INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY

INDIAN NATIONAL REPORT FOR IUGG 2011

XXV IUGG GENERAL ASSEMBLY 28 JUNE - 7 JULY 2011 MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS (IUGG) AND INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL UNION (IGU) (www.iugg.org and www.igu-net.org)

1. Professor Harsh Gupta, FNA, NGRI, Hyderabad – Chairman 2. Dr. J.R.Kayal, Emeritus Scientist, JU, Kolkata - Member 3. Dr. B.Nagarajan, IISM, Survey of India, Hyderabad - Member 4. Professor D.K.Nayak, NEHU, Shillong - Member 5. Professor R.B.Singh, University of Delhi, Delhi - Member 6. Dr. V.M.Tiwari, NGRI, Hyderabad - Member Secretary PREFACE

This report has been prepared on the behalf of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New Delhi. I have a great pleasure in presenting this report to the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) at its General Assembly in Melbourne, Australia during 28th June, to 7th July, 2011. The report summarizes Indian activities in the geophysics and geodesy for the period of January 2007 to December 2010 and is structured to reflect eight associations of IUGG.

The quadrennium 2007-2010 has been very exciting for the earth system sciences internationally and India is no exception to it. Four International Science Years namely, International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE, 2007-2009), International Polar Year (IPY, 2007-2008), Electronic Geophysical Year (EGY, 2007-2008) and International Heliophysical Year (IHY, 2007) were successively complemented during this period. These years have brought a lot of visibility and importance to the earth science research. India was a lead associate of these initiatives.

Indian researchers have been actively involved in the Antarctic and Arctic studies and assessments of Himalayan glaciers, which have been summarized by Rasik Ravindra in the chapter on Cryospheric Sciences. B. Nagarajan and V.M. Tiwari report on the activities related to Gravimetry and Geodesy and underlined the Indian efforts of redefining geodetic datum, electronic tide gauges installation and applications of space geodetic techniques. Archana Bhattacharyya compiled a report on the contributions in the Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. S.N. Rai and S.K. Jain reviewed studies on the Hydrological Sciences. Work related to climatic changes particularly monsoon and extreme rainfall is discussed by N.N Singh and A. Ranade. S.S.C. Shenoi has addressed Indian efforts in understanding ocean around India. The extensive contributions of India in seismological and Earth’s interior are presented by J.R. Kayal and R.K. Chadha. K.S. Krishna, T. Pal, and J.S. Ray have documented the volcanological studies during the report period.

I am thankful to all colleagues who contributed and who helped to compile this report. I would also like to thank the IUGG National Committee members and officers of the Indian National Science Academy, especially Drs. A. K. Moitra and Brotati Chattopadhyay, for their help in bringing out this Report.

Harsh K. Gupta, FNA Chairman, National Committee for IUGG-IGU, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi CONTENTS

1. Preface

Harsh K. Gupta

2. Indian initiatives on International Science Years

Harsh K. Gupta 1

3. Indian contribution to research in Cryosphere Sciences

Rasik Ravindra 4

4. Geodetic and gravity studies in India (2007-2010)

B. Nagarajan & V.M. Tiwari 20

5. Indian contributions in the research areas of International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA-IUGG)

Archana Bhattacharyya 29

6. Hydrological Sciences : A report to IAHS 2011

S.N. Rai & S.K. Jain 58

7. IAMAS : The Large-Scale and Spatio-Temporal Extreme Rain Events (EREs) over India

N. Singh & A. Ranade 72

8. Physical Sciences of the Ocean: A report to IAPSO 2011

S.S.C. Shenoi 112

9. Seismological Research In India : 2007 -2011

J.R. Kayal & R.K. Chadha 146

10. Indian research on geological and geophysical studies of present and past volcanic activities of the Indian shield and adjoining deep-sea regions: 2007-2010

K.S. Krishna, T. Pal, & J.S. Ray 162 INDIAN ACTIVITIES ON INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE YEARS (2007-2009) Harsh K. Gupta Chairman, National Committee for International Years National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), Hyderabad India Email : [email protected]

The triennium year 2007, 2008 and 2009 had committee was entrusted to identify and been celebrated as International Year of Planet document the planned scientific initiatives and Earth (IYPE), International Polar Year (IPY), strengthen the activities of bringing Earth Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) and System Sciences to society. The committee International Heliophysical Year (IHY). The aim formulated the following plans in the very of these International Science Years was to beginning highlight the significance and relevance of Earth System Sciences to the public through  Counseling to strengthen the outreach the outreach programme and enhancing programme of the various government scientific research through Science departments and non-government Programme. The basic existence of mankind is organizations because of unique property of the Planet Earth  Organization of a workshop on the and Space around it. However we do not activities of International Years at INSA realise its importance and know very little  Organization of all Indian Student about it. Global climate change, sea level rise, deglaciation, geological hazards and demand of earth resources for higher standard of living and increasing population has resulted in degradation of the health of Planet Earth. Realising the importance, the year 2008 was proclaimed as Year of the Planet Earth by United Nation. India was amongst the first few countries to take initiative to emphasise the importance of sustainable Earth System (Figure 1).

contest as a part of the International student contest for the official launch of IYPE during Feb 12 & 13, 2008 at Paris.  Encouraging India’s participation in the International Events

 Committee also recommended

Coordinators of individual Years. Figure1: Map displaying progress in developing national committees for IYPE. India was Indian scientific community had responded amongst few countries that has national very well to the International Science Years. imitative in the early phase (EPISODE, 2006) Numerous activities and events have marked A national committee was constituted by the the International Science Years in India. They Indian National Science Academy (INSA) on are documented and posted on the website the International Years in 2006. This particularly developed for it (http://iypeinsa.org). The website was updated periodically to communicate the latest information about International Polar Year Activities International Years and Indian activities during The Indian chapter of the International Polar these years. The central secretariat located at Year (IPY) 2007-2008 was launched at the National Geophysical Research Institute, National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Hyderabad served as a nodal agency for Research (NCAOR), MoES on 1st March 2007 interlinking the information and activities of by Prof. U. R. Rao, former Chairman, Indian different organisations in and outside India. Space Research Organization with subsequent lectures by Dr. Rasik Ravindra, Director, International Year of Planet Earth- IYPE NCAOR & Dr. S. R. Shetye, Director, National The International Year of Planet Earth (IYPE) Institute of Oceanography, Goa. A “calendar of started with a well planned mega event under events” was released by Prof. U.R. Rao that the auspices of Indian Science Congress which listed outreach activities to be undertaken. is held every year in the first week of January NCAOR had sponsored the visit of two and is the largest scientific meeting in India, students to Antarctica during the 25th Indian covering all disciplines of natural sciences. Antarctic Expedition (IAE) under the “Students More than 5000 participants, from India and Participation Programme”. A series of lectures abroad, took part in the annual mega event, were delivered by one of them at more than Indian Science Congress-2007 . “Planet Earth” twenty schools & colleges in the rural & was chosen as the focal theme for the 2007 suburban areas of Maharashtra, India. Science Congress. Hon’ble Prime Minister of Students from several schools and colleges India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, inaugurated the and scientists/visitors from various Indian Science Congress on 3rd January 2007 at institutes/foreign countries have visited Annamalai University and stressed on the NCAOR & its laboratories, especially ice core importance of earth sciences and the need of laboratory, to get a firsthand experience of the hour as to how to stop degradation of polar research. NCAOR, in collaboration with planet earth. Hon’ble Minister for Science and WWF-India, has carried out competitions such Technology and Ministry of Earth Sciences, in as poster & model making, stamp designing, his address underlined the Government of petition writing etc. for school children during India’s commitment of integrating all earth 2007-2009. The first competition, poster science related activities, and the making & slogan writing, was held at New Governments creation of a separate Ministry of Delhi on April 10, 2007 and prizes were Earth Sciences. India is currently the only distributed by the H'ble Minister of Science & country in the world, which has a dedicated Technology and Earth Sciences on the Earth ministry for Earth Sciences. It was emphasised Day, 2007. The winners of these competitions that Earth Sciences touched the basic aspects were invited for launching of the XXVII Indian of life on earth and it was of prime importance Antarctic Expedition at Goa and were to realize its worth. Hon’ble President of India, felicitated by the Secretary, Ministry of Earth Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, addressed the Sciences on 5th December 2007. The award scientists and had a separate session with the winning posters were published in the form of a students from all over the India. He formally calendar for the year 2008-09 that was freely launched Planet Earth related activities in India distributed. Moreover, under the "Popular by releasing symbolic balloons. Book Series" initiative of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, a book entitled "Story of Antarctica" Figure 2: Then Hon. President of India, Dr. was published by NCAOR for free distribution A.P.J. Abdul Kalam released the balloons to among school children. Similar books on "Story commemorate the INTERNATIONAL YEAR of of the Oceans" and "Glaciers - The Rivers of PLANET EARTH Ice" have already been published & distributed A dedicated session on International Science to students in different states of India. NCAOR Years was organised during the Indian Science also celebrated the International Polar day on Congress, which was very well attended. 4th December 2008 that involved lectures, short Details of the workshop are posted on the movies, competitions & activities focusing on webpage (http://iypeinsa.org). research above the Polar Regions for school 2 children and the launch of a “virtual weather developed a large data base, their inventories balloon” by them. and availability for common man. Details of the same can be found in the presentations posted International Heliophysical Year (IHY) on http://iypeinsa.org.  A one-day meeting held at Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Bangalore, on Acknowledgements: This article is based on January 13, 2007, to discuss various public the reports submitted by Indian National outreach (PO) activities, was attended by Committee on International Science Years. many scientists from various national Many colleagues have contributed in preparing centres. Scientists at IIA came up with a this report. I have had generous support from concept design of simple experiments to INSA and all the members of national study the Sun in the visible and radio committee. I thank them for their thoughtful wavelengths. Prototypes of these efforts during these years. instruments were on display during the IIA Open House Days on August 9-10, 2007. IIA has also taken the initiative of arranging an adequate number of these instruments to be produced for distribution in schools and colleges throughout the country.  Posters on Sun, Space Weather, and Solar- terrestrial relations were on display as the main theme at an exhibition celebrating IHY 2007. The exhibition also included a demonstration by Navnirmiti of Mumbai, on details of using low-cost tools to understand the Sun.  At the Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, PO activities include producing small telescopes, such as refractor telescopes with 40mm lens, and demonstrating to children how to observe the Sun by projecting the solar image.

An important part of PO activities was public lectures on IHY themes, particularly for school and college students by scientists from Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) and other institutes. IHY related public debates and training programmes have also been conducted by the Radio Astronomy Centre (TIFR, Ooty) from mid-2006 to mid-2008 in several schools and colleges, at which students were provided with training on how to use the radio telescope and how to carry out data analysis.

Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) Electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) activities in India were limited. Nevertheless, several government organisations, particularly institutes of Indian Space Organisation had 3

INDIAN CONTRIBUTION TO RESEARCH IN

CRYOSPHERE SCIENCES

Rasik Ravindra National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (MoES), Goa, India email: [email protected]

Laboratory (PRL), as well as various The Cryosphere is the second largest Universities and IITs. Major objectives of the component of the climate system, after the glaciological studies being conducted in India ocean, that stores about 75% of the world’s include: freshwater. In terms of the ice mass and its heat capacity, therefore, it plays a significant  To monitor, assess and model the role in the global climate. The main glaciers and ice caps vis-à-vis the components of the Cryosphere are snow, ongoing global warming; river/lake ice, sea ice, glaciers and ice  To study the dynamics and the caps, ice shelves, ice sheets and frozen rate of change in glaciers and ice ground. All parts of the Cryosphere contribute cover to understand its impact on to short-term climate changes, with hydrology, ecology and climate; permafrost, ice shelves and ice sheets also contributing to longer-term changes including  To assess the climate change the ice age cycles. Considering its implications using ice as an archive of on climate and sea level changes, monitoring information on past climate and its and evaluation of Cryosphere regions and the future implications. climate change effects on Cryosphere are crucial (IPCC, 2007). 1. Himalaya Indian researchers have been carrying out scientific research in all major components The Himalayan mountain system is of the global Cryosphere regimes like the home to the world’s highest peaks, which Himalayas, Antarctic and Arctic regions. includes about 50 peaks which are more than Various ministries and departments of 7500 meters above mean sea level. The Government of India like the Ministry of Earth Himalaya forms the most important Sciences, Ministry of Mines, Ministry of concentration of snow covered region outside Defence, Department of Science and the polar region and the Himalayan glaciers technology; Department of Space etc have are highly sensitive to the on-going warming. been encouraging the cryospheric research Recently, GSI (2009) has updated the detailed through various R&D organizations and glacier inventory of Indian Himalayas and institutes. Some of the leading organizations summarized details about glaciers in the involved in the field of cryospheric research districts of Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh and include: Geological Survey of India (GSI), Jammu and Kashmir States and compiled the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean available water resources in form of glaciers Research (NCAOR), Snow and Avalanche (see Sangewar and Shulka in GSI ( 2009). Study Establishment (SASE), Space There are 9575 glaciers spread across the Application Centre (SAC), Wadia Institute of Indian part of the Himalaya (GSI, 2009), some Himalayan Geology (WIHG), National Institute of which form the perennial source of major of Hydrology (NIH), Indian Institute of rivers. Changes in glaciers are one of the Geomagnetism (IIG), Physical Research 4

clearest indicators of alterations in regional covered glaciers. Motivated by this concept a climate, since they are governed by changes novel synergistic approach for extraction of in accumulation (from snowfall) and ablation debris-covered glacier has been adopted in a (by melting of ice). The difference between recent publication by Shukla et al., (2010) accumulation and ablation or the mass which involves the use of integrated optical balance is crucial to the health of a glacier. and thermal dataset for delineation of debris GSI (op cit) has given details about Gangotri, covered glacier boundaries as considerable Bandarpunch, Jaundar Bamak, Jhajju Bamak temperature differences are found to exist ,Tilku, Chipa ,Sara Umga Gangstang, Tingal among them. Goh Panchi nala I , Dokriani, Chaurabari and Kulkarni et al (2011) have attempted to other glaciers of Himalaya. Raina and understand the changes in the Himalayan Srivastava (2008) in their ‘Glacial Atlas of Cryosphere using remote sensing techniques. India’ have documented various aspects of the From their studies on the changes in glacial Himalayan glaciers covering their origin, extent, glacial mass balance and seasonal classification, landforms, snow cover snow cover; they have estimated the glacial assessments and basin wise inventory of the retreat for 1868 glaciers in 11 basins since glaciers. 1962 at 16% (overall deglaciation). The monitoring of the seasonal snow cover in 28 river sub-basins in central and western Glacier assessment and mass Balance Himalayas, as per them, indicated snow studies retreat even during winters. Gurung et al Indian scientists have now been utilizing (2011) have examined changes in snow cover modern remote sensing techniques, in addition in the Hindu kush-Himalayan region using to the conventional ground surveys and the MODIS data from 2000 to 2010. The snow geographical information system to study the cover depletion curve for 2000-001 reveals glaciers, store the results and present the peaks in the month of February. information to both scientific and popular The study by Shukla et al., (2009) has audiences. revealed that the glacier area has reduced Several Indian workers from GSI, WIHG and from a total of 110.5 km2 to 96.8 km2, SAC have studied the Himalayan glaciers for indicating an overall deglaciation of 13.7 km2, their physiography and mass balance. receding about 756 m. Negi et al., (2009) and Gangotri, Dokraini and Chhota Sigri glaciers Shukla et al. (2009) have successfully are some such examples. Shukla et al., demonstrated the applicability of remote- (2009) have used satellite remote sensing data sensing data in monitoring glacier terrain, to map debris cover and assess its temporal particularly mapping debris-cover area. changes over a glacier in the Chenab basin in Changes in mass balance control a glacier’s Himalaya. Further, studies have indicated that long term behaviour and are the most sensitive similar spectral responses between climate indicator on a glacier. Wagnon et al supraglacial debris (i.e. debris on the glacier) (2007) and Berthier et al., (2007) have used and the periglacial debris (i.e debris alongside SPOT5 images and SRTM data to study the glacial boundary) in the solar reflection region, mass balances for the glaciers in Himachal hamper the accurate determination of Pradesh. Their study reveals that the overall boundaries of debris covered glaciers. Shukla depletion in the snow cover and rapid ice et al (2010) has tested the thermal infrared losses in from the glaciers in the Spiti/Lahaul bands (ASTER data), which has the potential region. However, Shukla and Mishra (2007) in resolving ambiguities that exist in earlier from their studies on the recession pattern of methods between supraglacial debris and glaciers in Bhaga Basin of this region state periglacial debris. The results of this approach that glaciers of Lahaul Himalayas are are promising and show that the combined retreating at slower rates than those located optical and thermal information has great south of Pir Panjal range. Keshri et al., 2009 potential for effective mapping of debris- 5

