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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Rural ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES RURAL ROAD TRANSPORT AND ITS EFFECTS ON SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND MARKETING: THE CASE OF HORRO GUDURU WOLLEGA ZONE, WESTERN ETHIOPIA. BY SILESHI TAMENE FIKADU ADVISOR: TEBAREK LIKA (ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR) ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA MARCH 2020 Rural Road Transport and its Effects on Smallholder Farmers’ Agricultural Productivity and Marketing: the case of Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia Sileshi Tamene Fikadu A Dissertation Submitted to The Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Presented in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography and Environmental Management Advisor: Tebarek Lika (Associate professor) Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia March 2020 ii Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Sileshi Tamene Fikadu, entitled: Rural Road Transport and its Effects on Smallholder Farmers’ Agricultural Productivity and Marketing: The case of Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia and presented in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography and Environmental Studies (Specialization in Socio-economic Development Planning and Environment) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee: Advisor: Tebarek Lika (Associate Professor) Signature____________Date___________ Internal Examiner: Abeje Berhanu (Associate Professor) Signature_______Date_______ External Examiner: Belew Dagnew (PhD) Signature____________Date__________ Chairperson: Fikadu Gurmessa (PhD) Signature____________Date__________ Chairman of the Department: Teferi Mekonnen (PhD) Signature_________Date_______ iii Table of Contents Content Page CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................1 1.1 Background of the Study .....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Problem Statement .............................................................................................................................5 1.3 Research Gaps Identified .....................................................................................................................7 1.4 objective of the Dissertation ...............................................................................................................9 1.4.1 General Objective of the Dissertation ..........................................................................................9 1.4.2 Specific Objectives of the Dissertation ...................................................................................... 10 1.5 Research Questions .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Rationale ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................ 12 1.8 Limitation of the Study ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.9 Organization of the Dissertation ...................................................................................................... 13 References .............................................................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER 2: EFFECT OF RURAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ON THE INTENSIFICATION OF PURCHASED INPUT USE FOR MAJOR FOOD CROP PRODUCTION. ......................................................................................................................................20 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 20 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Theoretical Underpinnings of the Study .......................................................................................... 23 2.3 Data and Methods ............................................................................................................................ 24 2.3.1 Selection and Description of Study Site .................................................................................... 24 2.3.2 Study Design, Sampling, Data Collection, and Analysis ............................................................. 26 2.3.3 Description of Variables ............................................................................................................ 28 2.4 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 33 2.4.1 Preliminary Analyses ................................................................................................................. 33 2.4.2 Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................................. 34 2.4.3 Correlation Analysis ................................................................................................................... 35 2.4.4 Hierarchical Multiple Regression ............................................................................................... 36 2.5. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 40 2.5.1 Family Size and Purchased Input Use ........................................................................................ 40 2.5.2 Household-level Asset variables and Purchased Input Use ...................................................... 40 iv 2.5.3 Cooperative Membership and Purchased Input Use ................................................................ 41 2.5.4 Rural Transport Infrastructure and Purchased Input Use ......................................................... 42 2.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications .................................................................................................. 45 2.7 Limitations and Future Research Directions .................................................................................... 46 References .............................................................................................................................................. 47 Chapter 3: TRANSPORTATION AND MARKETING CONSTRAINTS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ OUTPUT MARKET PARTICIPATION .....................................53 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 53 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 54 3.2 Transaction Cost Theory: Theoretical Base of the Study ................................................................. 59 3.3. Conceptual Framework of the Study ............................................................................................... 63 3.3.1. Definition of Concepts .............................................................................................................. 63 3.1.5. Measuring Output Market Participation .................................................................................. 66 3.3.2 Conceptualization of a Smallholder Farmers’ Output Market Participation ............................. 67 3.4. Research Design and Methodology ................................................................................................. 71 3.4.1 Study Sites ................................................................................................................................. 71 3.4.2 Philosophical Underpinnings of the Study ................................................................................ 72 3.4.3 Pragmatism Philosophy & Smallholder Farmers’ Output Market Participation ....................... 75 3.4.4 The Research Design.................................................................................................................. 77 3.5 Research Methodology .................................................................................................................... 78 4.5.1 Data Sources .............................................................................................................................. 78 4.5.2 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size ...................................................................................... 79 3.5.3 Methods and Instruments of Data Collection ........................................................................... 81 3.5.4 Data Processing and Analysis .................................................................................................... 82 3.6 Ethical Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 83 3.7 Variable Definition and Measurement ............................................................................................
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