464

DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PhD Yearbook | 2009 PhD Yearbook

465 Interventions on the built environment and more generally Coursework Chair: on buildings of the past, including the recent past, and their The PhD is intended to offer a broad range of Prof. Alberto Grimoldi management call for fine-tuned knowledge and organization courses which combine theory and practice to skills in all the related areas, from planning to maintenance. In stimulate advances in multidisciplinary research, Italy, even today, these activities are frequently dealt with – by a necessity in the field of conservation and public authorities and private individuals alike – in inappropriate maintenance of historic buildings. or inadequate ways, considering the present state of know-how, The basic teaching program is organized with historic and archaeological discoveries, sophisticated surveying and seminars held by Italian and foreign lecturers who diagnostic techniques, and recent studies on the materials and introduce the most advanced research methods structures of old buildings. There are now glaring gaps between and results in four major disciplinary fields: anamnesis and analysis even disregarding the results of equivalent ∙∙History and theory of conservation and procedures in other parts of Europe. restoration is approached as part of the history The PhD course sets out to mould operators who will make a of culture, but also of society and institutions, significant impact on the practices of conserving, maintaining and within the often ambiguous relationships managing our built heritage. To this end special, separate attention 1. Wooden Structures is paid on one hand to older and historic buildings and structures, on the other to “modern and contemporary” architecture, in both cases between perfecting specific technical expertise PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION in constant contact with developments in studies elsewhere in Europe. and “Verwaltung der Geschichte”. ∙∙Material history of buildings explores the issues Teaching aims of recognizing buildings as a historic source, Knowledge is an essential step towards protecting and preserving, interpreting how events unfolded at building especially for conservation of the built environment. Only through sites and how production was organized, and awareness can we understand – and above all, make others showing how construction techniques of the understand – what could be lost: “you don’t lose what you are past evolved thanks to the technical know-how unaware of or uninterested in owning”. A building or structure of architects and builders, on one hand, and cannot be explained with instruments alone, even with the the methods of archaeological stratigraphy, also technical instruments of architecture: its documentary dimension in elevation, on the other. In parallel students lies in its material solidity, its meaning in society, the one it has had conduct workshop analyses and learn to and the one it is conserved for. There is much more to a building interpret their findings. than architecture. ∙∙Historical research methodology addresses its Familiarity with the built environment is necessarily aided by subject on a more general level: the history and historical research, “stories of days gone by” and every other kind 2. Arena di Verona of useful contribution as well as, obviously by experimental science. Conservation of built environment founds on transversality of knowledge, on people able to catch the questions witch can be geography of documentary sources, the history of institutions solved with contribution of different discipline. which with their activities have changed the landscape and As far as knowledge and intervention on the built heritage are erected and used the buildings; in this respect its scope goes concerned, the “human sciences” and historic disciplines are beyond the traditional 19th-century perception of history of indissolubly linked with the relevant applied sciences. For there can architecture as a branch of history of art. be no “truthful”, exhaustive diagnosis of old buildings that fails ∙∙Consolidation of structures and materials deals with analytical to consider the dimension of time, and the reconstruction of past and experimental methods for testing the efficiency of structures, usages and transformations. including those at particular risk. It includes study and calibration 466 PhD Yearbook | 2009 PhD Yearbook