has presented two new indices namely NDGI been observed that the glacial area has been (Normalized Difference Glacier Index) and reduced as much as 21% from the middle of NDSII (Normalized Difference Snow Ice the last century whereas the number of Index). The combination of the previous NDSI glaciers has increased due to fragmentation. with NDGI and NDSII allows discrimination of Numerous investigations by international and snow, ice and ice mixed debris in a systematic national scientists in the past have suggested manner. In order to assess glacier mass that glaciers are retreating as a response to balance, which is a ratio between global warming. Systematic and meticulous accumulation area and total glacier area, a glacial inventory of 1962 and 2001 have now technique based on AAR is used extensively in clearly demonstrated that extent of the Himalayas for the mass balance fragmentation is much higher than realized estimation. During the study period 2005-2009, earlier. Loss in glaciated area for large glaciers annual mass balance, snout retreat, glacier was 12% compared to 38% for small glaciers discharge measurement and meteorological which is explained by three fundamental observation have been carried out by the glacial parameters, namely depth, mass WIHG. Mass balance is a more dynamic and balance and rate of melting at the terminus. important parameter to understand a large Since glacier response time is directly retreat. The main objective of this work by proportional to its depth, small glaciers are WIHG was to evaluate change in glacier mass considered as more sensitive to global and dynamic processes viz-a-viz climate warming. The observations made in the change and annual difference in mass balance investigation by Kulkarni et al., (2007) suggest and snout retreat processes. Raina (2008) has that small glaciers and ice fields are compared the balance of two glaciers in significantly affected due to global warming Himachal Pradesh, one in North facing (Gara from the middle of the last century. In addition, glacier) and the other Souith-facing larger glaciers are being fragmented into (Gorgarang glacier). He also concluded that a smaller glaciers. However, Sangewar (2007) relative excessive winter snow precipitation while giving an overview of the data on the leads to a positive balance or a reduced mass balance of three glaciers viz Gara, Gor- negative balance. However a retreating glacier Garang and Shaune-Garang glaciers in Sutlej may to continue to retreat even under high catchment, has stated that out of the winter accumulation. seventeen years between 1974 and 1991, five years recorded positive balance for all the

monitored glaciers. Glacial monitoring While Uphadyay (2009) has given an alarming The Himalayas possess one of the largest version of the recession of Siachen glacier, resources of snow and ice, which act as a Ganjoo and Koul (2009) have argued that huge freshwater reservoir. Monitoring the there is no rapid melting of Siachen glacier as glaciers is important to assess the overall claimed by Uphadyay (2009). As per them, the reservoir health. Kulkarni et al., (2007) has eastern part of the Siachen glacier shows carried out an investigation on 466 glaciers in faster withdrawal of the snout, essentially due the highly glaciered Himalayan basins, namely to ice calving which is true for almost all major Baspa, Parbati and Chenab. This study has glaciers in the Himalayas. The western part of included small mountain glaciers and ice fields the glacier has reduced due to action of melt as well as the developed and easily accessible water released from the retreated tributary valley glaciers. Glaciers occur on the glacier. The Siachen glacier shows hardly any monsoonally influenced slopes of the retreat in its middle part and thus defies the Himalaya where precipitation exceeds 2500 hype according to Ganjoo and Koul (2009). mm/yr, mean annual temperatures at the Their field studies from other glaciers in India snowline are about -2°C to -4°C, the ice is also corroborate the fact that inter- and intra- warm based with basal ice temperatures annual variations in weather parameters have approaching 0°C (Ganjoo R.K, 2009c). It has more impact on the change in glaciers of NW 6

Himalayas, rather than any impact due to An impact of climate change on snowmelt global warming. Raina and Sangewar (2007) runoff in eastern Himalayan Rivers has been based on the long term studies on the Siachen studied by Bhadra et al (2009). Kumar et al glacier have also come to the conclusion that (2008, 2009) have conducted studies on the the Siachen glacier of J & K has not shown solute dynamics of melt water of Gangotri any appreciable retreat between 1958 and glacier signifying the importance of the 1985. projects related to water resource development. Bhutiyani et al (2007 and 2008) Scientists from WIHG have covered several have worked on the air temperatures and aspects of the glaciers of Uttaranchal such as changing stream flow patterns in western the glacial morphology, glacial landforms, Himalaya while Singh et al (2008) have given snout fluctuations, recession/retreat and mass an account of the hydrological characteristics balance of Chaurabari and Dokriani glaciers. of Gangotri glacier. Several workers (Sharma (Dobhal and Mehta Manish, 2010, Dobhal et et al, 2010, Joshi V. 2009, Joshi and Sharma al., 2010, Chaujar and Dobhal, 2009, Dobhal 2007 have studied the probable hazards and and Mehta, 2008 dobhal et al 2007)). Their the issues of the disaster management related studies have shown that the net annual frontal to the ice covered Himalayan regions. retreat for the period between 2004-05 and 2008-09 for Dokriani glacier has varied from 14 m/yr to 21 m/yr (15.7m/y for 2000-07) while Cryosphere and climate associated studies that for Chorabari glacier has varied from 10.2 m/yr to 5 m/yr. Due to the characteristic geographical setting of the Himalaya from west to east, the Study of secular movement of Bhagirath differences in temperature and precipitation Kharak and Satopanth glaciers was regime are not only well marked but also undertaken by Nainwal et al (2008), who have distinctly reflected in many of the given the retreat of Satopanth and Bhagirathi environmental responses which are very glaciers of Uttrakhand as 22.88 m/y and 7.42 useful in climatological investigations. m/y for 1962-2005 and 6.5m/y & 1.5m/y for Motivated by opportunities, Borgaonkar et al., 2005-2006 respectively. Koul and Ganjoo (2009) have prepared a 458-year-long regional (2009) from their study of Naradu Glacier tree-ring-width index chronology of Himalayan (Himachal Pradesh) show a variable rate of cedar from three high-elevation sites of retreat ranging from 4.3 m and 2.9 m per year Western Himalaya. Such dendroclimatological for the period between 2000 and 2003. studies indicate a significant positive Similarly Bali et al (2008) have reported relationship of tree-ring index series with 6.39m/y retreat for the Pindari glacier for the winter temperature and summer precipitation period between 1966 and 2007. Anthwal et al and inverse relationship with summer (2006) have linked retreat of the Himalayan temperature. He has also noticed the higher glaciers to the climate change. growth in the recent few decades coinciding with the rapid fluctuations of the Himalayan glaciers. Cryosphere and hydrology Milap ( 2009) has analysed the historical, Studies on the sediment load of the glacial palaeoclimatic dating and ground survey data melt streams and run off have been conducted for last several centuries to conclude that the by National Institute of Hydrology. Miyar glacier of Chenab sub basin has been Others, including Akthar et al., (2008) have more or less stable for last 134 years . Juyal et estimated the water resources in three river al (2009) have reconstructed the last glacial to basins in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya early Holocene history from lake sediments of region associated with climate change using Higher Himalayas which indicates that two models, HBV-Met and HBV-PRECIS. sedimentation continued between 25K to 13 K years BP.

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Several researchers have studied the subject surface strain analysis indicates that the region of aerosol radiative forcing and possible of extensional strain coincides with the surface recession of glaciers (Ramanathan, et.al 2007, gradient and crevasses, while the region of Hedge et al 2007, Pandithurai et al 2008, Das compressional strain is due to the blockage et al 2008 etc). Examination of relationship caused by Schirmacher Oasis and nunataks. between temporal changes in AOD (Aerosol The general trend to low (compared to other Optical Depth) and the recessional trend of glaciers) velocities (~11ma–1) is primarily Dokriani glacier in Bhagirathi valley has attributed to the fact that this part of the ice revealed a reasonable correlation( R2= 0.86) cap is located in a region of exposed nunataks between the two by (Das et al 2010). They (op which extend along the ice-shelf grounding cit) conclude that Increased AOD over the line. The Nivlisen ice shelf motion constrained Himalayan region had led to the enhanced using the DG GPS site with the base station aerosol heating and thus the recessional trend. Maitri and nearby International GNNS service (IGS) stations suggest the influence of ocean

tidal effect, wind stress, and ocean currents 2. Antarctica (Sunil and Reddy, 2010). Further studies in The Antarctic continent itself makes up about association with Synthetic Aperture Radar 10% of the land surface of the Earth with the (SAR) suggested the need to have long-term combined area of the ice sheets and ice continuous monitoring of GPS records to shelves being about 14 x 106 km2. Ninety eight understand the secular variations and the percent of Antarctica is covered by thick ice influence of atmospheric conditions on the sheets that contains about 90% of the world's velocity field (Reddy et al., 2010). The GSI has 'permanent' ice and 70% of its fresh water. also been conducting studies on the The cryosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere accumulation/ablation on the ice shelf since in and around Antarctica are the closely 1985. The significance of the wind deposited interactive components of a complex climate snow results in average accumulation in range system, with global, regional, as well as local from 0.45 to 0.55 m/year (Dharwadkar et al., influences. Ravindra (2008), Ravindra et al 2010) (2008), Ravindra and Tiwari (2011) and Ravindra (2011) have given exhaustive review Sea ice studies of the Earth science studies including research in glaciology and the significance of such The sea ice surrounding the Antartic continent studies in Polar region. has a maximum winter extent of some 20 million km2, the seasonal waxing and waning

of which is one of the largest seasonal signal Glacier dynamics studies on planet Earth, leading to large scale effect Global Positioning System (GPS) campaigns on the climate, oceanography and biological were conducted in the Schirmacher Oasis in productivity. The Indian studies in the field of the central Dronning Maud Land of Eastern sea ice reconstruction have used remote Antarctica to understand the velocity and sensing data as well as modelling methods. strain-rate relationship (Sunil et al., 2007, Sea ice edge variability analysis during 1982- 2009; Reddy et al., 2010). The study has 2004 using satellite passive microwave revealed that the magnitude of the horizontal observation revealed that maximum Antarctic velocity is in the range 1.89–10.88ma–1 with an sea ice concentration trend of 0.01 degrees/ average of 6.21ma–1, in the north-northeast year was found during the summer season of direction. The study also suggested that the 1982-1998 (Bhandari and Khare, 2009). On a distribution of velocity can be spatially regional scale, the Ross and Weddle sea show correlated with topography, subsurface positive trend whereas Bellinghausen/ undulations, fractures/crevasses (coinciding Amundsen sea show negative trend. with high velocities) and the influence of ‘the Simulation of sea ice using Semtner’s 3 layer blockage’ due to Schirmacher Oasis. The sea ice model and Winton’s reformulated three 8

layer sea ice model were conducted in contributed 16.5% and 83.5%, respectively, to comparison with the observations (Mitra and the net summer ablation (Gusain et al., 2009). Das, 2007). The study has shown that both the models are able to capture seasonal variability of Antarctic sea ice using only Long-term monitoring of the DG glacier thermodynamics. Artificial neural network retreat (ANN) was also used for simulation of Monitoring of glacier snout and the continental Antarctic sea ice are anomalies (Thripathi and ice margin was initiated as long-term project Das, 2008). ANN is able to simulate the broad by the Geological Survey of India in 1983. For tend of the sea ice area anomalies when the the last two decades annual fluctuations in dominant annual and half yearly cycles are continental ice margin are being monitored present. However, the prediction skill of model along Dakshin Gangotri Glacier Snout, a for intraseasonal variability degrades when the prominent glacial tongue, in the central part of trends are removed. The relationship between Schirmacher Oasis (Latitude: 70º45’ S; Antarctic sea ice variability and Indian Ocean Longitude: 11º33’ E). The snout was SST suggest a most persistent positive monitored from fixed survey points on a yearly correlation with the SE Indian Ocean region basis and average annual recession rates (Rai et al., 2008). were computed for this glacier. Dakshin Mass balance studies Gangotri glacier snout monitoring, continuing from 1983, shows a significant recession of 6.5 The mass balance study of the Antarctic ice to 7m per decade (Dharwadkar., 2010; Gaur sheet is of great importance due to role on the and Prasad, 2007). This is possibly indicative global sea level and climate change. Mass of the warming effects on this coastal region in balance studies were conducted by the Indian Antarctica. The domain of observation has scientists using a combination of automated been lately extended by eight kilometres weather stations with ultrasonic sensors, covering the continental ice margin on either Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as well as side of the snout. Studying the continuous data stake measurements. Geological Survey of on recession available from 1996 to 2005 and India has been carrying out stake the average annual temperature of measurements for snow accumulation in the Schirmacher Oasis, it has been suggested that ice shelves of the Schirmacher and Nivlisen the rate of recession of DG glacier is affected ice shelf region. Data from other sources like by the average annual temperature recorded snow/ ice cores have provided valuable for the year previous to the year of glacier information on the spatial and temporal observation (Chaturvedi et al., 2009). variability of snow accumulation in this region. Near the erstwhile Indian station ‘Dakshin Gangotri’ site (70º 5.62’S, 12 º E), a net Climatic reconstruction using ice cores accumulation of 62.7cm was recorded as per the long term (1999-2001) measurement Study of ice core proxy records provide one of program using stake measurements. A recent the most direct and accurate method to study quantitative study of surface energy and mass the Antarctic climate change beyond the balance near the Schirmacher region close to instrumental limits. With this backdrop, India the non-glaciated region revealed that there is had initiated shallow ice core studies in the high rate of ablation during summer with a coastal regions of East Antarctica in the seasonal mean of 0.0172 metre water 1990s. With the setting up of dedicated and equivalent (m.w.e) per day (Gusain et al., sophisticated facilities for the storage, archival, 2009). Over a period of 10 November 2007 to processing and analysis of ice cores at 7 February 2008, the mass balance was -1.53 NCAOR, the program received the much m.w.e., with a good correlation between the needed fillip. Since then several shallow depth estimated and observed hourly ablation of the (<100 m) ice cores were collected from the glacier. Sublimation and melt processes coastal Dronning Maud Land, leading to important research findings on the Antarctic 9

climate variability during the past few centuries to instrumental records (Naik et al., 2010 a & and their global implications. The Indian b). The study revealed utility of shallow ice initiatives are also part of the multi-national cores in reconstructing the past changes in collaborative programme of International Trans major climatic modes like the El Niño Southern Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE), and Oscillation (ENSO) and Southern Annular IPICS (International participation in Ice Core mode (SAM) (Naik et al., 2010 a). A detailed science), the frontline scientific activity of study was conducted on the regional Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research atmospheric circulation changes associated (SCAR). with a reversal in the sign of the relationship between the SAM and near-surface The high-resolution (seasonal to annual) ice temperatures in coastal parts of East core studies conducted at NCAOR revealed Antarctica based on instrumental data from the utility of ice records to reconstruct the Halley station as well as an ice core from natural environmental processes like the coastal Dronning Maud Land (Marshall et al., global volcanic eruptions, microbial life in 2009). The study revealed that the key factor frozen environments, as well as the polar and affecting the regional SAM-temperature extra-tropical climatic tele-connections during relationship is the relative magnitude of two the past hundreds of years. The sulphate climatological low pressure centres to the west profile of ~470 years record of IND 22/B4 ice and east of the area, which determines the core revealed sulphate anomalies related to source region of air masses advected into the global volcanic eruptions with major volcanic locality. events influenced the short-term climatic conditions. Study of tephra from this core Further detailed analysis of the δ18O record of revealed presence of a plethora of microbial an ice core from the central Dronning Maud cells adhered to the surfaces of tephra (Laluraj Land region covering a period of past one et al. 2008). These tiny living entities together century (1905-2005) revealed significant with the particles on which they are adhered, relation to SAM, which varied in time. A appears to provide a significant micro-niche in significant warming of 1°C during 1905-2005 is accreted ice, hitherto known. The nitrate revealed in the surface air temperature record of the above ice core revealed estimated using the δ18O record, confirming synchronous changes with records of solar that the coastal Dronning Maud Land region activity, showing relatively enhanced nitrate East Antarctica is probably the only region in concentration during periods of reduced solar east Antarctica showing significant warming activity like the Dalton Minimum (~1790-1830 trend of 0.1°C per decade (Naik et al., 2010 b). AD) and Maunder Minimum (~1640-1710 AD).

