Introduction to Astronomy from Darkness to Blazing Glory
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Introduction to Astronomy From Darkness to Blazing Glory Homework DVD This is a spiral galaxy. There are billions of this type in the Universe. The cloudy areas are a mix of gas, dust and stars. The center has a black hole as well as millions upon millions of closely packed stars systems. Jeff Scott JAS EP SpiralGalaxy M81 1 This DVD contains : •Your semester’s homework assignments. •Your generic homework sheet. •The textbook glossary. •Website suggestions. Comet Tempel 1 A special thank you to NASA, NOAA and USGS for the images, photographs and diagrams. Earthrise photo taken by an Apollo Astronaut. On the Moon. JAS EP 2 This DVD provides instruction for student homework assignments. Each chapter has its own assignments. The teacher will assign due dates. You may use the generic homework page at the end of the DVD by printing out a copy. The picture on the right is of a nebula. It is a cloud in space made of dust and gas. These clouds can be enormous. Credit: NASA, H.Ford (JHU), G. Cone Nebula (NG2264) Illingsworth (USCC?LO), Mclampin (STScl), G.HARtwig (STScl), the ACS 3 Science Team and ESA Table Of Contents Reports Pg. 7 Chapter 1 Astronomy Basics Pg. 8 Chapter 2 Time Pg. 10 Chapter 3 Solar System Overview Pg. 13 Chapter 4 Our Sun Pg. 15 Chapter 5 Terrestrial Planets Pg. 17 Chapter 6 Outer and Exoplanets Pg. 29 Chapter 7 The Moons Pg. 37 Chapter 8 Rocks N’ Ice Pg. 43 Chapter 9 The Stars Pg. 49 Stephan’s Quintet Galaxy Grouping Chapter 10 Galaxies Pg. 10 Each galaxy contains many billions of stars. The galaxies in the center and upper right are barred Chapter 11 The Universe Pg. 60 spiral galaxies. The one in the upper left is a spiral galaxy while the one in the lower left is an elliptical galaxy. Notice the colors. Yellow – gold galaxies would be older with less energy. JASEP 4 Chapter 12 History of Rocketry Pg.62 Chapter 13 Early space Exploration Pg.63 Chapter 14 Soviet Space Exp. 1959- Pg. 65 Chapter 15 American Space Exp. Have you ever seen shuttles 1959- Pg. 67 launch? The ground shakes and the noise can heard for Chapter 16 Space Exp. 1979 - 2009 many miles. The Americans Pg. 68 launch most of their rockets at Cape Canaveral, Florida. Chapter 17 SETI Pg. 73 From here the first astronauts went into space Chapter 18 The Night Sky Pg. 75 as well as the Apollo astronauts who went to the Glossary Moon. 5 Do all the work shown in red lettering. You can either complete the work on a Introduction to Astronomy worksheet (which you can print out and located at the end of the CD, or you can use your own paper, unless the teacher has other instructions. JAS EP 6 Report Menu Each report is have the following Outer Planets Report requirements: (Comparing and Contrasting Outer Planets) Title, Name, Class and Date Universe Report 750 words minimum (Intelligent Design Versus The Big Bang) At least two diagrams Mercury, Gemini or Apollo Report MLA ( Or teacher instructed) (Manned Space Exploration the 1960s and early 70’s) format. A bibliography SETI Report (Aspects of the SETI World) No more than 10% of the text in quotations. Rocket Report Your teacher may have additional (Comparing American and Russian Rockets) requirements. The quantity of the reports to Telescopes Report complete is up to the teacher. (Types of Telescopes in History) 7 Chapter 1 Introduction to Astronomy Define: Exoplanets Astrologers Renaissance Ptolemy’s Theory Heliocentric System Super Nova Taikonauts Observation: Write down and turn in four observations about this picture. Hubble picture of interacting galaxies: apr 194 JAS EP 8 This is a planetary nebula. It is a dying star casting off its atmospheric layers. Observation: What does the shape and color remind you of? Is this a three dimensional object? What is probably in the middle? Write down your answers and turn them in. Option: Cut and paste this address and study this planetary nebula in depth http://www.nasaimages.org/luna/servlet/detail/NVA2~8~8~12308~112849:Hubble-Probes-the-Complex-History- o JAS EP 9 Chapter 2 Time Terms to Define: Orbit Rotation Moonths This is the Year Hubble Day telescope. It Equator explores the Moonday past. How? Vernal Equinox How is looking out in to space, exploring the past? Write your opinion. Minimum 50 words. JAS EP 10 Time is relative to speeds, The Universe has a red tinge to it. What locations and distances. A does that mean? Minimum 25 words. measuring constant astronomers use is the speed of light in a vacuum such as space. But some scientists are beginning to wonder… What if light changes speed in vacuums? When travelling close to light speed, the vision of the star field distorts and turns shades of