467 of non-destructive investigative techniques for structural diagnosis, – starting from the Ministry for as well as theoretical and experimental study of appropriate Cultural Heritage, in its central non-invasive techniques, amongst them compliance with safety and regional offices – and with standards for buildings in seismic zones. organizations operating across the country in the sector of conservation Research organization and topics and restoration. Within this One of the distinctive features of the PhD course is that it explores framework several bodies have issues as yet seldom addressed in the sector of conservation, as financed scholarships. a means of developing new contributions to scientific output. Graduates of the PhD program Particularly worth mentioning among the subjects identified in have often found employment at recent years and currently being researched are the heating and progressively higher levels in public- plumbing systems of historic buildings, “building physics” (already sector conservation institutions as studied in Germany and France) and the consequent documenting well as in professional practice and of innovative installations in old buildings with the parallel study in the business world, in specific of old installations in individual buildings and at urban level. This is specialized fields. one of the most original and promising subjects of contemporary historic research, and it also highlights the environmental dimension 3. Analysis and Diagnostic Evaluation Building PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION of conservation. Particular attention is focused on wooden structures (Fig. 1), considering the different structural types and finishes, and the material and its state of preservation. While extensive studies on this sector have been conducted in the rest of Europe, literature in Italy is scant, limited to precise geographical areas and frequently of Doctoral Program Board debatable content. Experimental and workshop activities about famous buildings Alberto Grimoldi Paolo Carpeggiani Pietro Marani (Arena di Verona – Fig. 2, S. Andrea a Mantova) are in progress in Giovanna Alessandrini Claudio Chesi Serena Pesenti the DiAP, Laboratory of Analysis and Diagnostic Evaluation Building Anna Anzani Carolina Di Biase Elide Antonella Saisi (Fig. 3), DIS, and CNR G. Bozza, Department of Chemistry and other university centres mostly in Lombardy, in order to analyze historic Amedeo Bellini Paolo M. Farina Cristina Tedeschi building materials and their deterioration. Innovative studies are Luigia Binda Marica Forni Gian Paolo Treccani being conducted in this sector, thanks to new research tools: the Maurizio Boriani Lorenzo Jurina particular subjects of interest are historic mortars (the earth-based mortars used in Italy and in Arab countries, though know-how, practices and conditions are not comparable), and use of oxalate film to protect stone. The objective is to find out how they were produced in the past, something little is yet known about, and current possibilities for re-introducing their use. Other more orthodox subjects of research and specialized teaching are the economic aspects of conservation, legislation to cultural heritage, landscape conservation, history and conservation of historic gardens, museology and museography. The PhD program fosters contacts with government institutions 468

ARCHITECTURE AND THE FIGURATIVE ARTS IN POST-SECOND WORLD WAR BUILDING IN THE MILAN AREA PhD Yearbook | 2009 PhD Yearbook Samanta Braga

469 This research sets in the field the subsequently unsuccessful of fervent debates concerning of modern architecture and attempt to have Rationalism the issues of reconstruction and analyses post-Second World War recognised as the “Fascist the most innovative planning building production in Milan style”, its architecture was initiatives (QT8), promotions in terms of the relationship characterised by an austerity of Italian and foreign avant between architecture and the that essentially excluded the garde architectural and artistic “other” arts. artistic component, some movements (the Triennali, It is a subject that was widely exponents of the Movimento art galleries and public debated throughout Europe Italiano per l’Architettura competitions), and a series of at the end of the nineteenth Razionale (MIAR, the Italian publications on art, architecture century, and was subsequently Movement for Rational and town planning. The city increased by some of the Architecture) showed interest also saw the development of avant garde movements of in the expressive possibilities industrial design, which brought 1. Front view of the apartment 1. Balcony’s view of the apartment 1. Entrance hall’s view of the the