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Étude Exploratoire Sur Les Origines Du Peuplement De L'île De Université de Montréal Étude exploratoire sur les origines du peuplement de l’île de Madagascar : Une approche de craniométrie comparative appliquée sur des populations modernes Par Caroline Deswarte Département d’Anthropologie Faculté des Arts et Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès Sciences en Anthropologie Avril 2015 © Caroline Deswarte, 2015 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé : Étude exploratoire sur les origines du peuplement de l’île de Madagascar : Une approche de craniométrie comparative appliquée sur des populations modernes Présenté par : Caroline Deswarte A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Dr Michelle Drapeau Président-rapporteur Dr Isabelle Ribot Directrice de recherche Dr Alain Froment Codirecteur Dr Bernard Chapais Membre du jury ii RÉSUMÉ Les origines du peuplement de l’île de Madagascar ne sont encore que partiellement explorées à l’heure actuelle. Différentes populations ont contribué au peuplement de l’île, de nombreuses théories sur les origines de ce peuplement ont émergé et varient grandement selon les sources consultées. Selon l’archéologie et l’anthropologie culturelle, l’arrivée des premiers peuples remonterait à deux millénaires avant notre ère et plusieurs strates de vagues migratoires venues d’Afrique et d’Asie se sont succédées. Pour une vision complète du peuplement de toute l’île, ce sont les études en linguistique et en génétique qui ont donné les meilleures pistes en s’orientant vers une origine à prédominance indonésienne plutôt qu’africaine. Il reste cependant à confronter ces données diverses à celles issues de l’approche phénotypique, qui est peu utilisée. Mon objectif est donc d’explorer cette hypothèse à partir des données craniométriques, et ainsi de tester les modèles de peuplement proposés grâce à d’autres approches. Cet échantillon malgache (N=207) a été subdivisé sur la base de diverses données (géographie, ethnies et affiliations linguistiques). Après des analyses intra-groupe et intergroupes, ce dernier a été comparé à d’autres données craniométriques personnelles et publiées (N=1184). Deux types d’approches statistiques (multivariées classiques et issues de l’approche de la génétique des populations ou RMET) ont été utilisées afin d’obtenir des paramètres diversifiés et complémentaires. Les résultats issus des deux approches tendent vers une origine mixte (Afrique et Asie), dont la prépondérance varie en fonction de la région et du sexe. En effet, les hommes malgaches ont une origine triple (sud de l’Asie du Sud-est, sud de l’Afrique et côtes sud-est africaines), alors que les femmes ont plutôt une origine double (Afrique et Asie) selon l’approche multivariée classique. D’après les analyses RMET, on note que les individus des régions du nord et de l’est de l’île se rapprochent des populations de Tanzanie et les Malgaches présentent des similarités avec les populations indiennes. De plus, on remarque que les Malgaches du groupe nord présentent par rapport aux autres groupes un degré d’hétérogénéité plus élevé (Fst). Ce phénomène est dû probablement à des apports de populations plus diverses dès le début du peuplement de l’île dans cette région. Cette étude, basée sur un petit échantillon, confirme néanmoins les thèses antérieures sur la diversité du peuplement malgache et de plus elle démontre que les composantes prédominantes (Afrique ou Asie) varient selon les régions et le sexe. Mots-clés : Peuplement, craniométrie, Madagascar, variation, intra-groupe, inter-groupe, multivariées, RMET. iii ABSTRACT As of now, origins of the island of Madagascar’s settlement have only been partially investigated. Various populations inhabited the island, thus numerous theories about these origins were devised and explanations vary greatly from source to source. According to archaeology and cultural anthropology, its first settlers came around two millennia before Christ and many waves of migration from Africa and Asia followed in their path. Studies in linguistics and genetics best laid the way for a comprehensive overview of that settlement and pointed to a predominantly Indonesian origin as opposed to an African one. However, comparing these many findings with those obtained through the rarely used phenotypic approach has yet to be done. My goal is therefore to explore this question using craniometric data to test settlement patterns proposed by other fields. Our Malagasy sample (N=207) was subdivided according to various factors (geography, ethnicities and linguistic affiliations). After intragroup and intergroup-based analyses, the sample was compared to more craniometric data, personal and published (N=1184). Two types of statistical approaches (classic multivariate and originating from genetics populations approach, or RMET) were used to achieve diversified and complementary parameters. Results from both approaches support the conclusion that the origins are in fact mixed (Africa and Asia) and their preponderance, linked to region and gender. Indeed, Malagasy men have three sources (south of Southeast Asia, southern Africa and southeast African coast), while women have more of a double origin (Africa and Asia) according to the classic multivariate approach. RMET analyses show that individuals from the northern and the eastern regions of the island share traits with Tanzanian populations as well as similarities with Indian populations. Furthermore, Malagasy from the northern group exhibit higher heterogeneity than other groups (Fst). This phenomenon is likely due to the influx of various populations early in the settlement of the island. This study, based on a small sample, nevertheless confirms previous theses on the diversity of the Malagasy settlement and, in addition, shows that its predominant parts (Africa and Asia) vary according to region and gender. Keywords: Settlement, craniometry, Madagascar, variation, intragroup, intergroup, multivariate, RMET. iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES PAGE TITRE .................................................................................................................................................. i COMPOSITION DU JURY .......................................................................................................................... ii RÉSUMÉ ....................................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES ............................................................................................................................. v LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................................... viii LISTE DES FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ xii REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................................... xv CHAPITRE 1 : INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Le contexte général ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Plan du mémoire ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 CHAPITRE 2 : LA RECHERCHE D’UNE ORIGINE ............................................................................. 5 2.1. Contexte théorique ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1. Lieux géographiques et ethnies de Madagascar ............................................................................................ 5 2.1.2. Hypothèses de peuplement issues de l’archéologie, de l’histoire et de l’anthropologie culturelle ............... 9 2.1.3. Thèses linguistiques ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.1.4. Thèses génétiques ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2.1.5. L’apport des données phénotypiques par rapport à l’origine géographique des individus malgaches ........ 19 2.1.5.1. Observer et interpréter la variation intra et inter-groupe .......................................................................... 20 2.1.5.2. La bioarchéologie humaine, une discipline peu utilisée dans l’étude du premier peuplement de Madagascar .................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2. Objectifs de recherche............................................................................................................................................... 26 CHAPITRE 3 : MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES ...................................................................................... 31 3.1. Description du corpus de données .......................................................................................................................
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