Our study suggest that the nitrate concentrations in Antarctic ice cores appears Biogeochemical study of coastal Antarctic to be influenced by production rates, snow processes in the atmosphere, as well as the In the Polar Regions, the sources of reactive temperature at the site of precipitation halogens have been proposed to be sea-salt in (Thamban, 2010; Laluraj et al., 2010). The surface snow, aerosols, frost flowers and 18 oxygen isotope ( O) records the core photodegradable halogenated carbons of revealed a significant warming trend of 2.7°C biological or anthropogenic origin. Recent for the past 470 years, with an enhanced studies have shown that chemically Antarctica warming during the last several decades is not very pristine as there are supply of (Thamban, 2010). various chemical species like the reduced In order to assess the temporal isotopic sulfur species such as dimethylsulfide (DMS), variability of ice cores as high-resolution oxidizing chemicals such as NOx, nitrate ions, quantitative proxy record of air temperatures, formaldehyde, ozone and hydrogen peroxide an ultra-high-resolution (>12 samples per as well as halogen-containing compounds. year) ice core record was analyzed in relation Therefore, snow–ice interfaces in both laboratory and the field have become a very 10

challenging medium for exploring new and finding suggests that biogenic sources of unexpected chemistry relevant to our halocarbons are important because of the atmosphere. With this backdrop, NCAOR has significant effect of halogens on ozone initiated collection and analysis of spatially depletion distributed snow samples that could provide Microbiological studies in fresh snow deposits fundamental and new information on the in coastal Antarctica revealed the crucial role biogeochemical cycling in Antarctic snow as of bacteria in the biogeochemical cycling in well as the influence of bacteria and other snow within the coastal Antarctica. A first microbes in their cycling. report of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans bacteria Glacio-chemical analysis of 55 surface snow were made from Antarctic snow (Antony et al., deposits from the Ingrid Christensen Coast 2009). Remarkably, the C. cellulans strain revealed that the sea spray contribution from Antarctic snow demonstrated dominated the supply of Na+, Cl-, K+ and Mg2+, physiological traits that were markedly different whereas the estimated enrichment factors from that of the mesophilic C. cellulans type suggest that crustal input was the primary strains, confirming the importance of modified source for Ca2+ (Thamban et al., 2010). The physiological properties in helping it to survive distribution pattern of sea spry constituents in extreme cold environments (Antony et al., was influenced by the distance from the sea as 2009). well as the altitude. Significant shifts in Cl- Other Cryosphere related studies /ssNa+ ratios among the inland sites suggest the existence of fractionation of Cl- and the In addition to the above, Indian researchers 2- estimated non-sea-salt sulphate (nssSO4 ) in contribute to related areas of research like the snow samples revealed large variations influence of snow is atmospheric scavenging, with significant fractionation similar to that as well as contribution of snow melts to the observed in frost flowers. Secondary sulphur hydrology of lakes and water bodies in 2- species (nssSO4 and MSA) within the snow Antarctica. samples suggest that both vary independent of Measurements of the small-, intermediate-, each other, possibly influenced by the local 2- and large-ion concentrations and the air–earth biological activities. The nssSO4 data current density along with simultaneous revealed that several summer snow deposits measurements of the concentration and size in the study region are significantly distribution of aerosol particles in the size fractionated, apparently related to the sea ice ranges 4.4–163 nm and 0.5–20 μm diameter existence during the summer (Thamban et al., are reported for a drifting snow period after the 2010). occurrence of a blizzard at a coastal station, Biogeochemical analysis of the above samples Maitri, Antarctica (Kamra et al., 2005). Ion revealed that elevated nutrient concentrations concentrations of all categories and the air– in ice cap snow may be responsible for the earth current simultaneously decrease by observed enhanced growth of microalgae in approximately an order of magnitude as the − 1 snow with subsequent production of bromo- wind speed increases from 5 to 10 ms . carbons which explains the high bromide Scavenging of atmospheric ions and aerosols concentration in snow. The activated bromine by the drifting snow particles contribute a great atoms in the Antarctic atmosphere could react lot the size distribution in the region. The rate with ozone leading to BrO enhancement with of decrease is the highest for large ions, subsequent DMS oxidation and production of lowest for small ions and in-between the two sulphur aerosols. Since BrO based DMS for intermediate ions. Total aerosol number oxidation is much faster than OH/NO3 concentration decreases in the 4.4–163 nm pathway, elevated bromide in Antarctica could size range but increases in the 0.5–20 μm size contribute more towards formation of cloud range with wind speed. The size distribution of condensation nuclei (CCN) at the expense of the nanometre particles shows a dominant ozone (Antony et al., 2010). This crucial maximum at ~ 30 nm diameter throughout the period of observations and the height of the 11

maximum decreases with wind speed. undertake a new project entitled, “Study of However, larger particles show a maximum at snow biogeochemistry in the Svalbard region” ~ 0.7 μm diameter but the height of the with the major objective being to study the maximum increases with increasing wind distribution of soluble ions, trace metals and speed. volatile halogenated organic carbons in the snow pack along with the microbial diversity to Understanding the genesis of melt water lakes understand the snow-air exchange and in Antarctica are intimately related to the biogeochemical processes influencing accumulation and melt water processes. atmospheric composition and climate in the Ravindra et al., (2002) have described the Svalbard region. The studies in the field of genetic aspects of more than 100 such lakes Cryobiology have recently gained impetus in that exist in the Schirmacher Oasis. These India with workers such as Srinivas et al, lakes have been classified as proglacial, (2009), Reddy et al (2009), Shivaji et al,(2009) landlocked and epiglacial lakes based on their publishing their work on bacterial diversity of morphological and genetic aspects. These the cold active enzymes in the glacial regions lakes have apparently originated during the of Ny Alesund. Microbiological studies in Arctic late Pleistocene related to the retreat of region by Singh et al (2011) have also glaciers. indicated significant antioxidant potential of Arctic lichens. 3. ARCTIC Acknowledgments: This is essentially a India initiated cryospheric studies in Arctic compilation of the work of several researchers region in 2007, by launching its first expedition from different institutions of India viz. to the Ny-Alesund region in Arctic. The Ny- Geological Survey of India, Wadia Institute of Alesund region located within the Svalbard Himalayan Geology, National Institute of archipelago has several glaciers of which four Hydrology, SAC-ISRO, Jawaharlal Nehru major ones are - Kongsvegen, Midre University, Jammu University, Kashmir Lovenbreen, Austre Broggerbreen and Vestre University, Physical Research laboratory, Broggerbreen. Considering the extensive work NCAOR, BSIP, IITM, DST. already carried out by the Norwegian References researchers on the former three glaciers, Indian studies were concentrated on the Akhtar, M., Ahmad, N., Booij M.J. (2008) The Vestre Broggerbreen glacier, in order to impact of climate change on the water understand its mass balance, nature and resources of Hindukush–Karakorum– composition of the snow, geomorphic Himalaya region under different glacier framework of the glacier and to assess the coverage scenarios. Journal of logistic requirements for future studies. The Hydrology, Vol. 355 (1-4), pp. 148-163 main organizations concentrating on the Anthwal, A., Joshi, V., Sharma, A., Anthwal, glaciological studies in the Arctic region are S., (2006) Retreat of Himalayan GSI, NCAOR and the Lucknow University. The glaciers – indicator of climate change. latter have conducted preliminary Nature and Science, Vol. 4(4), pp. 53- geomorphological and glaciological studies in 59 the area around Ny Alesund. (Singh et al, Antony, R., K.P. Krishnan, Sabu Thomas, 2010, Singh and Rasik Ravindra, 2009 a& b, Wilson Peter Abraham, M. Thamban Singh and Rasik Ravindra 2010 a,b, Singh (2009) Phenotypic and molecular 2009.). The project entitled, “Parameterisation identification of Cellulosimicrobium of Glaciers of Northern Hemisphere to cellulans isolated from Antarctic snow. variation of climate-Inter annual and Intra Antonie van Leeuwenhoek annual” envisages mapping the bed rock International Journal of General and topography of the glacier and study the mass Molecular Microbiology, Vol. 96 (4), balance of this glacier to compare the data pp. 62 with other glaciers in the region. NCAOR will 12

Antony, R., M. Thamban, K.P. Krishnan, K. Implications of a global warming in the Mahalinganathan (2010) Is cloud 20th century. Current Science: 619-626 seeding in Antarctica linked to Borgaonkar, H.P., Somaru Ram, Sikder, A.B. biogenic bromine and nitrate variability (2009) Assessment of tree-ring in snow? Environ. Res. Lett. 5 (Jan- analysis of high-elevation Cedrus Mar 2010) 014009 deodara D. Don from Western Arora, M.,P. Singh, N.K. Goel, R.D.Singh, Himalaya (India) in relation to climate (2008) “Climate variability influences and glacier fluctuations. on hydrological responses of a large Dendrochronologia, Vol. 27 (1), pp. Himalayan basin.” Water Resource 59-69 Management. : 1461-1475. Chakraborty, S., S.K. Bhattacharya, P.S. Baidya, S.K. (2007): Climate research in the Ranhotra, A. Bhattacharya, R. Nepal Himalaya. Developments in Bhushan. (2007) Paleoclimatic Earth Surface Processes, Vol.10, pp. scenario during Holocence around 291-299 Sangla valley, Kinnaur northwest Bajraacharya, S.R., P. Mool, (2009) Glaciers, Himalaya based on multi-proxy glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst records. Current Science: 777-782. floods in the Mount Everest region, Chaturvedi, A., Shrivastava, P.K., Kaul, M.K., Nepal. “Annals of Glaciology): 81-86. Chakraborty, S.K., Mukerji, S. (2009) Bali et al. (2008) Snout of Pindari glacier, in Determination of the velocity vector of GSI (2009) Schirmacher glacier (Dronning Maud Bhadra A. Bandopadhyay A., Singh R., Land, Antarctica) using global Raghuwanshi, N.S.(2009) positioning system. Indian Journal of Development of a raindall-runoff Geosciences, Vol. 63 (2), pp. 235-240. model: Comparison of two approaches Chaujar, R.K., Dobhal, D.P., (2009) Glacial with different data requirements, landforms and history of advance and Springer water resour. Mgmt: DOI retreat of Dokriani Glacier, Garhwal 10.1007/s11269-009-9436-z Himalaya, India. In: “Geomorphology Bhandari, S., and Khare, N. (2009) in India”, (Pof. Savindra Singh Investigations of the seasonally Felicitated Volume, Ed Sharma and oscillating sea-ice edge over the Kale) Allahabad, pp. 409-424 Southern Ocean on Oceansat-1 Das, S.K., Jayaraman, A and Mishra, A. MSMR and QuikSCAT observations. (2008) “Fog-induced variations in Indian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 63 aerosol optical and physical properties (2), pp. 221-228 over the Indo-Gangetic Basin and Berthier, E., Arnaud, Y., Kumar, R., Ahmad, impact to aerosol radiative forcing.” S., Wagnon, P., Chevallier, P. (2007) Ann. Geophys.: 26, 1345-1354. Remote sensing estimates of glacier Das, S.K.;Dobhal, D.P. and Juyal,N.(2010) mass balances in the Himachal variability of aerosol optical depth and Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India). recent recessional trend in Dokriani Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. Glacier, Bhairathi valley, garhwal 108 (3), pp. 327-33 Himalaya. Curr Sci Vol.99, No. 12, Bhutiyani M.R., V.s. Kale, N.J. Pawar, (2007): pp1816-1821 Long-Term trends in maximum, Dharwadkar, A., Ravindra, R., Jayapaul, D., minimum and mean annual air Jayaram, S., Golani, P.R., Ravikant, temperature across the North western V. (2010) Report on the glaciological Himalaya during twentieth century. studies carried out during XXIII Indian Climate Change, 159-177. Antarctic Expedition. Technical report Bhutiyani M.R., V.s. Kale, N.J. Pawar, (2008): of the XXIII Indian Scientific Expedition Changing stream flow patterns in the to Antarctica. Technical Pub No 21. rivers of north western Himalaya: 13

Dimri, A.P., S.K. Dash., (2010) Winter sciences, Montpellier, France. 22-24 temperature and precipitation trends in November 2005, International the Saichen Glacier. Current Science: Hydrological Programme, Technical 1620-1625. documents in Hydrology No 80, pp. Dobhal, D.P. (2010) Climate Change and 53-63 Glacier Retreat in the Himalaya, India Ganjoo R.K and Koul M.N. (2009) Is the – an Overview. In Book: Climate Siachen Glacier melting? Current Change at the Third Pole: The Impact Science, Vol. 97 (3), pp. 309-310 of Climate Instability on Himalayan Ganjoo, R.K (2008) Glaciers and global Ecosystems and Himalayan warming. Eternal India, Vol. 1 (3), pp. Communities (Ed V. Shiva and V.K. 139 - 149. Bhatt), pp. 67-77 Ganjoo, R.K (2010) A Himalayan goof-up or Dobhal, D.P. and Mehta Manish (2008) Snout corporate mala fides? Eternal India, fluctuation of Dokriani Glacier (1962- Vol 3 (6), pp. 64 - 68 2007) vis-‘a vis the impact of climate Ganjoo, R.K (2010) Is Anthropogenic global change. Himalayan Geology, vol. 29 warming real?. Eternal India, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 23-25 (4), pp. 139 - 147 Dobhal, D.P. and Mehta, Manish (2010) Ganjoo, R.K and Koul M.N (2009) Status Surface morphology, elevation report on glaciers of Ladakh region, J changes and Terminus retreat of & K State, India. Dokriani Glacier, Garhwal Himalaya: Gaur, M.P. and Prasad, A.V.K. (2007) implication for climate change. Glaciological studies in Schirmacher Himalayan Geology, vol. 31(1), pp. 71- Oasis, CDML, East Antartcica during 78 the 21st Indian expedition. In: Twenty Dobhal, D.P. Chaujar, R.K and Gergan, J.T. first Indian Expedition to Antarctica, (2009) Glacial geomorphology of Scientific Report, Ministry of Earth Dokriani glacier, Bhagirathi river basin, Sciences, Tech. Pub. No.19, pp. 173- Garhwal Himalaya,), In Proceedings of 179 National Seminar on Management GSI (2009): Inventory of Himalayan glaciers. Strategies for the Indian Himalaya: Eds: C.V Sangewar and S.P Shukla, Development and Conservation, vol. special publication no. 34 Geological 1, pp. 236-253 Survey of India. 588. Dobhal, D.P., Gergan, J.T. and Thayyen, R.J Gurung D.R., A.V. Kulkarni, A. Giriraj, K.S. (2008) Mass balance studies of the Aung, B. Shresstha and J. Srinivasan Dokriani Glacier from 1992 to 2000, (2011) : Changes in seasonal snow Garhwal Himalaya, India. Bulletin of cover in Hindu Kush-Himalayan Glaciological Research. Japanese region. The Cryosphere Discuss., 5, Society of snow and ice, vol.25, pp. 9- pp 755-777 17 Gupta, R.P. Haritashya, U.K., Singh, P. (2005) Dohal, D.P., M. Mehta. (2008) Snout Mapping dry/wet snow cover in the fluctuation of Dokriani Glacier (1962- Indian Himalayas using IRS 2007) vis-à-vis the impact of climate multispectral imagery. Remote change. Himalayan Geology, 23-25 Sensing of Environment, Vol.97 (4), Dobhal, D.P., Gergan, J.T. and Thayyen, R.J; pp. 458-469 (2007) Recession and Mass balance Gupta, R.P., Ghosh, A., Haritashya, U.K. fluctuations of Dokriani glacier from (2007) Empirical relationship between 1991 to 2000, Garhwal Himalaya, near-IR reflectance of melting India, In: International seminar seasonal snow and environmental “Climatic and Anthropogenic impacts temperature in a Himalayan basin. on water resources variability of water Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. resources”, The Laboratory Hydro 107 (3), pp. 402-413 14

Gusain, H.S., Singh, K.K., Mishra, V.D., rapid static and kinematic GPS survey. Srivastava, P.K. and Ganju, A. (2009) Current Science : 258-262. Study of surface energy and mass Singh, D., Vimlesh (2009). Pant Scavenging of balance at the edge of the Antarctic atmospheric ions and aerosols by ice sheet during summer in Dronning drifting snow in Antarctica. Maud Land, East Antarctica. Antarctic Atmospheric Research, Vol 91 (2-4a), Science, pp. 215-218 doi:10.1017/S0954102009001989 Keshri, A., Shukla, A., and Gupta, R.P. (2009) Haritashya, U.K., Singh, P., Kumar, N., Gupta, ASTER ratio indices for supraglacial R.P. (2006) Suspended sediment from terrain mapping. International Journal the Gangotri Glacier: Quantification, of Remote Sensing, 30 (2), pp. 519– variability and associations with 524 discharge and air temperature. Journal Koul M.N. and Ganjoo R.K (2009) Quaternary of Hydrology, Vol. 321 (1-4), pp. 116- glacial history of Baspa valey, Kinnar 130 Himalaya, Himachal Pradesh. Hedge, P., Pant, P., Naja, M., Dumka, U.C. Geomorphology in India, pp. 425-432 and Sagar, R.(2007), “South Asian Koul, M.N. and Ganjoo, R.K. (2009) Impact of dust episode in June 2006: Aerosol inter- and intra-annual variation in observations in the central Himalays” weather parameters on mass balance Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L23802. and equilibrium line altitude of Naradu Heimsath, Arjun M. and Robert McGlynn. Glacier (Himachal Pradesh), NW (2008) Quantifying periglacial erosion Himalaya, India, Climate Change, in the Nepal high Himalaya. Springer, 2009.40 Geomorphology, Vol. 97 (1-2), pp. 5- Koul M.N. and Ganjoo R.K. (2010) Impact of 23 inter and intra-annual variation in IPCC (2007) : Fourth Assessment report of the weather parameters on mass balance Intergovernmental Panel on Climate and equilibrium line altitude Naradu Change . Synthesis Report glacier (Himachal Pradesh), NW Joshi, V (2009) Application of bio-engineering Himalaya, India. Climatic Change, Vol. techniques in landslide mitigation and 99, pp. 119-139 slope stability in Himalayas. In Koul, M.N., Ganjoo, R.K., Dhinwa., P.S., Handouts of SAARC training program Pathan, S.K., Ajai (2007b) Use of geo- in bioengineering methods for informatics for preparation of a landslide hazard mitigation. desertification status map of stod Kathmandu, Nepal, pp. 197-210 valley (1F4C2), Padam (Zanskar), Joshi, V and Sharma, A.K., (2007) Landslide District Kargil, J & K State and earthquake induced disasters in Kulkarni, Anil,V.; B.P. Rathore, S.K. Singh and Sikkim-Darjeeling himalaya in 2006. I.M. Bahuguna ( 2011): Understanding Hima-paryavaran, Vol 19(1), pp.15-17 changes in the Himalayan Cryosphere Juyal,N., R.K. Pant; N. Basavaiah; R. using remote sensing techniques. Int. Bhusank; M. Jain,; N.K. Saini, M.G. Jour. Remote Sensing , Vol. 32, No3, Yadava and A.k.Singhvi ( 2009) 601-615. Reconstruction of Last Glacial to early Kulkarni, A.V., Bahuguna, I.M., Rathore, B.P., Holocene monsoon variability from Singh, S.K., Randhawa, S.S., Sood, relict lake sediments of the Higher R.K., Dhar, Sunil. (2007) Glacial Central Himalaya, Uttrakhand, India. retreat in Himalaya using Indian Jour. Asian earth Sci. (34) pp 437-449 Remote Sensing satellite data. Current Kumar, K., R.K. Dumka, D.S. Mirala, G.S. Science, Vol. 92 (1), pp. 69-74 Satyal, M. Pant (2008) Estimation of Kulkarni, A.V., Rathore, B.P., Mahajan, S., retreat rate of Gangotri Glacier using Mathur, P. (2005) Alarming retreat of Parbati glacier, Beas basin, Himachal 15