twentieth century (such offered by abstract art, as can be together the worlds of design building in viale Gorizia (Milan), 1950. building in via Lanzone (Milan), 1949- apartment building in corso Sempione Architect Marco Zanuso, artist Gianni ‘51. Architect Vito Latis, artist Lucio (Milan), 1953-‘56. Architect Piero as Futurism), which supported seen in some of the collaborative and technical production, and Dova Fontana Bottoni the need to abolish the designs by artists and architects was considered by many to be a boundaries separating the presented at the V Triennale of new context in which art could PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION traditional artistic disciplines. Milan in 1933 on the subject regain its traditional social role. Concrete Art and Spatialism, Zuccoli, Roberto Crippa, Gianni of artistic and architectural In the period between the of residential buildings (Fausto and the protagonist of various Dova, Giovanni Muzio, Carlo elements that require a more two wars, it became involved Melotti and Lucio Fontana with It was a richly fertile climate experimental events such as the Perogalli. global approach that not in aspects of the Modern the architects Figini and Pollini, in which the feverish and Triennali – whose suggestion Particular attention was also only considers the techniques Movement, whose various and the BBPR with Luciano almost always unregulataed seem to pervade all of given to the study of some involved in preserving modern expressions show ambivalence Baldessari). reconstruction work began to “modernity” albeit in different temporary architectures that architecture, but also recognises towards the use of figurative Starting from the very limited create the current appearance ways. were significant expressions of them as works of art because, elements in constructions, attention given by the of the city. But although its In addition to reviewing the developments of the debate in the absence of official manifesting a tension between historiography of architecture to architectural production was bibliographical sources such concerning the relationship recognition, their fragility and the concept of architecture as the debate on the “synthesis of characterised by a series as guides, collections and between the arts, as well as generically “non-monumental” something destined to satisfy the arts”, which was very lively of particularly significant periodicals for examples of to the avant garde artistic nature tends to exclude them prevalently practical needs in theoretical terms after the technical experiments and collaborative works by architects movements that were most from the provisions of protection and the declaration of its end of the Second World War the development of a new and artists, the research involved committed to exploring the that are currently the only means transitory nature and formal but substantially misunderstood architectural language, it is a study of the archives which possibilities of confronting or of ensuring their preservation. self-sufficiency. In particular, the by critics, this study investigated interesting to note that there not only contributed to clarifying collaborating with architectural Italian Rationalist Movement its practical results with the aim also other styles, traditionally the constructional issues disciplines, such as the triggered a complex critical of reconstructing an organic considered minor and virtually associated with many buildings, Movement for Concrete Art and review of architecture that also picture of the situation in Milan, ignored by the historiography also highlighted the extent of Spatialism. involved the role of decorative and highlighting the relationship of architecture. In these, there their innovative characteristics. In addition to mapping the elements, the use of which was between the theoretical debate can be seen the convergence of Some of the most interesting consistency of these particular rejected on the grounds that it and the architectural production architectural and artistic intents cases of collaboration studied architectural testimonials in the was considered a reactionary it expressed. in the creation of that “synthesis were those of Marco Zanuso, midst of the city, the study also expression of nineteenth century After the Second World War, of the arts” – culturally defined Lucio Fontana, Piero Bottoni, Ico considered questions relating culture. However, although in an Milan was the most advanced by the artistic avant gardes Parisi, Francesco Somaini, Bruno to their preservation: buildings initial phase that coincided with cultural centre in Italy: the home such as the Movement for Munari, Pietro Lingeri, Luigi characterised by a mixture 470

