Anuario Digital CEMI: Migraciones Internacionales Y Emigración Cubana

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Anuario Digital CEMI: Migraciones Internacionales Y Emigración Cubana Anuario Digital CEMI: Migraciones Internacionales y Emigración Cubana (Ene - Dic Titulo 2009) CEMI - Autor/a; Autor(es) La Habana Lugar CEMI Editorial/Editor 2009 Fecha Colección Migración internacional; Emigración; Política migratoria; Migrantes; Identidad cultural; Temas Estados Unidos; Cuba; Caribe; América Latina; Europa; Revista Tipo de documento http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/Cuba/cemi-uh/20110902023608/ANUARIO09.pdf URL Reconocimiento-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas 2.0 Genérica Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar Las encuestas sobre la inmigración cubana en el Sur de la Florida: discurso político y conformación de la opinión pública.* Dra. Ileana Sorolla Fernández. Investigadora Titular. Centro de Estudios de Migraciones Internacionales (CEMI). Universidad de La Habana. [email protected] La encuesta es uno de los recursos de investigación más reconocidos y frecuentes en los estudios sobre hechos y fenómenos sociales, particularmente las encuestas de opinión pública, cuyo ámbito de aplicación rebasa los marcos de las ciencias sociales y tributa a fines comerciales, publicitarios y políticos. El propósito inicial de toda encuesta es proveer de información sobre la opinión o valoración de una población o grupo acerca de un asunto dado, que tribute a su análisis y a la conformación y fundamentación de propuestas o decisiones. El criterio de validez de los resultados se relaciona con aspectos estadísticos, asociados a la selección de la muestra, a los márgenes de error, los procedimientos de aplicación del cuestionario y a las propias características de este. En el ámbito político estadounidense, la pretendida neutralidad de las encuestas, la credibilidad de las encuestadoras y el lugar que ocupa la academia dentro del sistema político1, convierten sus resultados en criterios de validez, sustentación y legitimidad de propuestas y decisiones políticas. Esto les atribuye la capacidad de cumplir con otro propósito, menos reconocido, que es el de influir en la conformación de la propia opinión pública. Los individuos encuestados, que sirven como fuente de los datos, están comprometidos con una opinión no solamente como personas, sino obviamente, también como ciudadanos y como miembros de una estructura socio-política, lo que significa que los datos proporcionados por las encuestas pueden ser elaborados e incorporados al discurso en un contexto interaccional más amplio. Esto se logra * Artículo elaborado a partir de la Ponencia presentada al XVIII Congreso de LASA, Río de Janeiro, Brasil, junio 2009. 1 Para profundizar en el lugar de los llamados «tanques pensantes» en la conformación de la política exterior de EUA consultar Rosa López Oceguera: ¨Los ¨tanques pensantes¨ en el proceso de conformación de la política exterior norteamericana", pp 184-202. - 1 - mediante la actuación discursiva2, que se articula en torno a una estrategia de empleo del lenguaje (como medio) en la actividad política, a través de un conjunto de elementos de carácter verbal y no verbal, que varían en dependencia del contexto lingüístico y extralingüístico, conformando un discurso político3 adecuado a los objetivos emanados de las propias relaciones de poder que persigue y expresa. Esa actuación discursiva tiene un carácter social, pero también individual, ya que en las condiciones concretas en que se contextualiza el discurso, la combinación de elementos lingüísticos (y paralingüísticos) seleccionados por el individuo o colectivo - grupos, instituciones, partidos- para poner de manifiesto el tema y los argumentos, el contenido ideológico, la voluntad política y su significación, dependen de los objetivos y la estrategia comunicativa (marcada por el estilo particular, antecedentes, pertenencia a determinado grupo político, social y etáreo), y de su intención comunicativa (la actitud de quien produce el texto respecto a los objetivos que persigue en la realización de la estrategia determinada). Así, cuando analizamos el papel de producciones discursivas en la reproducción de una determinada ideología4, o al menos, de determinadas opiniones y actitudes sobre el grupo y los demás, estamos, en primer lugar, interesados en las funciones sociales de esa producción discursiva, como una forma de interacción basada en el grupo dominante y a su vez, impuesta persuasivamente sobre el resto del grupo con el objetivo implícito de obtener la legitimación de su poder (según C. Marx, las ideas dominantes de una época dada son las de la clase dominante).5 La incorporación de los resultados de encuestas