Pradesh. Current Science, Vol. 88 Marshall, G.J., Battista, S., Sushant S.N., M. (11), pp. 1844 - 1850 Thamban (2009) Analysis of a regional Kulkarni, A.V., Rathore, B.P., Singh, S.K., Ajai change in the sign of the SAM- (2010) Distribution of seasonal snow temperature relationship in Antarctica. cover in central and western Climate Dynamics, doi: Himalaya. Annals of Glaciology, 10.1007/s00382-009-0682-9 Vol.51 (54) Milap C. Sharma (2009) Himalayan glacier and Kulkarni, A.V., Singh, S.K., Mathur, P., Mishra, climate change: a case of V.D. (2006) Algorithm to monitor snow misunderstood Science. Think India, cover using AWiFS data of Vol 12 (4), pp. 80-87. RESOURCESAT - 1 for the Himalayan Mitra, A., Das, I.M.L. (2007) Simulation of region. International Journal of Antarctic sea ice (2007) Current Remote Sensing, Vol. 27 (12), pp. Science, Vol.92 (3), pp 345-350 2449-2457 Naik, S.S., M. Thamban, D’Souza, W., Laluraj, Kumar, K., Miral, M.S., Joshi, Sneh., Pant, N., C.M., Rajakumar, A., and Chaturvedi, Joshi, V., Joshi, L.M., (2008) Solute A (2009) Influence of climatic dynamics of meltwater of Gangotri teleconnections on the temporal glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, India. isotopic variability as recorded in a firn Environmental geology, Vol. 58(6), pp. core from the central Dronning Maud 1151-1159 Land, East Antarctica. Journal of Earth Kumar Rajesh, Hasnain S.L., Wagnon P., System Science, Vol. 119, pp. 1-9 Arnaud Y.,Chevallier P, Linda A., and Nainwal, H. C., Chaudhary, M., Rana, N.,. Sharma P. (2007) Climate Change Negi, B. D. S, Negi, R. S., Juyal N. signals detected through mass and Singhvi A. K. (2007) Chronology balance measurement on benchmark of the Late Quaternary glaciation glacier,Himachal Pradesh, India. In around Badrinath (upper Alaknanda Climatic and anthropgenic impacts on Basin): Preliminary observations. the variability of water resources. G Current Science, Vol. 93, pp. 90-96. Mahe ( Sci. Ed). Technical Document Nainwal, H.C., Negi, B.D.S., Chaudhary, M, in Hydrology No 80, UNESCO. Pp 65- Sajwan, K.S. and Gaurav Amit (2008) 74. Temporal changes in rate of Laluraj C.M., M.Thamban., S.S. Naik., B.L. recession: Evidences from Satopanth Redkar., A. Chaturvedi and R. and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers, Ravindra (2010) Nitrate records of a Uttarakhand using Total Station shallow ice core from East Antarctica: Survey, Current Science, Vol. 94 (5) atmospheric processes, preservation Negi, H.S., Kulkarni, A.V., Prajapati, R.P., and climatic implications. Holocene Singh, S.K. and Sharma, J.K., (2006) DOI -10.1177.1-6 Effect of contamination and mixed Laluraj, C.M., M.Thamban, Mohan, R., Naik, objects on snow reflectance using S.S., W.D’ Souza, Ravindra, R.and spectroradiometer. Scientific note Chaturvedi, A. (2008) Characterisation RSAM/SAC/RESIPA/MWRG-GLI/SN- and origin of microparticles in the ice 25/2006, SAC Ahmedabad core from the Central Dronning Maud Negi, H.S., Kulkarni, A.V., Semwal B.S. (2009) Land, East Antarctica. Environmental Study of contaminated and mixed Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 149, objects snow reflectance in Indian pp. 377-383 Himalaya using spectroradiometer. Linda A., (2008) Snow and ice mass budget of International Journal of Remote Chotta Shigri glacier, Lahul-Spiti Sensing, Vol. 30 (2), pp. 315-325 valley, Himachal Pradesh 2003-2007. Pandithurai, G., Dipu, S., Dani, K.K., Tiwari, Ph. D. Thesis, JNU S., Bisht, D.S., Devara, P.C.S. and Pinker, R.T., (2008) “Aerosol radiative 16

forcing during dust events over New Research in India, The Indian Report Delhi, India.” J. Geophys. Res.: 113, to IUGS, INSA (Ed Singhvi et al) D13209 Ravindra, Rasik (2011): India in Arctic and Pant, R. K., Juyal, N., Basavaiah N. and Antarctic and its Geopolitical Singhvi A. K. (2006) Late Quaternary significance. Proceedings National glaciation and seismicity in the Higher Conf. on Sc. and Geopolitics of Arctic Central Himalaya: evidence from and Antarctic, 14-15, Jan., New Delhi Shalang basin (Goriganga), pp 40-45. Uttranchal. Current Science, vol. 90, Ravindra, Rasik and Anoop Tiwari (2011): pp. 1500-1505. India’s interest in Arctic and Rai, S., Khare, N., Pandey A.C. (2008) Antarctica. (In: Ed. Col Harjeet Antarctica sea ice variability and Singh). Pentagon’s South Asia southeast Indian ocean SST: Possible Defence and Strategic Year Book relationship. Indian Journal of Marine Reddy, P.V.V., Rao, S.S.S.N., Praibha, M.S., Sciences, Vol. 37 (1), pp. 35 - 39 Sailaja, B., Kavya, B., Manorama, Rai., S and Pandey, A.C. (2006) Antarctic sea R.R., Singh, S.M., Srinivas, T.N.R., ice variability in recent years and its Shivaji, S. (2009) Bacterial diversity relationship with Indian Ocean Sea and bioprospecting for cold-active Surface Temperature. J. Ind. enzymes from culturable bacteria Geophys. Union, Vol.10 (3), pp. 219- associated with sediment from a melt 229 water stream of Midtre Lovenbreen Raina, V.K (2008): Glacial mass balance glacier, an Arctic glacier. Research in studies in Himalayas. Proceedings of Microbiology, 160 (2009), 538-546 International workshop on snow, ice, Sangewar, C.V (2007) Review of the work glaciers and avalanches, IIT Bombay done by Glaciology Division. Extended Raina, V.K and Deepak Srivastava (2008): abstracts, Records GSI Vol. 141 (8), Glacier Atlas of India. Geological pp. 156 – 157 Society of India publication. pp 1 - 311 Sangewar C.V. and Shukla S.P., (2009) Raina, V.K and Sangewar C.V (2007) Siachen Inventory of the Himalayan glaciers Glacier of Karakoram Mountains, (An Updated Edition), Geol. Surv. Ladakh – Its Secular Retreat, J. Geol. India Spl. Pub., No. 34, p. 588 Soc. India, 70, pp. 11–Ramanathan, Sharma, A.K., Joshi, V., Kumar, K (2010) Use V., Ramanna, M, V., Roberts, G., Kim, of remote sensing and GIS in disaster D, Corrigan, C., Chung, C. and management in Gangtok area, Sikkim. Winker, D., (2007), “Warming trends in GIS development, Vol 6(16) Asia amplified by brown cloud solar Shivaji, S.; Akbar Pathan, Bhaskar Bharda absorption.” Nature: 448, 575-578. (2009): Diversity of yeasts from Rathore, B.P. Kulkarni, A.V., Sherasia, N.K. Puddles in the vicinity of Midre (2009) Understanding future changes Lovenbreen Glacier, Arctic and in snow and glacier melt runoff due to Bioprospecting for enzymes and fatty global warming in Wangar Gad basin, acids. Cuur Microbiol DOI India. Current Science, Vol. 97 (7), pp. 10.1007/s00284=009-9543-3. 1077 – 1081 Shekhar, M.S., H.Chand, S.Kumar, Ravindra, Rasik (2008): Antarctic Earth K.Srinivasan, A. Ganju, (2010) Science-Indian effort. Golden Jubilee Climate-Change studies in the Memoir of the Geological Society of Western Himalaya. Annals of India, No 66, pp 521-538 Glaciology: 105-112 Ravindra, Rasik; Thamban Meloth, Rahul Shrivastava, P.K and Ashthana, R (2008) The Mohan & M.J.D’Souza Antarctic earth ice sheet dynamics around Dakshin Sciences Indian Perspecvtive. (2008 Gangotri glacier, Schirmacher Oasis, B) In: Glimpses of geosciences East Antarctica vis-à-vis the 17

topography and insolation., In Geological Processes and Climate SCAR/IASC IPY, Open Science Change (Eds: Singh, D.S. and Congress, pp. 138, St. Petersburg, Chhabra, N.L.,) Macmillan Publisher Russia. (In Press) Shukla, A. Arora, M.K., Gupta R.P. (2010) Singh D.S. Vikram Bhardwaj, Amit Awasthi, Synergistic approach for mapping and R Ravindra, (2010). debris-covered glaciers using optical– Hydrogeochemistry of Midre Loven thermal remote sensing data with and Vestre Brogger glacial-fed inputs from Geomorphometric streams, Ny-Alesund, Arctic. Under parameters. Remote Sensing of Review in Environmental Earth Environment, Vol. 114 (7), pp. 1378- Sciences (Springer) 1387 Singh, P., U.K. Haritashya, N. Kumar, (2008) Shukla, A., Gupta, R.P. and Arora M.K. (2010) “Modelling and estimation of different Delineation of debris-covered glacier components of streamflow for boundaries using optical and thermal Gangotri Glacier basin, Himalayas.” remote sensing data. Remote Sensing Hydrlogical Sciences : 309-321 Letters, 1(1), pp. 11–17 Singh, S.M.; Singh ,P. And Ravindra R. Shukla, A., Gupta, R.P. and Arora, M.K. (2009) (2011) Screening of antioxidant Estimation of debris-cover and its potential of Arctic lichens. Polar Biol. ( temporal variation using optical Accepted) satellite sensor data — a case study in Singh,V, Farooqui A., Mehrotra, N.C., Chenab basin, Himalayas. Journal of Ravindra, R., Singh, D.S., Ranhotra, Glaciology, 55 (191), pp. 444–451. P.S., Tewari, R., Jha, N., Kar, R. Shukla, S. P and Mishra, Rakesh (2007) Study (2009). Late Quaternary Climate of of recessional pattern of glaciers in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard-A study based Bhaga basin, Lahaul & Spiti district, on biological proxies at National HP. Extended abstracts, Records GSI conference on Climatic changes Vol. 141 (8), pp. 156 – 158. during the Quaternary: Special Singh, D.S. and Rasik Ravindra (2009a) reference to Polar regions and Depositional Environments of Ny- Southern Ocean at NCAOR, Goa, 22- Alesund Area, Arctic. Paper presented 23 October, 2009, pp 82-83. at National conference on Climatic Srinivas, T.N.R., Rao, Nagesawara S.S.S., changes during the Quaternary: Reddy, P.V.V., Pratibha, M.S., Sailaja, Special reference to Polar regions and B., Kavya, B., Kishore, K.H., Begum, Southern Ocean at NCAOR, Goa, 22- Z., Singh, S.M., Shivaji, S. (2009) 23 October, 2009, pp 84. Bacterial diversity and bioprospecting Singh, D.S. and Rasik Ravindra (2009b) : for cold-active lipases, amylases and Evolution of Midtre Loven Glacier proteases, from culturable bacteria of Region, Ny-Alesund, Arctic. National Kongsfjorden and Ny-Alesund, conference on Quaternary Geological Svalbard, Arctic. Current Microbiology, Processes Natural hazards and DOI 10.1007/s00284-009-9473-0 Climate Change at CAS in Geology, Sunil P.S. and Reddy C.D. Tide-induced University of Lucknow on February, Nivlisen ice shelf movement, East 25-26, 2009, pp 69 Antarctica, from GPS observations In: Singh, D.S. and Rasik Ravindra (2010a) Proceedings International Workshop Geomorphology and palaeoclimate of on snow, ice, glacier and Avalanches, the Ny-Alesund Area, Arctic, Arctic Eds: G. Venkataraman and R. Frontiers 2010 (accepted). Nagarajan, Tata McGraw-Hill Singh, D.S. and Rasik Ravindra (2010b) publishing company limited, New Geomorphology of the Midre Loven Delhi, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp-122-130. Glacier, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, Arctic. 18

Sunil, P.S., Reddy, C.D., Ponraj, M. Dhar, A. Thayyen, R.J, Gergan, J.T and Dobhal, D .P, Jayapaul, D. (2007) GPS (2007) Role of glaciers and snow Determination of the velocity and covered on Headwater River strain-rate fields on schirmacher Hydrology in Monsoon region- Micro Glacier, central Dronning Maud land, scale study of Din Gad catchment Antarctica. Journal of Glaciology, Vol. (Dokriani Glacier) Garhwal, Current 53 (183) science, Vol. 92 (3), pp. 376-382 Sunil, P.S., Reddy, C.D., Ponraj, M., Dhar, A., Tripathi, A.K. & Das, I.M.L. (2008) Simulation Jaypaul, D., Dharwadkar, A. (2009) of Antarctic sea ice area with artificial Recession of Dakshin Gangotri glacier neural network. Indian Journal of snout in Schirmacher Oasis, East Marine Sciences, Vol. 37(10) pp.77-85 Antarctica. Indian Journal of Wagnon P., Linda A., Arnaud Y., Kumar Geosciences, Vol. 63 (2), pp. 229-234 rajesh, Sharma,P., Christian V., Jose Thamban, Laluraj, C. M., K. Mahalinganathan, P.G., Bertheir E., Ramanathan A., B.L. Redkar, S.S. Naik and P.K. Hasnain S.I., and chevalier Pierre Shrivastava (2010) Glacio-chemistry (2007),. Four years of mass balance of surface snow from the Ingrid on Chota Shigri Glacier, Himachal Christensen Coast, East Antarctica, Pradesh, India, a new bench mark and its environmental implications. glacier in the western Himalaya. Antarctic Science, Journal of Glaciology, Vol 53, No 183, doi:10.1017/S0954102010000155 pp 603-611 Thamban., A. Chaturvedi, A. Rajakumar, S. S. Naik, W. D'Souza, A. Singh, S. Rajan and R. Ravindra (2009) Aerosol perturbations related to volcanic eruptions during the past few centuries as recorded in an ice core from the Central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Current Science, Vol. 91, pp. 1200-1207. Thayyen, R.J., Gergan, J.T. (2010): Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: A preliminary study of a “Himalayan catchment”. The Cryosphere : 115- 128. Thayyen, R.J., J.T. Gergan, D.P. Dobhal (2007) “Role of glaciers and snow cover on headwater river hydrology in monsoon regime-Microscale study of Din Gad catchment, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science : 376-382. Thayyen, R.J, Gergan J.T. and Dobhal D.P., (2009) Suspended sediments transfer in a Himalayan headwater stream: Glacier Vs Monsoon, In: Proceeding of the International conference on Water, Environment Energy and Society, Allied publisher, New Delhi, Vol-1 385- 391

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GEODETIC AND GRAVITY STUDIES IN INDIA (2007-2010)

B. Nagarajan1 & V.M. Tiwari2

1Indian Institute of Surveying & Mapping, Survey of India (DST), Hyderabad Email: [email protected] 2 National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR) Uppal Raod, Hyderabad

1. Introduction The GCP Project for redefinition of Horizontal Datum consists of Primary control points at This article summarizes most of the activities of spacing of approximately 250 to 300 km. In all, Indian researchers related to the themes of 292 such precise control points have been International Association of Geodesy (IAG) established, observed and computations during the quadrennium 2007-2010. A number completed during the period under report. of scientific organizations and research These first order control points have been institutions in India are involved in gravity and monumented and protected with fencing. geodetic measurements and their analyses. Numerous efforts by these institutions In the Redefinition of Indian Vertical Datum contributed greatly to improve our knowledge of project, High Precision Levelling forming a crustal deformation phenomena, lithospheric framework covering 45,775 linear km in fore structure, resource exploration, tidal model and and Back direction has already been completed so on. In the following pages, brief description along with Gravity observations on the of the work is presented, which is primarily established bench marks along levelling lines based on institution’s report. by SOI. In all eleven Levelling circuits comprising of twenty nine Levelling lines with 2. Geodetic networks: Reference Frame nineteen junction points have been adjusted and Datum using the least square techniques. A Permanent GPS station with Real Time Data Survey of India has taken new initiatives in the Transmission facilities has been established in field of Geodesy and Geodynamics by Setting Indian Institute of Surveying and Mapping, up of Ground Control Points( GCP ) library for Survey of India Uppal Hyderabad. Continuous Realization of Horizontal Reference system, GPS observations at National Geophysical Redefinition of Indian Vertical Datum, Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad, Indian Augmentation and expansion of Indian Tide Institute of Sciences (IISc) Bangalore and Gauge Network and Real Time GPS Network. Maitri, Indian Antarctic Station serve important Expansion of GPS permanent Station network data sets to IGS and IERS for realising ITRF and setting up new CORS GPS Permanent reference frame. The GPS PS at IISM being station at IISM campus are some of the few on high quality Sheet Rock can also provide initiatives which has been taken by the major inputs towards the realization of department . reference frame.