In the myth of the antique The Arena of Verona: maintenance events in the XIX and XX centuries PhD Yearbook | 2009 PhD Yearbook Giovanni Castiglioni

471 The Administrative Office of possibility, given by the present Verona Council, in collaboration site of restoration, to integrate with the Archaeological and to bring a continuous Superintendency, for the region interrelationship between the of Veneto, in 1997, established actual monument and the a scientific committee with the written documents. purpose of creating a series of procedures to restore the outside walls of the Roman amphitheatre, later extending to waterproofing the steps of the cavea and the vault underneath. Since then several academic 1. Amphitheatrum in Foro Boario 2. Wooden model of the Arena 3. A. Perez, Project for the restoration institutions have been involved situm, 1540. (T. Sarayna, De origine et amphitheatre, 1770-1780 (Museo of cavea, 1880 (Biblioteca Civica di amplitudine civitatis Veronae, Verona, Archeologico al Teatro Romano di Verona) in this research; firstly the Istituto 1540, p. 47.) Verona) Univeritario di Architettura di Venezia, involved in the PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION structural measurements and added to the inadequacy of the present research from the the completion of the Arena later Politecnico di Milano, who the contemporary publications appearance of the Verona which began in this period with through a special convention, paints an incomplete, broken architect that corresponds also the systematic of all post classic has cooperated with those and even contradictory picture. with the “Restaurazione” of phases. offices involved in the The scene becomes even more the political and institutional Going further than the restoration project and direction. confusing when examining aspects. institutional guidelines on the In this context, our work has the the contemporary era, with This thesis analyses what could necessity to come to some specific purpose of integrating a multitude of sources and be defined as the golden period form of preservation of the the huge amount of information technical documents collected of the study of the monument, Arena, that since the 1500’s coming from both direct analysis in the archives from the work for which there are numerous has became an important of the monument, which of the 1900’s scholars, often publications, in some cases civic matter, the amount of demonstrates a continuous lacking specialized notions. undervalued, that describe the information on how to maintain transformation of the Arena Given these limitations we development of the Arena to the monument and how to and information coming from decided to focus our attention what it is today. Beginning from develop procedures to action indirect source, vast but still not on a period rich with events the excavation and liberation this maintenance, from the more properly organized. and documents never before of the arcovoli from numerous marginal ones to those that Although there is national systematically examined. residential buildings built on have begun the larger process and international recognition Proceeding from the under the side since XIX century, we of rebuilding and restoring the of the importance of Verona recognised work of Bartolomeo arrive at the post war 1900 monument as well as those that amphitheatre systematic studies Giuliari, written in 1820 and restoration, through a detailed detail this process, will remain stopped in the period between edited posthumous in 1880, analysis of the cavea, made an unclear background rumor XVIII and XIX century and in the who with diligence collected up not just by the notorious if we do not place them in the last century are limited to rare and transcribed a good part consolidation of the wing, material reality of the Arena. publications. The limitations of the documentation existing for which we will provide an And this is precisely what of the 1800’s publications, then, we have decided to begin unedited version, but also of makes this thesis original: the 472