de opinión pública al discurso político como elementos de sustentación de propuestas y decisiones políticas, permiten encubrir y/o presentar los intereses del grupo dominante como los intereses de la sociedad toda y, a la vez, se devuelven a esta incorporados al discurso político en forma 2 Actuación discursiva: diferentes estrategias de empleo del lenguaje (como medio) en el marco de la actuación, tanto orientada a la interacción con otros individuos en la comunicación, como incluida (en calidad de acción u operación) en otro tipo de actuación, ya sea laboral, política, cognoscitiva, o de otro tipo. Para ampliar sobre este tema (actuación discursiva) puede consultar: Ileana Sorolla Fernández: ¨Apuntes para un aporte desde la lingüística: el estudio del discurso político sobre temas relativos a las migraciones internacionales¨, p.6. 3 Discurso político: forma particular que adquiere el lenguaje en la práctica política, conformado por el conjunto de elementos lingüísticos y paralingüísticos (verbales y no verbales), utilizados en actos discursivos concretos, orales o escritos, producidos tanto por individuos, como por grupos sociales, el Estado, los partidos políticos o las instituciones, y su interpretación semántica y pragmática por el interlocutor. Ver: Ibídem, p.7. 4 Teun A Van Dijk: ¨Ideology and Discourse Analysis¨, pág. 9-36. 5 Carlos Marx y Federico Engels: "La ideología alemana". pp.182-224. - 2 - de Temas y Argumentos validados por ella, por lo que se fomenta un falso compromiso con un consenso artificial en torno a la opinión «predominante» acerca de los intereses y opiniones del grupo, enmascarando los conflictos internos y las disensiones. Así, los resultados de las encuestas son fuentes para el conocimiento de la opinión, y a la vez se convierten, per se, en fuentes de conformación de opinión. Un ejemplo de esto son las encuestas que se realizan sistemáticamente en Estados Unidos entre los inmigrantes de origen cubano, que operan como método de recopilación de información sobre la «opinión pública» en torno a temas relacionados con Cuba, pero en su mayoría son aplicadas entre los residentes del Sur de Florida o en el área de Miami- Dade. Esas opiniones y actitudes se extrapolan a la totalidad del grupo inmigrante cubano en EUA como criterio de validez, una vez que se utilizan para fundamentar propuestas relacionadas con un determinado curso de política exterior. Por otra parte, sus resultados se diseminan al público en general al ser presentados por académicos, instituciones prestigiosas, o publicados en la prensa, lo que influye en la socialización y consolidación de las opiniones y actitudes reflejadas en los resultados. De la misma manera, los resultados de la encuestas se utilizan para influir y tomar ventaja en los conflictos entre grupos políticos, representados en diferentes posiciones con respecto al poder, lo que propicia que adquieran un valor especial en el reacomodo de fuerzas en determinadas coyunturas políticas, como por ejemplo, ante un cambio presidencial. Durante la última campaña electoral por la presidencia de Estados Unidos, el entonces candidato demócrata, Barack Obama, expresó varias ideas que permitieron prever algunas diferencias en su visión de la futura política exterior hacia Cuba, en relación con lo que él mismo calificara de «ocho años de política desastrosa de Bush». En el discurso que pronunciara en la sede de la Fundación Nacional Cubano Americana (FNCA) en Miami el 23 de mayo de 2008, Renewing U.S. Leadership in the Americas6, B. Obama se refirió a la necesidad de una nueva estrategia hacia Cuba, basada en la «diplomacia directa, con amigos y enemigos, sin precondiciones». Entre los elementos de lo que sería la base de esa nueva estrategia, enunció: «(…) mi política hacia Cuba se regirá por una palabra: Libertad. Y el camino a la libertad para todos los cubanos debe comenzar por la justicia para los prisioneros 6 Barack Obama: Renewing U.S. Leadership in the Americas. Para ampliar la información puede consultarse el sitio señalado en la bibliografía. - 3 - políticos en Cuba, los derechos a la libertad de palabra, una prensa libre y libertad de asociación; y debe llevar a elecciones libres y justas.» En la «nueva estrategia» se califica a los cubanoamericanos como «los mejores embajadores de la libertad», a partir de lo cual, el candidato prometió autorizar de inmediato e ilimitadamente los viajes familiares y el envío de remesas a Cuba. Sin embargo, anunció que mantendría el bloqueo7 como factor de presión sobre el «régimen», para que «dé pasos significativos hacia la democracia;» definió además lo que consideraba la forma de lograr un cambio real en Cuba - a través de una diplomacia fuerte, inteligente y basada en
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