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Knowledge and Valuation of Andean Agroforestry Species

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Knowledge and Valuation of Andean Agroforestry Species JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE | downloaded: 2.10.2021 Knowledge and valuation of Andean agroforestry species: the role of sex, age, and migration among members of a rural community in Bolivia Brandt et al. https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.46559 Brandt et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:83 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/83 source: Brandt et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:83 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/83 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE RESEARCH Open Access Knowledge and valuation of Andean agroforestry species: the role of sex, age, and migration among members of a rural community in Bolivia Regine Brandt1*, Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel2, Susanne Lachmuth1,3, Isabell Hensen1,3 and Stephan Rist2 Abstract Background: Agroforestry is a sustainable land use method with a long tradition in the Bolivian Andes. A better understanding of people’s knowledge and valuation of woody species can help to adjust actor-oriented agroforestry systems. In this case study, carried out in a peasant community of the Bolivian Andes, we aimed at calculating the cultural importance of selected agroforestry species, and at analysing the intracultural variation in the cultural importance and knowledge of plants according to peasants’ sex, age, and migration. Methods: Data collection was based on semi-structured interviews and freelisting exercises. Two ethnobotanical indices (Composite Salience, Cultural Importance) were used for calculating the cultural importance of plants. Intracultural variation in the cultural importance and knowledge of plants was detected by using linear and generalised linear (mixed) models. Results and discussion: The culturally most important woody species were mainly trees and exotic species (e.g. Schinus molle, Prosopis laevigata, Eucalyptus globulus). We found that knowledge and valuation of plants increased with age but that they were lower for migrants; sex, by contrast, played a minor role. The age effects possibly result from decreasing ecological apparency of valuable native species, and their substitution by exotic marketable trees, loss of traditional plant uses or the use of other materials (e.g. plastic) instead of wood. Decreasing dedication to traditional farming may have led to successive abandonment of traditional tool uses, and the overall transformation of woody plant use is possibly related to diminishing medicinal knowledge. Conclusions: Age and migration affect how people value woody species and what they know about their uses. For this reason, we recommend paying particular attention to the potential of native species, which could open promising perspectives especially for the young migrating peasant generation and draw their interest in agroforestry. These native species should be ecologically sound and selected on their potential to provide subsistence and promising commercial uses. In addition to offering socio-economic and environmental services, agroforestry initiatives using native trees and shrubs can play a crucial role in recovering elements of the lost ancient landscape that still forms part of local people’s collective identity. Keywords: Cultural importance, Intracultural variation, Plant use knowledge, Quantitative ethnobotany, Woody species * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle/Saale, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2013 Brandt et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Brandt et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:83 Page 2 of 13 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/83 Abstract Introducción: Agroforestería es un método de uso de la tierra sostenible con una larga tradición en los Andes bolivianos. Un mejor entendimiento del conocimiento y valoración de las especies leñosas puede apoyar la mejora de los sistemas agroforestales orientados a actores locales. Este estudio de caso se realizó en una comunidad campesina de los Andes bolivianos con los objetivos de calcular la importancia cultural de especies agroforestales seleccionadas y analizar la variación intracultural del conocimiento sobre las mismas y de su valoración según sexo, edad y migración de los campesinos. Métodos: La colecta de datos se basó en entrevistas semiestructuradas y listados libres. Se usaron dos índices etnobotánicos (Composite Salience, Cultural Importance) para calcular la importancia cultural de plantas. La variación intracultural de la importancia de las plantas y del conocimiento sobre las mismas se evaluó mediante modelos lineares y modelos lineares generalizados (mixtos). Resultados y discusión: Las especies leñosas culturalmente más importantes fueron principalmente árboles y especies exóticas (p.ej. Schinus molle, Prosopis laevigata, Eucalyptus globulus). El sexo desempeñó un menor rol al contrario a los efectos positivos de la edad y efectos negativos de la migración sobre la importancia cultural de las plantas y el conocimiento sobre las mismas. El efecto de la edad posiblemente resultó debido a la disminución de apariencia ecológica de especies nativas y su reemplazo por árboles exóticos, la pérdida de usos tradicionales o la utilización de otros materiales (p.ej. plástico) en vez de madera. La menor dedicación a la agricultura tradicional podía haber implicado un abandono sucesivo de herramientas tradicionales, y una transformación general del uso de las plantas leñosas posiblemente se relacione con la disminución del conocimiento medicinal. Conclusiones: Debido a los efectos de edad y migración sobre la valoración de plantas leñosas y el conocimiento sobre los usos de las mismas, recomendamos que se debe prestar una atención particular al potencial de especies nativas para abrir perspectivas prometedoras a la generación campesina joven migrante y aumentar su interés en la agroforestería. Por eso, se deberían seleccionar especies ecológicamente compatibles según su potencial para proporcionar la subsistencia y posibles usos comerciales. Aparte, las iniciativas agroforestales usando árboles y arbustos nativos pueden jugar un rol importante en la recuperación del paisaje tradicional que todavía forma parte de la identidad colectiva de los campesinos locales. Background methods that collect and analyse data on active and passive Measuring the cultural importance of plants is a key knowledge provides a broader understanding of the cul- issue in quantitative ethnobotanical studies [1,2] and a tural importance of plants and improves the reliability of valuable tool for sustainable land use practices such as the results compared to applying single methods. It also agroforestry [3,4]. Ethnobotany provides numerous provides interesting insights on the processes of knowledge methods for obtaining quantifiable data to identify cul- transmission [13,14]. tural plant values within their given socioecological con- The cultural importance of plants is commonly esti- text [5]. For example, “freelisting” enables rapid data mated by considering the level of agreement among the sampling based on the assumption that the respondents interviewees about the knowledge underlying plant use mention culturally important species more frequently [11,13], which is termed “informant consensus”, e.g. and earlier than others [6,7]. Whether people perceive [15]. This approach, however, carries the risk of over- plants as culturally important or not depends on their looking the social distribution of knowledge, which is “ecological apparency”. This hypothesis, adapted to most often not equally shared within a certain cultural ethnobotanical studies by Phillips and Gentry [8], pro- group [11]. Consequently, in the last decade there was poses that the most common and accessible species are growing interest in analysing the factors that cause intra- those which are more used and valued (see also [9]). cultural variation [12,14]. Mainly reported in previous Additionally, the quality, intensity, and exclusivity of studies are age and sex [16,17]. In addition, factors often plant uses should be considered [10]. This is commonly related to acculturation such as migration [18-20], mar- explored with in-depth, semi-structured interviews that ket integration [21], and formal education [17] have also focus on exhaustive inventories of plant knowledge in- been reported to have complex effects on ethnobotanical cluding its theoretical dimensions (passive knowledge) knowledge. Analysing these factors and the dynamics be- [11]. In contrast, freelisting does not produce exhaustive hind intracultural variation is fundamental for under- inventories, and instead aims at obtaining information standing the processes of transmission, transformation, on practical uses (active knowledge) [6,11,12]. Combining recovery, or loss of ethnobotanical knowledge [22-25]. Brandt et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2013, 9:83 Page 3 of 13 http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/9/1/83 A better understanding of the intracultural variation in plant knowledge and valuation may help to improve sus- tainable agroforestry systems [3,26] that aim at providing socio-economic benefits for subsistence and commercial use (e.g. production of fodder,
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