which evolved in Italy during against those deemed most concealed by baroque structures, War damage and “repair” of the Italian the war on the methods of significant. The oldest buildings the most striking perhaps reconstruction. Indeed, the were thus privileged - such as regarded the church of Santa monuments during the Second World War: devastating injuries caused by classical or Norman architecture Chiara in Naples that was - the bombing of the historical in Sicily - or those regarded as according to the Allies - restored the role of the Allies (1943-1945) cities created the discipline characterizing the artistic aims «in its revealed original Gothic

of restoration in the face of of a place - like the baroque form». | 2009 PhD Yearbook Carlotta Coccoli an emergency, undermining palaces in Turin - or, again, the Having defined the general the assumed theoretical and «picturesque» villages sets of context in which the activities of the Sub-commission are 473 The role played by the Allies and Archives Subcommission» War. The research also analyzed put into place, this research in the events that involved following the advance of Allied the role of the «Abteilung may be the path for another Italy during the Second World troops from the landing in Sicily Kunstschutz», the German study, both in relation to Italy War has not yet been fully in July 1943 to the surrender of counterpart of the Monuments, and its protagonists, as well as investigated, especially regarding German Armed Forces on May Fine Arts and Archives Sub- the environment for which, in a particular aspect neglected 2, 1945, up to the return to the commission, which operated in Allied countries, the intention by historians. The Italian Italian authorities. Italy from November 1943 to of this ambitious project for monuments suffered destruction The purpose of this research May 1945. The work describes the protection of the European mainly from the Allied bombing, thesis is to investigate the the conditions that subsequently artistic heritage threatened by leaving them severely damaged. operational structure of the led to the Anglo-American war was developed. Further Only in recent times was it Subcommission and the tools decision to implement a investigating the individual possible to study still unexplored used to achieve the goals of defense plan for artistic heritage personalities involved and archival sources, which made it protecting the Italian artistic in the war areas, through 1. Naples, the church of Santa Chiara 2. Pisa, the Capomposanto with the their cultural context will add possible to address a research heritage from war damage. mobilization of prestigious after the bombardment temporary canvas roof to shelter a contribution of knowledge frescoes under construction by Allied topic in some ways completely The choice of analyzing the cultural institutions in their engineers to an issue, the preservation of new. It is well known that Subcommission’s activities countries and the establishment artistic heritage in the event of the heavy Allied bombing throughout the entire Italian of governmental committees, operational categories until then central Italy. The attention of armed conflict, still dramatically PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION caused serious destruction to peninsula led to a better strongly supported by the U.S. acquired. the Monuments Officers was present. Italian cities, mainly due to understanding of their evolution President and the British Prime The Allies experts - except in focused on these buildings, as the indiscriminate use of the and the differences between the Minister. Concerning the Italian rare cases - never entered in the well as on the city best known area-bombing strategy. Less various Italian regions, due to experience of the Subommission, merits of technical choices in from an artistic point of view. known is that, as decided the effects of military operations the research examines the the restoration of monuments In some extreme cases, which by the same U.S. and British and the development of military operational instruments in the regions controlled by the had wide resonance in the governments, a special section strategies in the individual areas, issued by the highest military Allied Military Government, motherland, a more active role was created within their Armies but also of the experience of authorities together to promote whose planning was always of the Allies emerges: think for the purpose of minimizing - the organization members, and facilitate work in the the sole responsibility of the for example of the «American consistent with military necessity also known as «Monuments theatres of war, the critical Italian authorities. However, Committee for Restoration of - the impact of war on European Officers», and their cooperation points and achievements. that does not mean to say that Italian Monuments», which was artistic heritage and taking with the Italian authorities An unprecedented reading the Monuments, Fine Arts and involved in the reconstruction the first steps of «first-aid» to responsible for cultural heritage follows the events related to Archives Subcommission did of the Tempio Malatestiano in prevent, as much as possible, protection. architectural heritage that not have at least a criteria to Rimini and the bridge of Santa occurrence of further damage. First, the research examines is, in the words of Theodore select which monuments were Trinita in Florence, rather than in This organization was known the principal instructions of the Ernest De Wald, director of deserving of the most important the restoration of the frescoes of as the «Monuments, Fine Arts protection of art heritage in case the Monuments, Fine Arts organizational and economic the Camposanto of Pisa. and Archives Sub-commission» of conflict. These instructions and Archives Subcommission efforts in the Allied program In many cases there is a and operated in all the European were prepared at the time of in Italy, «During the wars in of «first aid» to the Italian substantial coincidence of views nations involved in the conflict the Italian entry into war and modern times [it] has sustained monuments damaged by war. between Monuments Officers after having taken their first, summarized in the safety project the greatest damage and Already in the planning phase and Italian Superintendents, uncertain steps in Italy. The issued by the Italian Ministry in losses as the result of military of operations, which consisted especially regarding the responsibility in the field of 1940 on the basis of experience operations». in the compilation of the «Lists interpretation of war damage monument protection was under in protection of monuments This research is in a dialectical of Protected Monuments», it as an occasion to bring to light the «Monuments, Fine Arts developed during the First World connection with the debate was necessary to discriminate the most ancient shape mainly 474