Under the Modernization of Indian Tide Gauge/ 3. Modernisation of Indian Tide Gauge GPS Network, Survey of India has already Network installed a network of Tide Gauge stations collocated with GPS receivers and real time A great deal of effort has been made for the data transmission facilities through VSAT extension and modernisation of Tide Gauge which has been a major input for Indian Network. Aftermath great earthquake of Tsunami Warning System. Sumatra and subsequent tsunami on 26th December, 2004, SOI has initiated the project 20

entitled “Modernization and expansion of Tide Z Dam Deformation Studies were Gauge Network along Indian coast and its carried for Rihand Dam, for Islands”. Presently 26 state-of-the-art digital Jamrani Dam and SriSailam tide gauges co-located with the dual frequency Dam Projects. GPS receivers at strategic locations all along the Indian Coastline and its Islands are Z Precision survey for ascertaining established. Tidal and GPS data recorded at the Verticality of the minarets of remote locations is being transmitted in real Qutub Minar and Taj Mahal. time to the centrally located hub station at National Tidal Data Centre / National GPS Data Z Tunnel alignment surveys and Centre, Geodetic & Research Branch, SOI, checking of alignment was Dehradun through a dedicated VSAT network. carried out for developmental In SOI Real Time GPS Network at present, projects, namely, Kol Dam, fourteen stations have been configured and a Loharinag Pala HE Project and GPS Geodetic Network has been successfully Tapovan Vishnugad HE Project. established to monitor base line variations for crustal deformation and other associated 5. Geodetic Observations for Earthquake studies. The present network consists of three Studies stations in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, two station in Lakshadweep Islands and other ten Several national research institutes (e.g. IIG, well distributed stations along the east and NGRI, SOI, WIHG, IIG) have established GPS west coast of India. Apart from this, data from a stations for monitoring crustal deformation in network of 42 permanent GPS stations across plate boundary regions like Himalaya and the country is also being received and archived. Andaman. These measurements enrich our The Real Time GPS Data Centre at Faculty of knowledge of earthquakes processes. For Geodesy, IISM, Hyderabad is well equipped example, post Sumatra earthquake monitoring with Real Time Data Processing Software shows deformation of 10-40 cm that allowed to such Trimble Integrity Manager and GPS Net provide recurrence time of M>9 earthquake in and Post processing software such as the Sumatra –Andaman region. GPS Bernese 5.0 & GAMIT. measurements in Andaman also indicated that the transient stresses generated by viscoelastic Survey of India has taken up the first step relaxation process in the lower crust through towards disaster management and mitigation upper mantle are capable of rupturing major by planning to link 21 Geospatial Data Centers faults. Based on far and near field GPS offsets, (GDC’s) through dedicated VSAT intranet this work reveals that substantial segmentation network. Under this network, it has been of slip occurred along the Andaman Islands envisaged to exchange high volume of digital with the southern quarter slipping ~ 15 m in topographical data between GDC’s to the unison with the adjacent Nicobar and Northern central station located at the National Sumatra segments of length ~ 700 km. Geospatial Data Centre (NGDC) located at Following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the Dehradun. GPS velocity at GUMR (southeast of the rupture zone) is 8.6 cm/year, which is 4. Precision Project Surveys for some significantly higher than the Indian plate select sites velocity indicating near-field shallow

postseismic crustal deformation SOI has carried out the precision geodetic In peninsular India, GPS and gravity surveys for ascertaining dam deformation, measurements are being made in Koyna verticality of the minarets of historical region, known of triggered seismicity in monuments, tunnel alignment surveys and in campaign mode. Significant seasonal gravity the various parts of country as mentioned changes are observed, that are also below. corroborated with GPS data. These seasonal

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changes observed in gravity and GPS data Assam. Delineation of old underground coal have important implication on effect of loading mines and study of migration front before and of reservoir and in turn earthquake processes after sand stowing was suggested from gravity in the region. The relatively rapid decay of studies. GPS-measured deformation rates in the 2001 Mw 7.6 Bhuj intraplate earthquake region of 8. Gravity Studies for Geodynamics NW India indicates increasing effective viscosities from 3 x 1018 Pa s in the first 6 The wavelet analysis of bathymetry of western months to 2 x 1019 Pa s of the mantle during offshore covering western Basin, Laxmi ridge, the 6-year observation period, consistent with a Laxmi Basin, Panikkar Ridge, continental slope time and stress-dependent rheology, such as and continental shelf, indicates the nature of power-law flow by dislocation creep. crust of Laxmi Basin as continental. Gravity data across NW Himalaya have been modelled 6. SG and AG Gravity Observations and interpreted to delineate the major tectonic boundaries using wavelet transform and other Two Superconducting Gravimeters (SG) are set spectral methods. Gravity and geoid up as a part of multi parametric geophysical measurements across the arc in the NW – observatories. One is being operated at Guttu, Himalaya show a long wavelength flexure in the in Himalayan region by Wadia Institute of crustal level. This also shows a mid-crustal Himalyan Geology (WIHG), Dehradun and lateral in-homogeneity along the arc as other is set up in Kutchch by Institute of confirmed by the GPS measurements. Seismological Research Gandhinagar. These Computation of gravity-gradiometry tensors SGs are recording Earth’s gravity field with 0.1 have been completed from a regional density μGal accuracy continuously. A series of model across the Western Continental Margin absolute gravity measurements using FG5 of India along with parts of the Alps and the Absolute Gravity meter (AG) have been made Andes. To delineate lithospheric structure, at NGRI, Hyderabad to monitor long-term about 4500 gravity measurements were carried gravity changes and a network of absolute at an interval of 3 to 5 km in a corridor on either gravity stations cutting across India is side of the geotransect from Palani to established and monitored periodically. Kayanakumari. Analysis of gravity anomalies supports the idea that the Achankovil Shear 7. Gravity Survey for Resource exploration Zone is an intra-cratonic litho-tectonic feature and the two provinces across it are related by a National intuitions, Geological Survey of India continual progression in single metamorphic (GSI), ONGC, OIL, NGRI and other exploration terrain rather than an ancient geo-suture. The companies are mainly engaged in gravity gravity gradient image is derived from the surveys for exploration of natural resources. bouguer anomaly map prepared from newly Some of the target areas are Ganga basin, collected observations combined with earlier Brahmaputra valley, NW India and central gravity data. The horizontal gravity gradient India. A few of them are mentioned below. map of the area south of 140N reveals a Gravity survey is carried out in the Sandur continental mosaic of gravity trends akin to schist belt, south India for iron ore exploration. structural domains such as the Eastern Gravity studies are undertaken in the Dharwar Craton, the Eastern Ghats Mobile Narayanpet kimberlite field. More than 5000 of Belt, the extended Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, gravity measurements are made in the eastern the Southern Granulite Terrain, and the part of the Deccan syneclise covered with a Western Dharwar Craton grid spacing of ~4 Sq. kms. Modelling of gravity anomalies provided a 3D basement 9. Tools and Application Development configuration of the eastern part of Ganga Basin, Three dimensional modeling of the A method for optimal designing of 2-D gravity gravity anomalies was carried out to delineate survey network is proposed and used in the the basement undulations Sadiya Block, Upper gravity studies over Jabera-Damoh region of 22

the Vindhyan Basin, which is considered as a implications. Study of the morphological potential hydrocarbon bearing area. A scheme characteristics patterns and their correlation to using Lp norm modified Voronoi tessellation is different spreading rates over the Carlsberg developed that circumvent the need of several ridge has been carried out. A 3D lithospheric polygons to construct the causative bodies in density model of the southern part of the modeling of gravity anomalies. Inversion Andaman-Sumatra subduction zone is build techniques and computer programs are from joint modeling of satellite derived gravity developed for the calculation of listric fault and geoid data. The extent of subduction and structure with variable density. A computer depth increases from the north to the south with program is developed to compute regional and reference to the trench. Southward from 100N residual anomalies from gravity data by the presence of Ninety East Ridge is reflected implementing the finite elements method. in the flattening of the anomaly curve on the MATLAB codes are written to compute Gravity subducting plate. Gradient Tensors (GGT) due to arbitrary shaped bodies and also to derive GGT from The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment gravity data. (GRACE) satellite data are analyzed for hydrological changes. Using eight years of 10. Local Gravimetric Geoid GRACE data total water storage variability over India is computed. Temporal changes in the Precise information of geoid undulation is vital earth’s gravity field as recorded by GRACE for determining orthometric height using GPS Satellite Mission reveals large scale mass loss and understanding the subsurface mass that is attributed to excessive extraction of distribution of the earth. There are global groundwater. Besides, hydrological gravity models that allow determining geoidal applications, GRACE data are also used to undulations; however, the global models are understand co-seimic deformation due to large constrained by spatial resolutions. Thus mega-thrust earthquakes in the subduction determination of geoid heights over local area zones. is obtained through the GPS- leveling observations or calculated from terrestrial 12. Mapping of Sea Bottom Topography gravity values. Gravimetric geoid using spherical FFT is computed in two regions of Detailed bathymetry modelling has been India; one over South India region, where a carried out over a part of the western offshore large geoidal depression exists and other in including Bombay High with high resolution northern Indian region. Computed gravimetric gravity data. Comparison of satellite-derived geoid is compare with global model and with predicted and available in-situ bathymetry for geoid determined from GPS-leveling data. three profiles over Bombay High region shows satisfactory results. 11. Satellite Gravimetry and Its Application Related Publications Satellite altimeter-derived geoid/gravity maps of adjoining ocean of India are prepared. Satellite Agarwal, BNP; Srivastava, S (2010), A altimetry derived gravity data are extensively FORTRAN program to implement the used for exploration studies and lithospheric method of finite elements to compute models over aseismic ridges in the Indian regional and residual anomalies from Ocean. These studies include: geoidal decay gravity data, Computers & o vs. crustal age analysis over the 85 E and Geosciences, 36, 848-Times Cited: 0 Ninetyeast ridge, isostatic mechanism over Ambikapathy A., J.K. Catherine, V.K. Gahalaut, Chagos Laccdive Ridge, studies of rifted M. Narsaiah, A. Bansal, P.Mahesh margins and so on. A composite high resolution (2010) 2007 Bengukulu earthquake, its satellite gravity image has been generated rupture model and implications for covering part of Antarctica to the western Indian offshore to analyze its tectonic 23

seismic hazard, Journal of Earth Catherine J.K., V.K. Gahalaut, A. Ambikapathy, System Science, 119, 553-560. Bhaskar Kundu, C. Subrahmanyam, S. Anand, S. P., Rajaram, M., Majumdar, T. J., Jade, Amit Bansal, R.K. Chadha, M. and Bhattacharyya, R., (2008), Narsaiah, L. Premkishore, D.C.Gupta Structure and Tectonics of 85oE Ridge (2009), 2008 Little Andaman from analysis of Geopotential Data. aftershock: genetic linkages with the Tectonophysics (2008), subducting 90ºE ridge and 2004 doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.036 (Online Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, Publication), 11 p. Tectonophysics, 479, 271-276. Arora B. R., Kamal, Kumar A., Rawat G., Catherine Joshi and Gahalaut, V.K., (2007) Kumar N. and Choubey V. M., 2008. Glimpse of earthquake cycle in First observations of free oscillations of Sumatra-Andaman region, Current the earth from Indian superconducting Science, 92, 114-118. gravimeter in Himalaya, Curr. Sci., 95, Chakravarthi, V., (2010), Gravity anomalies of 1611-1617. 2D fault structures with fault planes Arora K., Rajasekhar R.P. and Mishra D.C.; described by polynomial functions of (2007). ‚Density Models of the Crust arbitrary degree, Current Science, 99, under the Dharwar Granite-Greenstone 654-656. Terrain and the Satpura Mobile Belt: Chakravarthi, V., (2010), Gravity anomalies of Archaean-Proerozoic Analogue of strike limited listric fault sources with Plate Tectonics’; IAGR Memoir no. 10, analytically defined fault planes and 217-225 arbitrary density contrast variations Banerjee, P; Burgmann, R; Nagarajan, B, et al., with depth, Near Surface Geophysics, (2008), Intraplate deformation of the 8, 279-286. Indian subcontinent, Geophysical Chakravarthi, V., (2010), LSTRKFALTG - A Research Letters, 35, L18301, forward modeling code to compute Bansal A.R. (2007) Power law relation of theoretical gravity anomalies of strike bathymetry and gravity roughness with limited listric faults with prescribed age of oceanic crust below ninety east vertical variation in density, Computers Ridge, Indian Journal of Marine & Geosciences, 36, 675-679. Sciences, 36(2), 105-109. Chakravarthi, V., Sundararajan, N., (2007), 3D Bhattacharyya, R, and Majumdar, T J, (2009), gravity inversion of basement relief – A Bathymetry prediction over a part of the depth dependent density approach, Bombay High in the western offshore Geophysics, 72, I 23- I 32. using very high resolution satellite Chakravarthi, V., Sundararajan, N., (2007), gravity data. Current Science, 97 (8), INV2P5DSB - A code for gravity 1152-1161. inversion of 2.5-d sedimentary basins Bhattacharyya, R, Verma, P K, and Majumdar, using depth dependent density, T J, (2009), High resolution satellite Computers & Geosciences, 33, 449- geoids/gravity over the western Indian 456. offshore for tectonics and hydrocarbon Chakravarthi, V., Sundararajan, N., (2007), exploration. Indian Journal of Marine Marquardt optimization of gravity Sciences, 38(1), 116-125. anomalies of anticlinal and synclinal Bhattacharyya, R., Majumdar, T. J., and structures with prescribed depth- Chatterjee, S., (2007), Satellite dependent density, Geophysical geoid/gravity for offshore exploration prospecting, 55, 571–587. over a part of the western Indian Chakravarthi. V., (2008), Gravity inversion of offshore. Paper presented in 2.5D faulted beds using depth PETROTECH-2007, New Delhi, Jan. dependent density, Current Science, 15-19, 2007. 95, 1618-1622.

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Chakravarthi. V., (2009), Automatic gravity over the Indian offshore regions – inversion for simultaneous estimation accuracies and implication to of model parameters and regional subsurface modeling. Marine Geodesy, gravity background: An application to 30, 197-216. 2D pull-apart basins, Current Science, Chatterjee, S., Bhattacharyya, R., and 96, 1349-1360. Majumdar, T. J., 2007a, Generation Chakravarthi. V., (2009), Gravity anomalies of and study of high resolution satellite pull-apart basins having finite strike gravity over the Sumatran earthquake length with depth dependent density: A region. International Journal of Remote ridge regression inversion, Near Sensing (Tsunami Edition), V. 28, Nos. Surface Geophysics, 7, 217-226. 13 & 14, July 2007, pp. 2915 – 2925. Chakravarthi. V., Sundararajan, N., (2008), Gahalaut, V.K., C. Subrahmanyam, B.Kundu, TODGINV - A code for gravity J.K.Catherine, A.Ambikapathy, (2010) optimization of anticlinal and synclinal Slow rupture in Andaman during 2004 structures with parabolic density Sumatra-Andaman earthquake: contrast, Computers & Geosciences, consequence of subduction of 90ºE 34, 955-966. ridge, Geophysical Journal Chamoli A and Dimri VP (2007), Evidence of International, 180, 1181-1186. continental crust over Laxmi basin Gahalaut, V.K., J.K.Catherine, Sridevi Jade, R. (Arabian Sea) using wavelet analysis, Gireesh, D.C.Gupta, M Narsaiah, A Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, Ambikapathy, A. Bansal, R.K.Chadha, 36(2), 117-121. (2008) No evidence of unusually large Chamoli A, Bansal AR and Dimri VP (2007), postseismic deformation in Andaman Wavelet and rescaled range approach region immediately after 2004 for the Hurst coefficient for short and Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, long time series, Computer & Geophys. Res. Letters, 35, L10307, Geosciences, 33, 83-93. doi:10.1029/2008GL033704. Chamoli, A., (2009), Wavelet Analysis of Gahalaut, V.K., Kalpna (2007), Burma Plate Geophysical Time Series, e-Journal motion, Journal of Geophysical Earth Science India, 2(IV), 258-275, Research (Solid Earth). 112, B10402, http://www.earthscienceindia.info/; doi:10.1029/2007JB004928. ISSN: 0974-8350. Gahalaut, V.K., S.Jade, J.K.Catherine, Chandrasekhar, D.V, Roland Bürgmann, R.Gireesh, M.B. Ananda, P. Dileep Reddy, C. D., Sunil, P. S., David A Kumar, M.Narsaiah, S.S.H.Jafri, Schmidt, (2009), Weak mantle in NW A.Ambikapathy, A.Bansal, India probed by geodetic R.K.Chadha, D.C.Gupta, B.Nagarajan, measurements following the 2001 Bhuj S.Kumar, (2008), GPS measurements earthquake, Earth and Planetary of postseismic deformation in the Science Letters, 280, 229–235. Andaman-Nicobar region following the Chatterjee, S, Bhattacharyya, R, and giant 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Majumdar, T J, 2007b, Utilization of earthquake, J.Geophysical Research high resolution satellite gravity over the (Solid Earth), 113, B08401, Carlsberg Ridge. Marine Geophysical doi:10.1029/2007JB005511. Res., DOI 10.1007/s11001-007-9033- Gopal, R, (2007), Three-dimensional mapping 6, October 2007, 9 p. (Journal Volume: of Hanseran evaporite bed from Dec. 2007, V. 28, No. 4, pp. 309-317). Bouguer anomaly over Ganganagar basin, Rajasthan, Journal Of The Chatterjee, S, Bhattacharyya, R, and Geological Society Of India, 70, Majumdar, T J, 2007c, Validation of 1003-1014. ERS-1 and high resolution satellite Jade, S; Mukul, M; Bhattacharyya, AK, et al. gravity with in-situ ship-borne gravity (2007), Estimates of interseismic 25

