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ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES THE EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON THE RURAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: A CASE STUDY OF ABAY CHOMEN WEREDA, HORO GUDURU WELLEGA ZONE, ETHIOPIA BY: TILAHUN ALEMU SPTEMBERE 2018 ADAMA, ETHIOPIA 1 THE EFFECT OF SOIL EROSION ON THE RURAL AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES: A CASE STUDY OF ABAY CHOMEN WEREDA, HORO GUDURU WELLEGA ZONE, ETHIOPIA BY: TILAHUN ALEMU A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ART IN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES MA THESIS SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ADVISOR TSETADRGACHEW LEGESSE (PhD) ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SEPTEMBER 2018 ADAMA, ETHIOPIA 2 ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND LAW DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES As thesis advisor, I hereby certify that I have read and evaluated this thesis prepared under my guidance Tilahun Alemu entitled The Effect of soil erosion on the rural agricultural practices: a cause study of Abay Chomen woreda, Horo Guduru wellega zone,Ethiopia. Therefore, I recommend that it is accepted and submitted as fulfilling the MA thesis requirement. ______________ _________________ _________________ Advisor signature Date We, the undersigned,as member of the board of examiners of the MA thesis final open defense examination, we certify that we have read, evaluated the thesis prepared by Tilahun Alemu entitled The Effect of soil erosion on the rural agricultural practices: a cause study of Abay Chomen woreda, Horo Guduru wellega zone,Ethiopia and examined the candidate. Therefore, this is to certify that the thesis has been accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the degree of masters of Arts in Geography and environmental studies. __________________ ______________ ____________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ___________________ ______________ ____________________ External Examiner Signature Date ___________________ ______________ ____________________ Chairperson Signature Date 3 Declaration I hereby declare that the dissertation, the Effect of Soil Erosion on the Rural Agricultural Practices, in the cases of Abay Chomen Woreda, Horo Guduru Wellega Zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Submitted for the Master‟s Degree in Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, is my own original work and has not previously been submitted to any institution. Name_____________________________ Signature: ________________________ Date of submission: Spetember, 2018 Adama Science and Technology University Department of Geography and Environmental Management i Acknowledgement There were individuals and office to which I am indebted. I would like to thank my God for what he helped me and in most honest thank to Professional adviser Tsetadirgachew Lagesse (PhD), my thesis advisor, for his genuine guidance assistance and constructive criticisms throughout my work before and after field work. However, without him this research not able to be fruitful. In addition I also want to thank my lovely wife Ayantu Fite. She supported me by collected the data and facilitates the situation for worked this research. And also, I would like to give special thanks to Adama Science and Technology University, Arsi University and Agemsa Preparatory school teachers and director those are greatly supported me by provided finance, materials and new idea that helped to work this thesis. I am also grateful to all enumerators and survey respondents, key informant interviewees and Focus Group Discussants of the three kebeles for their wonderful assistance and cooperation during the process of data collection. Specifically, I am indebted to the three kebeles managers for their assistance in a good manner. Finally, the people those are supported me in multidirectional but not mention on this are I like to heartily to thank and also blessed by God. Thank You! ii Table Contents Page Declaration……………………………………………………………………………..i Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………..ii Table Contents………………………………………………………………………..iii List of figure………………………………………………………………………….vi List of table…………………………………………………………………….…….vii Acronyms/Abbreviation…………………………………………………………….viii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….ix CHAPTER ONE……………………………………………………………………….1 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………..1 1.1. Background of Study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 2 1.3. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1. The specific objective .............................................................................................. 3 1.4. Research Question .......................................................................................................... 3 1.5. Significance of the Study ................................................................................................ 3 1.6. Scope of the Study .......................................................................................................... 4 1.7 The Limitation of Study ................................................................................................... 4 1.8. Organization of the Thesis .............................................................................................. 4 1.9 Operational Word Definition ........................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………7 2. REVIEW LITERATURE…………………………………………………………7 2.1. The Effect of Soil Erosion in the World ......................................................................... 7 2.2. Empirical Evidences of Researches ................................................................................ 9 2.3. Soil Degradation in Africa ............................................................................................ 11 2.4. The Effect of Soil Erosion in Ethiopia .......................................................................... 12 2.5. Theoretical Framework of Soil Erosion ........................................................................ 14 2.6. Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………..17 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODS……..17 3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................... 17 3.1.1. Location of Abay Chomen Wereda ........................................................................ 17 iii 3.1.2. Population .............................................................................................................. 18 3.1.3. Climate ................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.4. Soil .......................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.5. Topography and drainage ...................................................................................... 19 3.2. Research Methodology ............................................................................................. 20 3.2.1. Research design ..................................................................................................... 20 3.2.2. The source of data .................................................................................................. 20 3.3. Sample Size and Sampling Technique .......................................................................... 20 3.3.1. Methods of data collections ................................................................................... 22 3.4. Methods of Data Analyses ............................................................................................ 24 3.5. Data Validity and Reliability .......................................................................................... 25 3.6. Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………………27 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………..27 4.1. General Background of the Respondents ...................................................................... 27 4.1.1. Sex of the household .............................................................................................. 27 4.2.2. Age of households head ......................................................................................... 27 4.2.3. Educational status of households ........................................................................... 29 4.2.4 The duration of residence lived in the study area ................................................... 30 4.2.5. Marital status of the household .............................................................................. 31 4.2.6. Family size of household ....................................................................................... 32 4.2.7. Total households yearly income ............................................................................ 33 4.2.8. Farm