minor architecture, and the vast of Font’Alva (1894-1915), in This one does not innovate Alfredo de Andrade (1839-1915) in Portugal: autochthonous’ rural heritage, Alentejo. Although one of conceptually: at the dawn of from different epochs, scattered these projects concerned a new construction techniques City, Heritage and Architecture through out the country. The pre-existent and the other a such as steel and concrete, “spirit” underlying his journeys completely new building, we Alfredo de Andrade, whose in Portugal was the search of found some parallel features: professional activity had been

the “origins” of national art, methodological and ideological consolidated in “restoration” | 2009 PhD Yearbook Teresa Sofia Faria Da Cunha Ferreira through a methodology ­– Nulla inherent to an historicist concept work, would naturally prefer a Dies sine Linae – based on direct of architecture – the same traditional technology and an 475 This study is intended to provide sources, and built work. a profound change of artistic a thorough view of the work Concerning city’s intervention, orientation, marked by the of Alfredo de Andrade (1839- the plans for Lisbon he “discovery” of Neo-mediaeval 1915), architect and painter of conceived when he was young culture. This was influenced Portuguese origin whose artistic (1857-64) are presented – they by his contact with the Italian training took place in Italy, are marked by an enthusiasm for verista painting environment, where he settled and reached an the theme of urban renovation where anti-academic discussions outstanding role in conservation which interested almost every germinated, such as the and restoration during the late European capital –, directly rehabilitation of the decorative nineteenth and early twentieth inspired by the Neo-classical arts, the defence of realism and centuries. The aim of this work models that he learned in Genoa the search for a language that is to develop further aspects of and in his travels, namely to could express the new identity of his less explored professional Paris and London. However, the unified Italy. The assimilation 1. Project for Praça do Comercio 2. Castelo de Bragança 3. FontAlva activity, using a different point they reflect an intelligent of this debate is reflected in the enlargment of view: starting out from his understanding of urban issues teaching methods on the Scuola birth country, Portugal. Through and of the “site”, designing a d’Ornato, directed by him, in contact with the work, using architect-client, the programme, historicist architectural language, the analysis of his presence in continuous and monumental the teaching artistic reform’s drawing as an instrument of the contemporaneousness, according to his training and PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION his country of origin, where proposal for Lisbon’s waterfront proposals, both in Italy and in research and representation. the building technologies and experience. He did invest, he travelled from north to and for the expansion of the Portugal, as well as in the Borgo His prestigious interlocutors the workers, and a suggestive however, in the modernisation south, this research deals with city to the north. Although Medioevale, which was built for in Portugal demonstrated common theme, the “castle”. of farm machinery and in issues related to architectural these plans did not leave his the Italian National Exhibition, the progressive affirmation The intervention in Pavone’Castle reinforced-concrete silos, among production (plans for the studio, 25 years later Alfredo de in 1884, a cultural, artistic, of a national intellectual and is a good example of Alfredo the first to be built in Portugal. city and ex-novo residential Andrade will take part, at last, architectural, political and professional class, regarding de Andrade’s restoration Even though the contribution architecture) and to the study in the transformation of his birth pedagogic manifesto of an élite teaching, study and preservation methodology, but also a concrete in Portugal is limited when and safeguard of the artistic and town, in which he supported of which Alfredo de Andrade, of the artistic and monumental proof of the proximity of the compared to what he has done monumental heritage. In the the building of Neo-Renaissance through his concept, was the heritage, as well as architectural Boito’s ideology. But to mark the in the young Italy, this study “century of the nations” Alfredo private houses for his Family. spokesman. production. From this context future of his descendents, an congregates a fragmentary de Andrade is – considering his He contracted Italian architects His main intervention in and reading the private archive autobiographic testimony left vision and introduces new circle of relationships, his work and artists - such as Sebastiano Portugal’s heritage involved we were able to understand in Portugal, the only ex-novo interpretative aspects to the and the different areas of activity Locati, Ludovico Pogliaghi and “artistic visits” through the the reasons why Alfredo de project of his professional career, study of this nineteenth century – a key to the understand Nicola Bigaglia -, come of which country, the majority of which Andrade’s contribution in with no restrictions of any kind, protagonist deeply integrated on both fields of action, Italy and advised by is colleague and by request of the Lisbon Portugal was not as important which therefore allows us to his epoch. Portugal. friend Camillo Boito. Academy of Fine Arts, for which as the one that took place in the try to interpret what was his The novelty of the study is based he produced drawings and young Italy. idea of architecture. Inserted in on investigation pursued in Although he did not make reports concerning buildings fin-de-siècle eclectic production, public and private archives – in restoration work in Portugal, and objects to be incorporated His architectural production is he designed the “total work”, particular the archive kept by his he was deeply interest and into a future National Museum also considered through Alfredo marked by experimentalism, descendants – fundamental to involved in issues concerning the (1880-81). Alfredo de Andrade de Andrade’s own residences, building quality, focus on details its development, as well as to preservation of the artistic and does not pay attention just both in Italy and in Portugal: and on critical meditation about the interpretation, framework monumental heritage. Following to the great monuments of the reconstruction of the Castle the selection of the models to be and confrontation with other the period of Neo-classical his birth country, but also to of Pavone (1885-1915), in adopted that characterise all his archival and bibliographic learning, his activity reflected the artistic handicrafts, urban, Piemonte, and the construction work. 476

