µg/L)

Reference no 3333 General Notes: Survey conducted in 1226 children in Ankara (Central Anatolia) and 3 cities in the black sea region found to be endemic in 1995 (Kastamonu, Bayburt and Trabzon); cluster sampling, 40 children per cluster, 300 children from each of the 4 cities; goitre investigated by ultrasonography, values not included in the database. Reference no 3428 General Notes: Survey of 15/80 provinces, disaggregated data by sex for each province available.

Reference 1819 Yordam N, Ozon A, Alikasifoglu A, Ozgen A, Ceren N, Zafer Y, Simsek E. Iodine deficiency in Turkey. European Journal of Pediatrics, 1999, 158 :501-505.

Reference 3333 Erdoğan G, Erdogan MF, Delange F, Sav H, Gullu S, Kamel N. Moderate to severe iodine deficiency in three endemic goitre areas from the Black Sea region and the capital of Turkey. European Journal of Epidemiology, 2000, 16 :1131-1134.

Reference 3424 Erdogan MF. Iodine deficiency in Turkey [personal communication, unpublished data]. Ankara, Ankara University, Medical Faculty, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2002.

Reference 3426 Erdoğan G, Erdogan MF, Emral R, Bastemir M, Sav H, Haznedaroglu D, Ustundag M, Kose R, Kamel N, Genc Y. Iodine status and goiter prevalence in Turkey before mandatory iodization. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2002, 25 :224-228.

Reference 3428 Hacettepe Universitesi. 15 il'de beslenme egitimi ve arastimasi projesi, 1995 [Training and research project on nutrition in 15 provinces]. 1995.

Reference 4007 Gür E, Ercan O, Can G, Akkus S, Guzeloz S, Ciftcili S, Arvas A, Iltera O. Prevalence and risk factors of iodine deficiency among schoolchildren. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 2003, 49 :168-171.

Reference 4712 Özkan B, Olgun H, Ceviz N, Polat P, Taysi S, Orbak Z, Kosan C. Assessment of goiter prevalence, iodine status and thyroid functions in school-age children of rural Yusufeli district in eastern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 2004, 46 :16-21.

Reference 4713 Kurtoglu S, Akcakus M, Kocaoglu C, Gunes T, Karakucuk I, Kula M, Kocakoc E. Iodine deficiency in pregnant women and in their neonates in the central Anatolian region (Kayseri) of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 2004, 46 :11-15.

Reference 4721 Erdoğan G, Erdogan MF, Üstündağ M, Haznedaroğlu D, Köse R, Genç Y. 2002 yili 20 bölge türkiye iyot durumu monitörizasyon projesi kesin raporu [Final report of the iodine status monitoring project in 20 regions in Turkey, 2002]. Ankara, Ankara University, Medical School, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2003.

Reference 5294 Darcan S, Unak P, Yalman O, Lambrecht FY, Biber FZ, Goksen D, Coker M. Determination of iodine concentration in urine by isotope dilution analysis and thyroid volume of school children in the west coast of Turkey after mandatory salt iodization. Clinical Endocrinology, 2005, 63 :543-548.

Reference 5388 Akarsu E, Akçay G, Çapoglu I, Ünuvar N. Iodine deficiency and goiter prevalence of the adult population in Erzurum. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 2005, 48 :39-42.

Reference 5453 Gultepe M, Ozcan O, Ipcioglu OM. Assessment of iodine intake in mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women by a new automated kinetic urinary iodine determination method. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2005, 43 :280-284.

Reference 5566 Demirel F, Ozer T, Gurel A, Acun C, Ozdemir H, Tomac N, Unalacak M. Effect of iodine supplementation on goiter prevalence among the pediatric population in a severely iodine deficient area. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2004, 17 :73-76.

Reference 5587 Simsek E, Karabay M, Kocabay K. Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism in West Black Sea area, Turkey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2005, 59 :336-341.

Reference 5592 Egri M, Bayraktar N, Temel I, Ercan C, Mehtap Ilgar EP, Karaoglu L, Gunes G, Genc M. Prevalence of goiter and urinary iodine status of 7-11-year-old children in Malatya province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 2006, 48 :119-123.

Reference 5610 Simsek E, Karabay M, Safak A, Kocabay K. Congenital hypothyroidism and iodine status in Turkey: a comparison between the data obtained from an epidemiological study in school- aged children and neonatal screeening for congenital hypothyrodism in Turkey. Pediatric Endocrinology Review, 2003, 1 (Suppl 1):155-161.