deformation in Northeast India from 26(th) January 2001 earthquake in GPS measurements, Earth And Bhuj region of Gujarat , Journal Of The Planetary Science Letters, 263, 221- Geological Society Of India, 70 912- 234. 916. Jade, S; Vijayan, MSM; Gupta, SS, et al. Mahesh, P., Amit Bansal, B. Kundu, (2007), Effect of the M 9.3 Sumatra- V.K.Gahalaut (2011) Mechanism of Andaman islands earthquake of 26 M7.5 (2009), Coco earthquake, north December 2004 at several permanent Andaman region, Journal of Geological and campaign GPS stations in the Society of India, 77, 243-251. Indian continent, International Journal Mahesh, P., Bhaskar Kundu, J.K.Catherine, Of Remote Sensing, 28 3045-3054. V.K.Gahalaut, (2011) Anatomy of the Jade, S; Vijayan, MSM; Gupta, SS, et al. (2009), Fiordland earthquake (Mw 7.8), (2007), Effect of the M 9.3 Sumatra- South Island, New Zealand Andaman islands earthquake of 26 Geoscience Frontires, 2, 17-22. December 2004 at several permanent Majumdar, T. J., and Bhattacharyya, R., (2010), and campaign GPS stations in the Generation and study of satellite Indian continent, International Journal gravity over Gujarat, India and their Of Remote Sensing, 28, 3045-3054. possible correlation with earthquake Khan, PK; Chakraborty, PP, (2007), The occurrences. Geocarto International, seismic b-value and its correlation with 25 (4), July 2010, 269–280. Bouguer gravity anomaly over the Majumdar, T. J., and Chander, S., (2010), Shillong Plateau area: Tectonic Simulation of SARAL (Satellite with implications, Journal Of Asian Earth ArRgos and ALtika) resolution gravity Sciences, 29, 136-147. over the western Indian offshore for Krishna, K S, Laju, M, Bhattacharyya, R, and geological/structural interpretation. Majumdar, T J, (2009), Study of geoid Geocarto International, 1–14, DOI: and gravity anomaly data of conjugate 10.1080/10106049.2010.535617. regions of Bay of Bengal and Enderby Mishra DC and Rajasekhar RP (2008), Gravity Basin – new constraints on breakup and Magnetic Signatures of Proterozo and spreading history between India RiftedMargins: Bundelkhand Craton and Antarctica. . Journal of and Bijawar and Mahakoshal Group of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Rocks and Vindhyan Basin and their B03102, doi:10.1029/2008JB005808. Extension under Ganga Basin , J. Kumar N., Singh AP, and Singh B (2009) Geol. Soc. India, 71, 3, 377-387. Structural fabric of the southern Indian Mishra, D.C. Mishra , V.M. Tiwari and B. Singh, shield as defined by gravity trends. J (2008), Geological Significance of Asian Earth Sciences, 34: 577-585. Gravity Studies in India, Golden Jubilee Kumar N., Singh AP, Prabhakar Rao MRK, Memoir Geol. Soc. Ind., 329-372. Chandrasekhar DV and Singh B Mishra, DC; Rajasekhar, RP, (2008), Gravity (2009), Gravity signature, derived and magnetic signatures of proterozoic crustal structure and tectonics of rifted margins: Bundelkhand Craton Achankovil Shear Zone, South India. and Bijawar and Mahakoshal group of Gondwana Research, 16: 45-55. rocks and Vindhyan basin and their Kumar, K; Dumka, RK; Miral, MS, et al., (2008), extension under Ganga basin, Journal Estimation of retreat rate of Gangotri Of The Geological Society Of India, 71, glacier using rapid static and kinematic 377-387 GPS survey Mukul, M; Jade, S; Bhattacharyya, AK, et al., Author(s): (2010) Crustal Shortening in Source: Current Science, 94, 258-262. Convergent Orogens: Insights from Likhar, S; Kulkarni, MN; Sakr, K, (2007),Crustal Global Positioning System (GPS) deformation studies in the area of the Measurements in Northeast India, 26

Journal Of The Geological Society Of Rajesh, S, and Majumdar, T J, (2009), Geoid India, 75, 302-312. height versus topography of the Mullick, M; Riguzzi, F; Mukhopadhyay, D, Northern Ninetyeast Ridge: (2009), Estimates of motion and strain implications on crustal compensation. rates across active faults in the frontal Marine Geophysical Research, DOI part of eastern Himalayas in North 10.1007/s11001-010-9088-7. Bengal from GPS measurements Reddy C.D. and Sunil, P.S, (2008), Post Terra Nova, 21, 410-415. seismic crustal deformation and strain Patel, PR; Kulkarni, MN, (2008), Preliminary rate in Bhuj region, western India, after results of gps studies for monitoring the 26th January 2001 earthquake, land subsidence over the shallow gas Geophys. J. Int. 172,593-606. reservoir in India Reddy C. D., Sanjay K. Prajapati, Teruyuki Survey Review, 40, 356-365. Kato, (2009), A rheological model of Pollitz, F; Banerjee, P; Grijalva, K, et al., post-seismic response due to 2004 (2008), Effect of 3-D viscoelastic Sumatra-Andaman earthquake: structure on post-seismic relaxation Contribution from low viscosity from the 2004 M=9.2 Sumatra lithosphere, Journal of Earthquake and earthquake Tsunami, 3(1), 25-34. Geophysical Journal International, Reddy, C.D and Sanjay K. Prajapati, (2009), 173, 189-204. GPS measurements of post-seismic Radhakrishna, M; Lasitha, S; Mukhopadhyay, deformation due to October 8, 2005 M, (2008), Seismicity, gravity Kashmir earthquake, Journal of anomalies and lithospheric structure of Seismology, 13, 415-420. the Andaman arc, NE Indian Ocean, Reddy, C.D., Prajapati, S.K., Sunil, P.S., Tectonophysics, 248-262 (2010), Co and post seismic Radhakrishna, M; Subrahmanyam, C; characteristics of Indian subcontinent in Damodharan, T, (2010), Thin oceanic response to the 2004 Sumatra crust below Bay of Bengal inferred from earthquake, Journal of Asian Earth 3-D gravity interpretation, Sciences, doi: Tectonophysics, 493, 93. 10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.04.019. Rajasekhar, R.P. and Mishra D.C, (2008), Sarkar, RK; Saha, DK; Chowdhuri, SN (2008), Crustal structure of Bengal Basin and Identification and Mapping of the Intra Shillong Plateau: Extension of Eastern crustal Density Interfaces of a part of ghat and Satpura mobile belts to Kumaun-Garhwal Himalaya from Himalayan fronts and seismotectonics, Harmonic Inversion of Bouguer Gondwana Research, 14, 523-534. Anomaly,Himalayan Geology, 29, 81- Rajasekhar, R.P. and Mishra D.C, (2008), 85. Crustal structure of Bengal Basin and Singh S.K., Nagarajan. B and Garg P.K.,2007, Shillong Plateau: Extension of Eastern Determination of local gravimetric ghat and Satpura mobile belts to geoid, Coordinates Vol. III, 14-19. Himalayan fronts and seismotectonics, SOI, (2008), Annual Geomagnetic Bulletin Gondwana Research, 14, 523-534. containing the hourly values of Rajendran, CP; Rajendran, K; Anu, R, et al., geomagnetic parameters was (2007), Crustal deformation and published for the year 2006 and 2007. seismic history associated with the SOI, (2010), Indian Tide Table and Hugli River 2004 Indian ocean earthquake: A Tide Table containing the High-Low perspective from the Andaman-Nicobar water times and heights were Islands, Bulletin Of The Seismological published annually during the period Society Of America, 97, S174- under report. S191. Sreejith, K.M., Krishna, K.S., Bansal, A. R., (2008), “Structure and isostatic 27

compensation of the Comorin Ridge, Tiwari V.M., R.P. Rajasekhar and D.C. Mishra, north central Indian Ocean”, (2009), Gravity Anomaly, Lithospheric Geophysical Journal International, 175, Structure and Seismicity of Western 729-741. Himalayan Syntaxis, J. Seismology , Srivastava, R.P.,Vedanti, Nimisha., Pandey, DOI 10.1007/s10950-008-9102-6. O.P., and Dimri,V.P., (2008),”Detailed Tiwari, V. M. (2010), On some recent gravity studies over Jabera-Damoh applications of Gravimetry to Earth region of the Vindhyan basin, central Sciences, J. Soc. Earth Sciences, Ind., India and crustal evolution.” J. 3(I), 43-53. Geological Soc of India, 73,715-723. Wahr J., Tiwari V. M. and Swenson S., (2009), Sunil, PS; Radhakrishna, M; Kurian, PJ, et al. Monitoring groundwater variability from (2010) Crustal structure of the western space: the GRACE satellite gravity part of the Southern Granulite Terrain mission, IAHS Publ. 330, 263-270. of Indian Peninsular Shield derived from gravity data, Journal Of Asian Earth Sciences, 551-564. Sunil, PS; Reddy, CD; Ponraj, M, et al., (2007), GPS determination of the velocity and strain-rate fields on Schirmacher Glacier, central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica Journal Of Glaciology, 53, 558-564. Tiwari V. M., B. Singh, K. Arora, S. Kumar, (2010), The Potential of Satellite Gravity and Gravity Gradiometry in Deciphering Structural Setting of the Himalayan Collision Zone, Curr. Sci. 99, 1795- 1800. Tiwari V. M., Wahr J.M. and Swenson S, (2009), Dwindling groundwater resources in northern Indian region, from satellite gravity observations, Geoph. Res. Lett., 36, L18401, doi:10.1029/2009GL039401. Tiwari V. M., Wahr J.M., Feb, (2010), A short note on application of GRACE Satellite Gravity Mission for periodic assessment of groundwater storage, Proc. Ground Water Resource Estimation, IIT Delhi. Tiwari V.M., and D.C. Mishra, (2008), Isostatic Compensation of Continental and Oceanic Topographies of Indian Lithosphere, Memoir 68 Geol. Soc. Ind., 173-190, 2008 Tiwari V.M., I. Grevemeyer, B. Singh and, J. P. Morgan, (2007), Variation of Effective Elastic thickness and melt production along the Deccan-Reunion hotspot track, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.023 28

Indian contributions in the research areas of International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA-IUGG) January 2007 – December 2010

Archana Bhattacharyya

Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Mumbai email: [email protected]

Research carried out by Indian scientists in the 1.2 Electromagnetic induction and electrical field of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy during the conductivity period 2007-2010 dealt with a wide range of Electrical and electromagnetic methods have topics related to the areas covered by the five been found to be useful in delineating divisions of the International Association of sedimentary horizons with potential for Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) extending hydrocarbon that are located below flood basalt from internal magnetic fields to solar wind and provinces, because of the good electrical interplanetary magnetic field. This report is conductivity contrast between basalts and largely based on information provided by a underlying sediments. A joint inversion scheme subset of the nearly 30 centres in India, which incorporating seismic reflection and refraction, are engaged in research in these areas. magnetotelluric (MT), and deep electrical resistivity datasets has been developed. Efficacy 1. Internal Magnetic Fields of the scheme was tested for a model comprising a thin sedimentary layer sandwiched 1.1 Theory of planetary magnetic fields between a thick basalt cover and a granitic basement and joint inversion incorporating all The heat required for driving thermal convection the datasets was found to yield good estimates in the liquid part of planetary cores, which is of the structure. considered as the main source for the generation of magnetic field through a dynamo High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) power process, comes mainly from secular cooling, transmission systems require setting up of latent heat release upon solidification of iron specially designed ground electrodes at terminal alloy, and possibly from radiogenic heat ends of the transmission line to close the circuit sources. For terrestrial planets that have a with an earth return path. The design growing solid inner core, such as the Earth, parameters of these electrodes need the release of lighter elements at the inner core information about the electrical conductivity boundary also contributes to convection through structure within a radius and depth of several km compositional buoyancy force. Difference in of the site in order to ensure that the injected thermal and compositional diffusivities may lead current penetrates deep enough into the earth. to double-diffusive effects, which have been MT and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) studied for the planet Mercury using a double tools have been employed to investigate the diffusive dynamo model. Significant changes in detailed deep and shallow electrical conductivity the resulting magnetic field have been found in structure, respectively, of several potential sites double-diffusive models. Influence of thermal in India. This information has been useful for the and compositional driving sources on double electrode design and the selection of ground diffusive convection for a large Ekman number electrode sites. of 10-3 and moderate Rayleigh numbers has also been studied. MT and Geomagnetic Depth Sounding (GDS) techniques were used to study the sub-surface electrical conductivity structures in different 29 parts of India. Electrical imaging from the soundings, 7600 gravity sites and 600 line kms northern part of Lakshadweep Islands using of seismics. The results clearly show the GDS and Long period MT data has delineated a possible thick (2 km) sub-trappean sediments, mid-crustal conductivity anomaly, which EW oriented, sub-basin in the central and suggests rheological stratification. MT surveys western part of the area, bounded by Tapti carried out over the Shillong plateau and lower lineament in the south and Khandwa lineament Brahmaputra valley in North east India have in the north which might be responsible for the delineated the Dauki fault as a NE–SW striking formation of Mesozoic basin. The results have low angle thrust. The results suggest that a provided information on the complex variation of large fraction of the seismicity over the Shillong Deccan traps, the volcanic plugs etc. Details of plateau is associated with the Dauki thrust, configuration of trap/sediment interface, contrary to the earlier belief that this fault zone is sediment/basement interface provide clues to relatively aseismic. Another significant understand the region from the view point of observation in the eastern syntaxial region is the hydrocarbon potential. delineation of the Mishmi thrust as a high angle thrust. These results when viewed together with Detection of buried sedimentary basins below the observations of the global positioning the trap cover in northwestern part of the system (GPS) studies suggest strong shearing Saurashtra region and large thickness of buried of the Indian lithosphere in the NE Indian region. sediments in southern part of the Kutch region, MT studies also delineated a deep seated EW led to plans to initiate marine investigations in striking thrust south of Jhansi over the the Gulf of Kutch region located between the Bundelkhand craton, which was earlier known to Saurashtra region towards south and the Kutch be a featureless granitic land mass. region towards north. For this purpose, marine MT was applied on an ‘experimental basis’ in An integrated study using vertical resistivity collaboration with SIO, San Diego. The National sounding (VES) and ground magnetic data has Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Goa, has been carried out in Dhule region of Maharashtra undertaken marine seismic studies in the region. to understand the aquifer system and the The data were acquired along selected profiles movement of ground water flow in the Panjhara oriented in near E-W direction and also along watershed. The study indicates the presence of NW-SE direction. The Tertiary sediment carrier and barrier stretches along the dykes. thickness was found from integration of marine VES in the coastal area of Konkan in Kudal- seismics and marine MT data, Malvan region, western Maharashtra indicated extensive influence of saline water intrusion. Successful identification of deeper anomalous conductive feature related to geothermal A new technique based on the Bayesian neural sources in Tatapani in Chattisgarh and Puga in network (BNN) theory using the concept of Jammu and Kashmir, using the MT technique, Hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC)/ Markov Chain has paved the way to search for more Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation scheme is geothermal regions in India. In this direction, developed to interpret 1D and 2D Direct Current Wide band MT study has been taken up (DC) inversion of VES data collected over the covering both AMT and MT frequency range in Koyna region. The HMC-based BNN approach four different regions. The results have brought is fast and turns out to be a promising inversion out anomalous conductive features, both near tool to solve non-linear resistivity problem and the hot springs as well as away from them. the results are useful for interpreting the fracture Based on the geological and tectonic set up, the and lineament in seismically active regions. magnitude of conductivity, its spatial variation etc., the nature of the geothermal source is Geophysical field studies have been conducted inferred. for hydrocarbon exploration in Eastern part of Resourcesat-1 (IRS-P6) LISS-III satellite images the Deccan Syneclise, Central India, covering covering an area of approximately 302,500 sq. an area of 40,000 sq. kms with 350 km in Central India was digitally processed and magnetotelluric (MT) sites, 50 deep resisitivity interpreted to present a schematic map of the