Programmed Maintenance: The case of the castles in Valtenesi PhD Yearbook | 2009 PhD Yearbook Barbara Scala

477 Would like to start discussing importance to record all many City Hall councils that are With the advancement of causing a greater exterior risk to out of aluminium and is light an issue that was covered information necessary prior to within the area of Valtenesi. computer technology, we have a the structure. enough for labourers to operate during the 1999 Bressanone maintenance. This is a vast territory near Lake great benefit through software I call these critical points, while hanging from fixed points Conference, which is the At this conference, the Garda in Brescia. such as the management of outdoor critical points that to work on unaccessible areas of maintenance of buildings and importance of the difference The administrative councils for maintenance being available to may further increase or directly a building. I would like to note historical sites. The title of this between maintenance and numerous City Halls are the assist with technical procedures contribute to the erroding of that this machine is exceptionally convention was “Re-think restauration was underlined. property owners of various that communities such as the foundations of the castles. economic and therefore reduces maintenance”. During this But, at the end of this castles the Region of Lombardia are Therefore, it was necessary for restoration costs. convention, we had the occasion conference one primary problem that have also been developed presently using to record, me to modify the programme Whereas, most apparatus used to debate and discuss the still remained! into private residences within register and maintain control of adding classifications and today is very expensive to mount maintenance of buildings and Today, how must we maintain or the castle complexes. all buildings under restoration codes for all wall structures. and dismount. historical sites. New definitions restore delicate and deteriorating In this zone of Valtenesi, there and maintenance. This For example, a castle did not Also most exterior or interior emerged from this convention. historical buildings by the are various castles, however, programme has been placed at have a first floor, second floor restoration apparatus has It is an issue rarely discussed. weather, smog or population, I decided to concentrate on the disposition of the Region etc, but the programme had security regulations that must be The people who attended this and the normal-deteriorating studying only seven particular of Lombardia and is fully to be modified to the blueprint guaranteed. conference on maintenance, age process of a building. Now, castles. All of these castles operational in the restoration of the castles. My conclusions A certificate guaranteeing the learned new knowledge and we know that this problem of are similar in structure, and and maintence of the most throughout the time that the security of the machine that I PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION techniques that were presented maintaining buildings is a real therefore, I wished to study their complex procedures required research took place were that it have invented has been verified by the many speakers that spoke problem. Before, in the past, similarities: the same stones for the restoration of the castle was more necessary to research to be a plausible and in future, at the conference. it was a theory but today it is used for their construction, of Moniga del Garda. There are on-site at the castle rather. I probable reality. And the speakers at the reality. We are conscience of and constructed roughly during many software programmes to verified the ways in which one I invented this machine out of conference, gave new definitions our responsibility to maintain the same period of time. restore new building but this could actually analyse a castle necessity because to do my of terms of maintenance but history as well as maintaining These seven castles also used is the only unique software through the use of ladders, research there was not anything also referred to older terms the physical structure historical a simple but functional means programme that I was able to scaffolding that is used in the at my disposition that was and technology used to building. Ten years after the of communications to be used find, and found to be efficient restoration of castles, and even similar or as effective. date. The demonstrated and convention of 1999, new as a system of defense. My for the restoration of only hanging swing apparatus for To protect these historical gave us specific examples of objectives were made and research includes a scientific historical buildings and sites. areas that are not accessible buildings in the future it is maintenance activities used in beyond academic goals. analyse of the structure of the All of the research I did on from the ground level. important that regions regularly the past. Following many pilot projects castles, stone analysis, chemical photographs, and on-site control I also created a project control sites on even a yearly They noted that these practices initiated by for example, the analysis, to establish the stability of the vegetation surrounding explaining the use of fixed points basis. Moreover, these controls were regularly followed in the region of Lombardia, following of each structure and to arrive areas of the castles led me to the of the roof or infrastructure must be done by competent and past. predecessors in Europe that at a fundamental understanding conclusion that there areas of where a hanging apparatus can certified individuals who monitor The speaker spoke of analysing already many years before of the state of health of the each castle that may contribute be attached to lower platforms historical buildings maintain the area that had to be restored, protected and restored historical structure and the appropriate to damaging the infrastructure to restore areas unaccessible a record and register of all where maintenance had to be sites, Italy including the region action necessary to improve its of the castles. Such points are from the ground, or to repair maintenance done. done. of Lombardia are changing their present deterriorating state. not only weather conditions towers that are only accessible He spoke about the necessity of attitude and priority towards A historical background check such as rain and snow from the roofs. I also invented using computer software today the protection of historical and control of all original penetration into deteriorating a machine, named verticiclo to register data on the area to monuments and sites. documents regarding the roofs, but also surrounding (Verticle bi-cycle) that permits be maintained before and after Research regarding the drawings and blueprints of trees and areas that contribute the average person without a the maintenance intervention. restoration and maintenance of all castles were analysed and to water infiltration of the diploma to work on exterior The speaker spoke of the buildings has been funded by documented for future use. building’s infrastructure thereby walls. This machine is made 478

Culture and practice of conservation and restoration in the the ‘20s) and at the school of to the Evangelic Church, which faithful reconstruction ‘come era Stuttgart (at the time of National boasted the big part of the - dove era’ and later, in the ‘70s, Soviet Occupation Zone (1945-1949) and in the German Democratic Socialism, ‘30s-‘40s). Only in this believers (in the early post adaptions to museums, concert Republic (1949-1989) and future of the ecclesiastical buildings way it would be possible both war years it numbered up to halls, community centers and in the reconstruction projects in the post-war period to understand the compromises 80% of the population). In administration offices, with more that these offices could made comparison with every other or less invasive transformation of