blue. Also time will slow on board the ship relative to the pace of time outside it. Credit NASA Glenn Research Center When something is moving away from you at a very great rate of speed, the color will shift to red. These blue and red shifting are called Doppler Shifts. It is a way of detecting if something is moving towards or away from you rapidly. Credit NASA JAS EP 11 What does this mean about our years Observation: and years in general? You see two objects that What if there are no orbiting objects travel around the Sun. around, would there be years? Mercury orbits the Sun Why or why not? once every 88 earth Write down your answers in essay days. Venus completes form. one orbit in 225 earth days. How long is a year for each planet? Why are they different? Mercury Venus JAS EP 12 Chapter 3 Solar System Overview Define: Plane of the Ecliptic Heliosphere Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud Heliopause Bow Shock Terrestrial Planets Trans – Neptunian Plutoid Observation: Looking at the two Voyager probes, and the way the artist has made this picture, what do you think these probes will encounter when they pass the heliopause? Minimum 25 words. JAS EP 13 Observation: This is an artist’s comparison of the Epsilon Star System and ours. Write down the commonalities and differences? Minimum 4 each. JAS EP 14 Chapter 4Our Sun Terms to Define Section 1 Plasma Fusion Photon Sunspots Solar Flares Spircules Infrared Red Rays Radiation Zone Terms to Define Section 2 Observation: Granules Looking at the diagram, where would the Solar Winds greatest temperatures and pressures be? Prominences Why? Minimum 25 words. Chromosphere Convection Zone Transition Zone Photosphere JAS EP 15 Observation These are all pictures of the same sun… Our Sun. From your observations, why do you think scientists would take pictures of the Sun with different lenses and techniques? Write your opinions. Minimum 25 words. JAS EP 16 Chapter 5 Observations: Write down five The Terrestrial Planets (one each object) observations concerning these celestial bodies. Mercury/Venus Earth Section 1 Define: Planet Earth Atmosphere Define: Elliptical Orbit Lithosphere Silicates Igneous Rock Molecules Crust Planet Minerals Core Fossils Calcium Carbonate Athenosphere JAS EP 17 Earth Section2 Fire and Water Definitions: Coriolis, Wind Erosion, Salinity, Downwelling Upwelling, Tides, Amphidromic Point Thermohaline Circulation A view of the Pacific Ocean from the International Space Station, at sunset. Notice the height of some clouds. The big one is a cumulonimbus thunder head. JAS EP 18 Earth Section 3 The Land Define: Looking at these two images, what differences in eruptions can you Plate Tectonics detect? Minimum 50 words. Continents Magma Earthquakes Trenches Fissures Lava Volcanic Activity JAS EP 19 Earth Section 4 The Weather Define Hurricanes Eye Wall Eye Blizzards Tornado Flooding Tropical Depression Funnel Clouds Avalanche A view of a hurricane from space. Credit Observations: Write down five NASA observations you have made of the storm. JAS EP 20 To the right is a diagram showing the process of the production of precipitation. Notice the ground temperature. Also notice how high the water vapor rises. Write out the process in you own words as if you are a water molecule. Minimum 50 words. Credit NASA, GSFC 21 Earth Section 5 Our Air and Space Shield Define: Aurora Borealis Ionosphere Dynamo Effect Ozone Layer Magnetic Field A view of an aurora borealis from space You see that an aurora borealis can occur on Saturn as well as Earth. What else can you see, concerning this event, that they have in common? JAS EP 22 Have you ever thought of what is between you and the dangers of space? Just thin gasses! It allows bullets to go through it, yet stops dangerous cosmic rays and mid sized asteroids and comets. In your own words, describe the atmosphere that is between you and space. Describe its: support of life, protections and its flexibility of stopping space objects yet allowing air travel. Minimum 50 words. Credit NOAA JAS EP 23 Mars Define Asteroid Belt Areology Microbes Orographic Clouds Write down five observations concerning this picture. Looking down at the Martian North Pole of Mars JAS EP 24 These are pictures of the famous: “Face on Mars”. The above picture was taken by Viking Hint: “I probe in the 1970s. The picture to the right need eye was taken by another probe in 2001. shadow!” Hmmm… Why do they look so different? Write down your best guesses. Minimum 25 words. JAS EP 25 Microscopic rock evidence of water Why do the scientists have such a strong Observations An ancient flood plain on Mars. interest in finding Looking at the water on Mars? land and sky, what Write down your are the opinion.