30 geology and to elucidate the structural fabric of poles reported from the Deccan Province the region, in order to supplement the suggesting that the flows and intrusives of the information obtained from seismic, MT, deep Kachchh region are related to Deccan resistivity and gravity surveys. In the present volcanism. Ages of the basic intrusives of study, the remote sensing data of four different Chopan region in southern Uttar Pradesh, which bands were analysed. New features indicated traverse the Archean granitoid and early from Remote Sensing (RS) image analysis were Proterozoic meta-sedimentary rocks of verified by ground checks. The lineaments, Sonbhadra district, were assigned to the dykes indicated from the RS analysis are Palaeo-Proterozoic. Recent Ar/Ar dates correlated with major trends of the subsurface (plagioclase mineral) for two sites of the studied features. region are found to be 2073±2 Ma constraining the present study VGP as well as the Newer Multi-parametric geophysical measurements dolerite dykes VGP. have been initiated near Koyna epicentral zone, Maharashtra, to search for earthquake Palaeomagnetism Laboratory of the National precursors. As a part of this experiment, Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) has continuous monitoring of MT signals: two carried out investigations on the Dyke Swarms electric and three magnetic components in a of Dharwar Craton to find out the India position frequency band of 900 Hz – 0.00033 Hz – have and the Apparent/True Polar Wander Path for been initiated at two locations on either side of India during PaleoProterozoic period. Studies the Koyna fault. From preliminary spectral have been conducted on kimberlites from analysis, and estimation of impedance, apparent eastern Dharwar Craton to find out the position resistivity, and phase parameters no perceptible of Indian subcontinent during Rodinia. variation has been observed which can be Investigations are going on in the areas of claimed as a distinct precursory phenomena Cauvery and Kachchh Basins on related to earthquakes with a magnitude M>4 Magnetostratigraphy to give the age and <5. However, distinct variation is observed assignments and also to fill the gap in the at the time of origin of the earthquakes, which Palaeomagnetism data set between Rajmahal can be considered as co-seismic activity and Deccan Traps and to place the Indian subcontinent in this gap to find out the position 1.3 Palaeomagnetic and Rock Magnetic during this period and also to correlate the studies Magnetostratigraphy of Kachchh sediments with the well established European Mesozoic A state-of-the-art paleomagnetic and rock Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale. magnetic laboratory has been established at the regional center of the Indian Institute of The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) Geomagnetism (IIG) at Allahabad with the technique has been used on samples from the installation of SQUID magnetometer, Vibrating Lonar crater to evaluate the direction and Sample Magnetometer, MFK-1 Kappa bridge, obliquity of meteorite impact on this crater. thermal demagnetizer, magnetic separator, Mineral magnetic properties like concentration triangular polarizing microscope, and petro-thin and magnetic grain sizes were used to study re-sectioning and grinding machine to determine seasonal sediment movement along the paleomagnetic and rock magnetic beaches. Measurements of mineral magnetic characteristics of rocks. Magnetic fabric and properties have been used to identify pollution palaeomagnetic studies on the Pune region hotspots in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai. Deccan flows reveal that the source for the flows Environmental magnetic studies are being belonging to the Bushe Formation could lie west carried out in Himalayas for long term climate of Pune, while that for the Poladpur Formation reconstruction and monsoon studies. could lie in the NNW direction. Pole positions Archaeomagnetic studies are also being carried estimated from the oriented samples of the out where palaeointensity field values using Kachchh rift basin fall close to that of the archaeological artifacts from different parts of Deccan Super Pole and are concordant with the India are determined.

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pressure, humidity, and wind vectors in the height range of 1 km to 45 km.

2.2 Atmospheric tides and waves

2. Aeronomic Phrnomena Studies using the MF radars at the equatorial station Tirunelveli and off-equatorial station 2.1 Middle atmospheric processes Kolhapur were carried out to understand latitudinal structure of atmospheric tides. Radar Lidar measurements of middle atmosphere wind observations from widely spaced stations provided an evidence for the presence of in Japan, Australia, UK and Brazil revealed (i) interaction between planetary wave and significant longitudinal variation of intraseasonal stratospheric circulation during the sudden oscillations (ii) significant longitudinal differences stratospheric warming events. Anomalous in interannual and seasonal variations in tidal relationship between the observed sodium characteristics. The monthly tidal amplitudes airglow intensities and sodium concentrations, from radar observations at Tirunelveli revealed a observed in the low latitude mesosphere during pronounced signature of quasi-biennial coordinated campaigns conducted with an oscillation and a long-term trend in the annual airglow photometer and sodium Lidar, is cycle of the meridional component of winds in explained by the effects due to collisional the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) quenching of the excited states that give rise to region. sodium airglow. Further, investigation with a similar set of observations brings out the 2.3 Equatorial electrojet (EEJ) importance of altitude dependence of the collisional quenching in the determination of Day-to-day variability of the average daytime sodium airglow emission. mesopause temperature and wind has been studied in conjunction with the duration of the Balloon-borne measurements of ultraviolet EEJ (DEEJ) and the time of EEJ maximum dayglow emissions carried out on 8 March 2010 (TEEJ) in the noon hours. Planetary waves are revealed mesospheric gravity wave related found to maximize in amplitude during January- fluctuations whose amplitudes were larger March months and to modulate the mesopause towards equator as compared to the other temperature, zonal wind, duration and peak of regions. Rocket-borne measurements of EEJ nearly simultaneously. Correlations electron density were conducted from between the Integrated EEJ strength and the Sriharikota to study the fine structure of low- equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) parameters latitude mesospheric neutral turbulence. Spectra like the total electron content (TEC) at the crest, of electron density fluctuations were obtained location of crest, and EIA Strength for the Indian using the continuous wavelet transform and the sector have been investigated using turbulence parameters were estimated. The measurements from six GPS TEC receiver study shows that turbulence is not present stations along the 77º E meridian, and EEJ continuously in the mesosphere but exists in strength from the magnetometer data from layers of different thicknesses varying from 100 Tirunelveli and Alibag. The time delay m to 3 km, interspersed by regions of stability. corresponding to maximum correlation has been identified as the response time of the equatorial A physics based model, which determines the ionosphere. The analysis has been done for air mass, solar zenith and sunlight intensity as a March (vernal equinox) and July (summer) of function of latitude, longitude, and local time of solar minimum year 2006. The response time the balloon position has been devised to has been found to vary with season typically minimize the impact of solar radiation effects on from 100 to 160 minutes. an indigenously developed balloon- borne GPS- aided Radiosonde, for estimating temperature, Scope of the Coherent Radio Beacon Experiment (CRABEX), initiated with the aim of

32 studying large-scale upper atmospheric morning foF2 values and its subsequent processes over equatorial and low-latitude enhancement during the evening time (3) large regions, is being enlarged through radio beacon excursion of the h’F between 1800-1900 LT payload RaBIT for ‘YOUTHSAT’ whose signals followed by a decrease between 2100-2230 LT, would be recorded by the CRABEX meridional (4) unusual decrease in the overall 630 nm chain of receivers. RaBIT payload antenna has dayglow emission intensity with pronounced been integrated with the satellite. noon-time bite outs and (5) abnormal decrease in TEC between 1600-1900 LT sector. The 2.4 Sudden Stratospheric Warming effects above mentioned changes are not seen during on the equatorial ionosphere non SSW period. These results are interpreted in terms of non linear interaction of semi-diurnal The low latitude manifestations of the Sudden tides with planetary waves which are globally Stratospheric Warming (SSW), a high latitude strengthened during the SSW periods. wintertime phenomenon, have been delineated in a series of studies. Tidal and planetary wave 2.5 Airglow studies signatures delineated in ground magnetic field variations, showed that the vertical coupling Investigations on the daytime OI 630.0 nm between the MLT region and ionosphere airglow emission brightness from a low latitude through upward propagating planetary waves station indicate that waves with periodicities of was operative only during some of the wave 12–20 min, and 2 h exist over a wide spatial episodes. Linkages between the semi-diurnal range of around 8°–12° magnetic latitudes. It is tide, SSW and the counter electrojet were shown that wave periodicities due to neutral established. Studies of MF radar echo dynamics are influenced by those that affect the characteristics under various electrodynamical EEJ strength variation as well up to ~ 8o conditions depicted some observations peculiar magnetic latitude. Furthermore, the investigation to the equatorial region. also indicates a strong solar influence on the magnitudes of dayglow emissions. In an investigation of the variations of daytime equatorial mesopause temperature (EMT) Low-latitude optical signatures of a magnetic during polar SSW events over high latitudes, storm have been investigated using the all-sky amplified wave signatures of quasi-16 day imaging observations made at Panhala near period were seen both in the EMT and zonal Kolhapur. Transient, narrow, streaks seen in mean polar stratospheric temperature (at 10 557.7 nm OI green line emission have been hPa). It was found that the counter Electrojet attributed to particle precipitation driven by ring (CEJ) occurrence showed a periodicity of ~16 current injection during the magnetic storm. days during the SSW period. A study based on Propagation characteristics of atmospheric the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis of stratospheric gravity waves derived from the OH airglow wind and temperatures showed that (i) a image data from Allahabad during January to dynamical feature similar to the zero-wind line May 2008 show that north-eastward motions appeared over the tropics ~ 60 days prior to the were distinctly dominant in April and May. A major warming and progressed poleward and (ii) model was used to compute the velocity of the enhanced planetary wave activity was seen neutral wind, which blocks the propagation of almost simultaneously. It was found that the gravitational waves. An all-sky airglow imager stratospheric temperature at ~30 km over deployed at Tirunelveli in January 2007 to Trivandrum showed a sudden cooling prior to monitor small-scale gravity wave motions at the SSW and the first event of CEJs occurred heights of ~90 km revealed a rich variety of around this time. The equatorial ionosphere- small-scale wave motions like bands, walls, thermosphere system underwent a change in bores and ripples. These observations were response to SSW, manifested through (1) interpreted in terms of the passage of quasi- strengthening of the EEJ intensity in the pre- monochromatic gravity waves, presence of noon hours, followed by the occurrence of thermal ducts providing channels for the strong afternoon CEJ (2) decrease in the passage of bore-like disturbance, and

33 convective instabilities feeding energy to small- and F10.7 cm flux to represent the impact of scale ripples. geomagnetic storms at low latitudes. A case study for the severe geomagnetic storm of A photometric system based on a grating August 24, 2005 (Dst -158 nT; Kp ~ 9), revealed spectrometer developed at the Space Physics that ISRO-TEC model successfully predicted Laboratory (SPL), has been used for systematic temporal variations in TEC even at longitudes measurement of the temporal variations of far away from the reference longitude at 770. daytime Na airglow emission intensity at 589.6 The model is now being used to generate super- nm. A multi-wavelength photometer has been truth data for GAGAN certification process. developed in-house for monitoring airglow emissions of different wavelengths originating from various layers of upper atmosphere during 2.7 Equatorial ionospheric irregularities nighttime to supplement the ongoing daytime measurements. The flight model of the ‘Limb Simultaneous measurements of TEC, double Viewing Hyper Spectral Imager (LiVHySI)’ , derivate TEC index (DROTI), L- band which can make simultaneous measurements of scintillations, ionosonde measurements and the intensity of many airglow emissions at radar maps are used to study dynamics of the different wavelengths, emanating within 90-600 equatorial ionospheric plasma bubbles. When km altitude in the limb of the earth, has been the irregularities reach higher altitudes as seen tested and calibrated for being flown on ISRO’s in the radar map during pre-midnight periods, satellite mission ‘YOUTHSAT’ in 2011. strong scintillations on an L-band signal are observed at higher latitudes. During 2.6 GPS studies of the total electron content magnetically quiet periods, plume type radar echoes are recorded during post-midnight The day-to-day variabilities in the columnar total period that is devoid of L-band scintillations. electron content (TEC) derived from GPS Effect of magnetic activity on equatorial F region observations, and the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) plasma drifts in the Indian longitude region is strength during January to March 2006, suggest studied using spaced receiver scintillations on that 16-day oscillations are present in both data. 251 MHz signal recorded at Tirunelveli for the Further these waves are dominant in the TEC period of 1996-2006. obtained in the equatorial ionization anomaly region. The observed 16-day period in the TEC Coordinated observations using a narrow is attributed to changes in the equatorial electric spectral band (0.3 nm) airglow photometer with field strength due to variations in the a narrow field-of-view (3o) along with a VHF atmospheric tides from below. radar opened up new vistas to characterize different plasma structures associated with Using the measurements of total electron Equatorial Spread F (ESF). Plasma content (TEC) of the ionosphere at 18 stations enhancement structures in buoyancy-dominated across the length and breadth of India, covering altitude region, as predicted by earlier numerical the crest and trough of the Equatorial Ionization simulation investigation, were identified based Anomaly under GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo on simultaneous VHF radar and airglow Augmented Navigation), a model has been observations. A few other varieties of plasma devised which would successfully predict the structures that include confined structure in a TEC between 8-30o latitude and 60-1000 limited altitude region and fossil plasma bubbles longitude zone. In this model, observations at that became active at a later time had been 770 longitude are considered as reference and observed. the solar zenith/ neutral wind control are applied to estimate changes in TEC at different Observational evidence from the Indian longitude sectors from that at 770 longitude longitudes, for the presence of gravity wave like utilizing a first principle based Parametric perturbations with periods of 20-30 minutes, Ionospheric Model (PIM). The model has now acting as probable seeds for Equatorial Spread been modified to include the variabilities in Kp F (ESF) irregularities has been obtained based

34 on the daytime optical measurements of the that there is a threshold level of this parameter mesopause temperature and the intensity of the above which L band scintillations occur. Range- thermospheric O (1D) 630.0 nm dayglow spread due to ESF at the magnetic equator, as emissions using the unique Multi Wavelength inferred from ionograms, have been examined in Dayglow PhotoMeter from Trivandrum. It has relation to the duration and strength of L band been shown that under ‘identical’ background scintillations in the EIA region for equinoctial ionospheric conditions within a solar epoch, the months during 2004-2006. Ionosonde data from power of the gravity waves have a deterministic Trivandrum and GPS data from four stations role in the generation of ESF. The mesopause covering the EIA region have been used for the temperature simultaneously observed, indicated study. The results show that the maximum that possible source regions for these scintillation index in the EIA region is linearly perturbations lie in the lower atmosphere. dependent on the spread of ESF traces for both Another important aspect of the ESF namely, its the equinoxes. The corresponding duration of L persistence characteristics has been studied band scintillations is also found to be linearly during different seasons and geomagnetic dependent on the duration of ESF at the activity levels under maximum (2001) and magnetic equator. minimum (2006) solar activity conditions over the magnetic equatorial location of Trivandrum. Quasi-periodic (QP) echoes, identified in range- Analysis of ionograms recorded at this location time-intensity (RTI) plots as tilted striped during both the years showed that one could striations, are coherent radar echoes believed to make a first order estimate of the duration of be associated with the sporadic E-layers (Es). ESF by knowing the magnitude of the F region These echoes are associated either with Kelvin- vertical drift velocity (Vz), associated with the Helmholtz Instabilities (KHI) or with gravity evening time pre-reversal enhancement of the F waves. These processes, however, have always region zonal electric field, and the magnetic been treated in isolation and been assumed to activity index Ap for that particular day. be unconnected to each other. Evidence is presented towards the interplay between KHI The equinoctial asymmetry in the occurrence of and gravity waves in generating QP echoes ESF has been examined using ionosonde data using VHF radar data from Gadanki, with gravity at Trivandrum and SHAR for the year 2004. waves acting as seed to generate KHI resulting There is a higher percentage occurrence of ESF in QP echoes as seen by the coherent during vernal equinox compared to autumnal backscatter radars. equinox. The mean post sunset vertical drift at TRV is nearly comparable for the two seasons. 2.8 Space weather impacts on low latitude The vertical drift at SHAR is seen to be much ionosphere-thermosphere system lower than that at TRV during autumnal equinox. It is seen that significantly larger poleward wind An investigation involving nonlinear numerical is present during autumnal equinox compared to simulation revealed that the storm-induced vernal equinox in the post sunset period prior to eastward electric field during nighttime over the triggering of ESF. This study indicates the equatorial region is a necessary but not a important role of the neutral dynamics even sufficient condition for the development of the during equinoctial periods in effecting the pre-midnight plume structure in the lower F- seasonal pattern of ESF. region altitude. The importance of the pre- seeded structure developed during post-sunset Dependence of L band scintillations in the EIA hours is realized for the evolution of pre- region on a parameter that represents the midnight plume event. This, in turn, can throw strength and asymmetry of EIA, derived from light on the night-to-night variability of storm- latitude profile of CRABEX-TEC data at time ESF. Distinctive effects of interplanetary Trivandrum, has been examined using the GPS electric field (IEF) and substorm on equatorial scintillation data from four stations along the 77º zonal electric field have been identified. It is E longitude belt in the EIA region and CRABEX shown that while the fast fluctuations (~ 40-45 data from Trivandrum. This study has indicated minutes) in the vertical drift are governed by IEF