Reference 5734 Simsek E, Safak A, Yavuz O, Aras S, Dogan S, Kocabay K. Sensitivity of iodine deficiency indicators and iodine status in Turkey. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2003, 16 :197-202.

Reference 5736 Semiz S, Senol U, Bircan O, Gümüslü S, Akçurin S, Bircan I. Thyroid gland volume and urinary iodine excretion in children 6-11 years old in an endemic area. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2000, 13 :245-251.

Reference 5766 Cetin H, Kisioglu AN, Gursoy A, Bilaloglu E, Ayata A. Iodine deficiency and goiter prevalence in Turkey after mandatory iodization. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2006, 29 :714-718.

Reference 1263 Teziç T, Gedik Y, Baki A, Üzüm K, Kumandas S, Arslanoglu M, Demirci Y, Nuhoglu A. The incidence of goiter among students living in a group of mountain villages in the Black Sea Region and their thyrotropin and thyroid hormone values. Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 1985, 27 :193-197.

Reference 1264 Eser SR. Le goitre endémique en Turquie et son étiologie [Endemic goiter in Turkey and its etiology]. Revue Médicale du Moyen-Orient, 1966, 23 :261-268.

Reference 1265 Yorukoglu N. Endémicité goitreuse en Turquie [Goiter endemicity in Turkey]. Revue Médicale du Moyen-Orient, 1965, 22 :183-198.

Reference 3069 Ministry of Health. Progress on eliminating IDD: data collection [personal communication]. Turkey, Department of External Relations, Ministry of Health, 2001.

Reference 3360 Semiz S, Senol U, Bircan, Gumuslu S, Bilmen S, Bircan I. Correlation between age, body size and thyroid volume in an endemic area. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 2001, 24 :559-563.

Reference 3425 Erdoğan G, Erdogan MF, Delange F, Sav H, Güllü, Kamel N. Turkiye'de endimik guvatr etyolojisiinin arastirilmasi; Ankara, Kastamonu, Trabzon ve Bayburt illerinde iyot durumu [Research on the etiology of endemic goitre in Turkey: Iodine status in the provinces of Ankara, Kastamonu, Trabzon and Bayburt]. 1999.

Reference 3427 Erdoğan G, Erdogan MF, Emral R, Bastemir M, Sav H, Haznedaroglu D, Ustundag M, Kose R, Kamel N, Genc Y. Yeni binyila girerken Turkiye'de guvatr prevalansi ve iyot durumu [Goitre prevalence and iodine status in Turkey, entering the new millenium]. 2000.

Reference 3439 Hatemi H, Urgancioglu I. Endemic goiter and iodine deficiency in Turkey. In: Delange F et al., eds. Iodine deficiency in Europe. A continuing concern. New York, Plenum Press, 1993 :427-430.

Reference 3574 Yordam N, Calikoglu AS, Hatun S, Kandemir N, Oguz H, Tezic T, Ozalp I. Screening for congenital hypothyroidism in Turkey. European Journal of Pediatrics, 1995, 154 :614-616.

Reference 3575 Erdogan MF, Erdoğan G, Sav H, Gullu S, Kamel N. Endemic goiter, thiocyanate overload, and selenium status in school-age children. Biological Trace Element Research, 2001, 79 :121-130.

Reference 3902 FAO. FAO - nutrition country profiles - Turkey. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2001.

Reference 4659 Pekcan G, Karaagaoglu N. State of nutrition in Turkey. Nutrition and Health, 2000, 14 :41-52.

Reference 4722 Erdoğan G, Erdogan MF, Üstündağ M, Haznedaroğlu D, Köse R, Genç Y. 2002 yili sonu itibari ile on bölgemizde okul çaği çocuklari arasinda iyot durumunun saptanmasi [Research on the iodine status among school children in 10 regions in Turkey as of end 2002]. Ankara, Ankara University, Medical School, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2003.

Reference 4846 Kurtoglu S, Akcakus M, Kocaoglu C, Gunes T, Budak N, Emre Atabek M, Karakucuk I, Delange F. Iodine status remains critical in mother and infant in Central Anatolia (Kayseri) of Turkey. European Journal of Nutrition, 2004, 43 :297-303.

Reference 5189 Emral R, Bastemir M, Gullu S, Erdogan G. Thyroid consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power station accident on the Turkish population. European Journal of Endocrinology, 2003, 148 :497-503.

Reference 5790 Cinaz P, Karakasu DS, Camurdan MO, Bideci A, Ayvali ED, Yucel C. Goiter prevalence, serum selenium, and urine iodine status in a previously iodine-deficient area in Turkey. Biological Trace Element Research, 2004, 100 :185-193.