with the request of the political socialist country, the situation the architecture essence. Among | 2009 PhD Yearbook Claudia Zanlungo power and to make out the of the Church in the GDR was these different positions, there strategies that at the same unique: for example, compared were also some new scientific time they managed to find in with Poland and Czechoslovakia, approaches that aimed to 479 In the German Democratic monuments (first of all an but as a matter of fact the opposition to that same power, the Church preserved a great respect and preserve as much Republic, as in many other ideological process, and only autonomy of the local offices or to judge fairly their conquests autonomy and was able to as possible the authenticity totalitarian regimes, the secondarily a theoretical and (most of all of those in Dresden and their failures. maintain its own offices and of the architecture and the conservation of the cultural practical one) can’t be explained and Halle) remained almost This research project deals architects. Nevertheless, the historical growing processes as heritage was indeed a very without relating to the close untouched. The largest part of with the specific case of the government could have a regards spacial and aesthetic important tool of the state and schizophrenic connection the scientific and practical work repairs and restoration works powerful control on the repairs peculiarities: it’s important to power representation; but it that the discipline had with the on single buildings, supported on churches sited in Berlin work and on the reconstruction/ mention the ‘Halle way’ and would be wrong to reduce the Past. Monuments, as material by historical studies and (the capital of GDR) and in construction activities through its restoration method ‘nach east German Denkmalpflege documents of the memory, theoretical principles, has been the ancient five east German the bureaucratic distribution Befund’ (based on findings), (care of monuments) only to reflected the complicate done there, and not in Berlin; a states (Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, process of building materials, and the ‘Dresden way’ with its that. Although this could be relationship of the socialist state work that could be compared Thuringia, Mecklenburg-Western workers, financial support, turning point in the ‘60s from absolutely true for works with with its own history; a relation with the coeval international Pomerania, Brandenburg), licence grantings and so an artistic-creative dealing with a great national interest and a that involves moral needs of a criteria. Länder that from 1952 had on. In conclusion, it’s also the original materials to a more huge international echo (as the definitive break with its youngest Especially the tradition of these been abolished and divided in important to point out that scientific one, thanks to the district around the church of past, desire of new roots and of two departments (a tradition 14 Bezirke (districts), with the the relation between the local meticulous studies run by a new St. Nikolaus and the theatre of a rebirth and, at the same time, that went back to the beginning purpose to wipe away from the departments of the Institute of generation of art historians. Berlin), it is completely different social needs to regain their own of the 20th century) could population the memory of their Restoration and the ecclesiastic To give some practical PRESERVATION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATION for less important ensembles or national heritage. remain very vivacious also in own nation and Heimat (literally building offices was of great examples that could help buildings without any special Not only the recent past had the post war period and, as in ‘country homeland’). collaboration and their activities the comprehension of these social and political interest or been accused but also the many other fields concerning The analysis refers to the epoch could always arouse a great deal methodological, theoretical and with no symbolic and touristic Denkmalpflege itself: the architecture and urban planning of the soviet occupation (1945- of interest and appreciation from ideologic attitudes, the second values. traditional German restoration (in these cases, however only 1949) and to the 40 years of the citizens. part of the work presents eleven This study starts with the analysis was seen as an accomplice for the first few years), a certain the GDR (1949-1989), ended The study gives a systematic ecclesiastical buildings, chosen of the socialist and democratic of the National Socialism and continuity could be assured both with the fall of the Berlin wall analysis of the various methods between the most representative government ideology and of its blamed for its ideological in the methodological approach and the related fading of the of dealing with the ruins of repair works led by the local social, political and economical positions, that were too far from and in the offices. socialist government and of its churches that have been entirely offices and by the Central background, assuming that this the social reality of the work For these reasons, this study economical-political system; it destroyed or seriously/partially Institute of Berlin during the 45 is the only way to understand class; its birth was also related tries not only to present encloses the unusual relationship damaged during the 2nd War years of the Soviet Occupation the contradictions and the to the origin of the middle- thoughts and behaviours of between the atheistic Socialist World: this symbolic behaviour Zone and of the German sudden ideological changes class mentality. The ’50s search the main protagonists of the State and the Christian Church, with a difficult and heavy past Democratic Republic. held by the GDR regime and by of a moral and intellectual Denkmalpflege as a ‘result’ of an in its precarious and difficult could include the destruction the SED (Socialist Unity Party revival through an ideological obliged course, it rather makes positions between cooperation of their remains (justified by of Germany). For example, the Denkmalpflege became later (in them understandable through and conflict. Actually, the ideological and political reasons Denkmalpflege has always been the ‘70s) a pure material activity the analysis of the cultural German democratic regime but also by the new urban considered one of the top notch with practical targets aimed at background and the academic acknowledged the Christian and architectural socialist social duties of the State and, social needs. and professional experiences of Church as a very important visions), their conservation as more specifically, it was part During the GDR the cultural these conservators: many of the instrument of control, to pure ruins (supported by the of the heritage appropriation heritage safeguard was the actors of the first era (’45-’60) establish an antifascist ‘Beauty of Ruins’ theory of program. result of many internal forces obtained their qualification democratic social system. Eberhard Hempel), the partial The transformation course and tensions: a central control (as many of their colleagues in Exemptions and many other reconstruction with moderns that involved the repairs of the activities was taken by the the Federal German Republic) economical favours had been elements (structural components and rebuilding activities on Institute of Restoration in Berlin, at the Bauhaus of Weimar (in granted by the state, particularly and/or furniture), the total