35 during a storm that encompassed multiple solar activity including disturbed periods and the substorms, the slowly varying component of lower atmospheric forcing through neutral ionospheric height variations corroborate with dynamical/electrodynamical coupling. Also the slowly varying component of the variation in gravity wave forcing of the E region and the the auroral electrojet index, AE. A striking event consequent coupling effects on the equatorial F that shows a prompt effect of an X class solar region pre-reversal zonal electric field and flare (X6.2/3B) in the neutral optical dayglow equatorial plasma bubble evolution have been emissions is investigated in detail. As a studied. A close relation between the wave response to this flare, the daytime redline (OI forcing and the post-sunset F region electric 630 nm) column integrated emission intensity field/ plasma bubble development has been measured from low latitudes showed a prompt noted. NARL has carried out a campaign to increase of around 50%. This prompt study in detail the variability in the electric field enhancement in the thermospheric dayglow in the Indian and Indonesian sectors in an effort seems to be caused mainly due to an increase to study the non-migrating tidal effects. A couple in photoelectrons due to a sudden increase in of space weather events also have been studied the solar EUV flux associated with this flare. in detail to understand the magnetosphere- Imprint of eastward electric field disturbance ionosphere and high latitude-low latitude corresponding to the onset of the expansion coupling. phase of a magnetospheric substorm on OI 630.0 nm dayglow emission intensity recorded Ionosonde observations on 05 October 2000 from low latitudes is brought out based on a revealed the presence of an additional F layer number of space-borne and ground-based (F3) close to dawn. The layer rapidly drifted measurements. Enhancements in 630.0 nm upward and reached beyond the range of the dayglow intensity over low latitudes are ionosonde (800 km) by 07:15 IST. The F3 layer + attributed to the possible supply of O2 ions by reoccurred in the evening around 1600 IST at an the eastward electric field induced by the onset altitude of ~550 km. This event was investigated of substorm, highlighting the complexities in the in detail using SUPIM model incorporating the magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere observed electrodynamic drifts from ionosonde system. and HWM for winds. The analysis revealed that the unusual F3 layers observed at Trivandrum at The National Atmospheric Research Laboratory dawn and dusk during geomagnetic storms are (NARL) hosts a number of state-of-the-art associated with southward turning of IMF Bz, instruments to study the atmosphere and the suggesting that the layers could be caused near-earth space environment. At present a 53 mainly by strong prompt penetration eastward MHz high power radar, lidar, ionosonde, GPS electric field (PPEF). receivers, and airglow instruments are used to study space weather. Upgradation of the 53 The responses of the E and F regions of the MHz radar with capability of studying the ionosphere are investigated during different ionosphere-thermosphere system using the solar flares using GPS TEC data, ionosonde incoherent scatter technique and the data and magnetometer data. The study shows development of a 30 MHz coherent scatter radar that the signatures of flares in the magnetic field are in progress. NARL is also actively engaged over the magnetic equator generally reveal an in studying Space Weather using a network of enhancement during strong X class flares. GPS receivers under the GAGAN system. In the However during some flare events it produces a recent past, a major initiative has been taken at reverse signature in the magnetic field NARL to study Space Weather under the aegis especially during times of weak of ‘Studies on Atmospheric Forcing and electrojet/counterelectrojet. The latter was Responses (SAFAR)’. As part of the CAWSES observed for the great solar flare of October 28, program to study space weather, NARL has 2003 during the time ~ 1115 UT when the carried out major campaigns in collaboration electrojet was relatively weak. These magnetic with the international working groups to study field changes as measured over Trivandrum are the ionospheric variabilities owing to the varying found to corroborate well with the UV flux

36 variations during flares as obtained from GOES were conducted from SHAR during the eclipse satellites. The study points towards a local time and a normal day, while RH-300 (~ 100km) & dependent response of the equatorial E- RH 200 (~70km) flights were conducted from (dynamo) region to the flares. Further, owing to Trivandrum near the dip equator. Investigations the dependence of the ionization density on the of the equatorial ionosphere during annular solar incoming solar EUV/UV flux, the F region eclipse on 15 January 2010 using rocket-borne response is also found to correspond well with probes indicate changes in the electric fields in the variations of satellite measured UV flux addition to the conductivities during solar variations. It has been found that, for solar flare eclipse. events in the northern summer season, the maximum enhancement is seen at the low 2.10 Global electric circuit latitude regions, not over the magnetic equator. However, the latitudinal pattern of TEC A.C. and D.C. components of global electric enhancements in winter reveals maximum circuit are being monitored at Tirunelveli and increase at the magnetic equator. Of all the flare Maitri, Antarctica, by studying atmospheric events examined, the most dramatic F region electric field, air-earth currents and Schumann enhancement over Indian longitude sector has resonance (SR) in magnetic field. From the been observed to be of ~ 10 TECU on 28 diurnal UT-pattern of the SR intensity three October 2003, while for the rest the increase is major thunderstorm regions (South-East Asia, found to be below 2 TECU. Africa and South America) were identified. Sunrise and sunset effects on the observed SR 2.9 Solar eclipse studies intensity were also seen. Data from campaign mode and permanent station observations The VHF radar at Gadanki was used to study during two solar eclipses on July 22, 2009 and the solar eclipse event of 11 August 1999 January 15, 2010, show significant drop in the wherein progressive splitting in radar SR amplitude during the eclipse period. SR backscattered echo layers in association with amplitude is found to be significantly higher in the increase in the degree of sun's obscurity the local Antarctic summer, thereby confirming was observed during the period of eclipse. At the dependence of these global oscillations on the time of maximum obscuration (which was 85 local ionospheric conditions. %), as many as three echo regions were noticed between 90 km and 115 km, when normally 3. Magnetospheric Phenomena during this period of a day in summer, a single echo layer, centered around the height of 95 km, 3.1 Boundary layer waves would be observed over Gadanki. The period of observations fell during one of the strong meteor Broadband electrostatic noise (BEN) is showers. It was surmised that ‘finger like’ ion commonly observed in different regions of the layers comprised of long lived metallic ions, Earth’s magnetosphere and the frequency of provided necessary density gradient for the these BENs lies in the range from lower hybrid growth of irregularities that produced the radar to the local electron plasma frequency and echoes. This result suggests that multiple sometimes even higher. A linear theory of low- metallic ion layers possibly exist quite often, but frequency waves is developed in a four- become visible only when the background component magnetized plasma consisting of electron density decreases considerably. SPL three types of electrons, namely cold conducted a multi-instrumented, multi- background electron, warm electrons, warm institutional rocket campaign from Trivandrum electron beam, and ions. For the auroral region and SHAR to investigate the effects of the parameters, the model predicts excitation of annular eclipse of January 15, 2010 on the electron acoustic waves in the frequency range neutral energetics and dynamics. A neutral wind of 17 Hz to 2.6 kHz. probe developed at SPL was flown along with quadrupole mass spectrometers and Langmuir 3.2 Nonlinear waves and solitary structures probes. High altitude (~500km) RH-560 flights

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Electrostatic solitary waves have been observed discharges above active thunder clouds was in several regions of Earth’s magnetosphere. A setup to probe TLE’s like Sprites, Jets, Gigantic general formalism has been developed to study jets, Blue starters, etc and to understand the nonlinear propagation of large amplitude lightning electrical discharges and its effect on electron and ion acoustic solitary waves. The near Earth space environment. A special results from this model have been used to campaign to monitor dynamics of D-region explain electrostatic solitary waves observed by ionosphere during July 22, 2009 total solar the Cluster satellites in Earth’s magnetosheath eclipse showed that lower boundary of D-region region. One dimensional particle simulation was pushed up by 6-8 km during different code to study electric field structures in the phases of eclipse while electron density reached auroral region of the magnetosphere and the nighttime level. electron beam instabilities as generation mechanism of electrostatic solitary waves in the 3.5 Antarctic geomagnetism magnetosphere, which were observed by FAST, Polar and other satellites, was developed. IIG has established a permanent station in sub- Results have been compared with observed auroral latitudes at Maitri where digital fluxgate, electrostatic solitary waves in the auroral search coil, and proton precession acceleration region. magnetometers monitor geomagnetic variations 3.3 Magnetic storm-substorm processes on a continuous basis. A fluxgate magnetometer is operated during the austral summer at Observations from several spacecraft missions Bharati, Larsemann Hills (L ~ 14) just south of have shown the storm time ring current to be the conventional auroral oval. A 4 x 4 antenna dominated by the ionospheric oxygen ions (O+) array imaging Riometer monitoring cosmic noise during intense magnetic storms. These ions play absorption at 38.2 MHz was installed at Maitri to an important role in the excitation of electrostatic study particle precipitation. Various sensors are and electromagnetic waves in ring current installed at Maitri to study the different region. Using kinetic approach the quasi- components of atmospheric electricity. Regions electrostatic low-frequency modes driven by the surrounding the Indian base have experienced energetic oxygen ions and energetic protons are rapid decline in geomagnetic field during the last studied in the storm time ring current. century. Continuous geomagnetic field measurements at Maitri have revealed that the rate of decline in magnetic field has reduced 3.4 ELF/VLF Studies considerably during this decade. Simultaneous magnetic data from Bharati and its near In a collaborative project with BHU, Varanasi conjugate station, Hornsund, were used to and ARIES, Nainital, three VLF stations were identify substorms. Since the substorms were set up at Allahabad, Nainital and Varanasi to triggered pole-ward of auroral region, the understand the temporal / spatial occurrence, standard AE indices failed to monitor such generation and propagation mechanism of VLF substorm activities, nevertheless typical low events and their implication in low latitude latitude features of substorm, for example, ionosphere / magnetosphere system. positive bay and Pi2 burst on the night side were Observation, and numerical modeling studies distinctly evident. are being carried out for phenomena like lightning discharges, radio atmospherics / 4. Solar Wind and Interplanetary Field tweeks, whistlers, VLF emissions etc. and possible D-region ionospheric perturbations by phenomena such as transient luminous events 4.1 Interplanetary scintillation studies of (TLE’s), lightning induced electron precipitation CMEs (LEP's), cosmic gamma-ray flares, solar eclipses, geomagnetic storms, and earthquake The interplanetary scintillation (IPS) precursor activities. A new experiment for the observations obtained from the Ooty Radio observation of TLE’s generated by lightning Telescope and the multi-antenna system

38 operational at the Solar-Terrestrial Environment a CME at ~120 R show density turbulence Laboratory (Japan) have been used to enhancements linked to the shock ahead of the reconstruct the three-dimensional perspective CME and the core of the CME. The density of views of solar co-rotating plasma and outward- the core decreases with distance, suggesting flowing solar wind by iteratively fitting a the expansion of the CME. However, the density kinematic solar wind model to IPS data. This associated with the shock increases with technique permits reconstruction of the density distance from the Sun, indicating the and velocity structures of coronal mass ejections development of a strong compression at the (CMEs) and other interplanetary transients. The leading edge of the CME. The increase of stand- three-dimensional reconstructions have been off distance between ~120 R and 1 AU is obtained over 3-AU diameter heliosphere. The consistent with the decceleration of the CME reconstructions agree well with in-situ signatures and the continued outward expansion of the observed by Wind and ACE spacecraft. shock. The key point in this study is that the magnetic energy possessed by the transient A study on the link between the travel time of determines its radial evolution. the CME to 1 AU (combined with its final speed at the Earth) and the effective acceleration Several fast CMEs have been studied in detail within the Sun-Earth distance indicates that (1) to explore the relationship among the for almost all the events, the speed of the CME propagation characteristics and the type II burst- at 1 AU is always less than or equal to its initial associated shock waves in the corona and solar speed measured in the near-Sun region, (2) the wind. Different coronal/interplanetary density distributions of initial speeds, CME-driven shock models have been used to compute speeds of and CME speeds at 1 AU clearly show the shocks in the metric and decametric radio wave effects of aero-dynamical drag between the portions of the spectra, which have been CME and the solar wind and in consequence, compared with the velocity of the CMEs as the speed of the CME tends to equalize to that observed in the plane-of-the-sky white-light of the background solar wind, (3) for a large observations and calculated with a cone model. fraction of CMEs (for ~50% of the events), the The propagation of the ejecta has been followed inferred effective acceleration along the Sun- using IPS data from Ooty. A multi-wavelength Earth line dominates the above drag force. The study of two homologous flare events and their net acceleration suggests an average CMEs provides evidence that opposite rotation 31-32 dissipation of energy ~10 ergs, which is of opposite polarity sunspot regions plays a likely provided by the Lorentz force associated crucial role in building the magnetic energy with the internal magnetic energy carried by the required for the flare process. Sunspot rotation CME. The particle acceleration by the CME- is also the primary driver of helicity production generated shock is also consistent with the and injection into the corona. The newly support of propagation with the additional emerging magnetic flux leads to the energy possessed by the CME. destabilization of large-scale filaments. The interaction between filaments results in A study on the three-dimensional evolution of magnetic reconnection and formation of cusp- solar wind density and speed distributions shaped structure. The cusp also suggests the associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) formation of a magnetic null point in the high reveals that (1) three-dimensional IPS images corona. The correlation between the separation possibly show evidence for the flux-rope of flare ribbons and the expansion of the cusp structure associated with the CME and its radial structure indicates that large-scale reconnection size evolution; the overall size and features and particle acceleration occurred during the within the CME are largely determined by the cusp eruption. The IPS technique shows that the magnetic energy carried by the CME. Such a flux rope is oriented about 50 degree with magnetically energetic CME can cause an respect to the ecliptic plane and therefore, in intense geomagnetic storm, even if the trailing spite of a strong shock, the Earth-directed CME part of the CME passes through the Earth; (2) could cause only a moderate storm (Dst -85 nT) IPS measurements along the radial direction of at the Earth.

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solar wind, researchers at the Indian Institute of A study has been made to understand the Astrophysics (IIA) have been carrying out turbulence spectrum of solar wind, in the near- observational studies of the solar corona using

Sun region (R < 50 R), using the IPS data from space based instruments, e.g. measurements made with the Ooty Radio Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) and Telescope at 327 MHz. The results clearly show SUMER onboard that the scintillation is dominated by density SOHO, as well as using its own ground based irregularities of size ~100 - 500 km. The small- radio astronomical facilities. The spectrsocopic scale end of the spectrum, although significantly studies using open source space data have lower in magnitude, is flatter than the dominant focused on the dynamics of plasma in polar large scale part. Further, the spectral power coronal holes and in polar off-limb regions and covered in the flatter portion rapidly increases as have yielded an assessment of background the Sun is approached. Results on the physical conditions as well as an understanding turbulence spectrum at distances < 50 R of transient dynamical phenomena in these provide quantitative evidence on the radial regions. These results have implications for the evolution of Alfven waves generated coronal heating and the acceleration of the solar fluctuations. wind.

A large amount of IPS data obtained from the A large fraction of work on the solar corona in Ooty Radio Telescope has been employed to the recent past has focused on spectroscopic study the three-dimensional evolution of density studies of the corona, especially in the bright turbulence in the heliosphere over the period emission lines in the visible and near-infrared 1995–2010. The large-scale features of solar regions of the spectrum. A study of Coronal wind speed and density turbulence of the Mass Ejections (CME's) and associated current minimum are remarkably different from phenomena using data from SOHO/LASCO has that of the previous cycle. The results are focused on estimating the driving power of consistent with the magnetic-field strength at the internal magnetic energy of flux-rope CMEs and poles and the warping of heliospheric current associated statistical characteristics of the sheet. The results on solar wind density energetics of such CMEs. Using similar data, turbulence show that (1) the current solar there have also been studies of post-flare minimum is experiencing a low level of coronal turbulence and associated acceleration of density turbulence, (2) the scattering diameter of electrons. Study of the long wavelength (metre the corona has decreased steadily starting from and decameter) radio emission from the solar year 2003, i.e., during the declining phase of the corona, through imaging at these wavelengths activity, and (3) the turbulence at a given using the Gauribidanur radio-heliograph, has distance in the heliosphere, irrespective of been a unique and significant area of research latitude, has remained nearly at the same level in the study of solar eruptive events (e.g. flares, between years 1989 and 2003, but decreased prominence eruptions and CME's), because this steadily after 2003 to a current value of ~50% at instrument provides excellent complementary the equatorial region. The current solar cycle information to those obtained using space minimum seems to have peculiar properties that instruments. Several aspects on the time and are likely related to weak magnetic fields. These frequency structures of various kinds of radio results suggest that the source of solar wind bursts in the meter-decameter wave band and changes globally, with the important implication the imaging of CMEs have been studied. that the supply of mass and energy from the Estimation of physical quantities such as Sun to the interplanetary space has significantly density, temperature and magnetic field of the reduced in the present low level of activity emitting plasma in the eruptive coronal structures during their various evolutionary 4.2 Solar Corona stages is the main aim of these studies. Several results concerning the temporal and frequency With aims of understanding physical processes characteristics of Type I and Type II radio bursts involved in coronal heating and acceleration of have been obtained and association of these

40 bursts with M and X class flares and CME's depicting the Equatorial Electrojet strength have been studied. (EEJ) are also prepared. Processed one minute data of H-component for Alibag station are The scientists and engineers of the solar radio regularly sent to Kyoto GIN for the preparation astronomy group at IIA are involved in the of Dst index on monthly basis. Magnetic development of hardware and software for radio observatory at Alibag serves as a calibration astronomical instrumentation. Construction and center for magnetic instruments and compasses implementation of a low-frequency (30-110 used by other organizations in India. MHz) antenna system for observations of polarized radio emission from the solar corona, IIG maintains a World Data Center (WDC) for and the Gauribidanur radio array solar Geomagnetism in Mumbai. As part of the spectrograph (GRASS) have formed significant electronic Geophysical Year (eGY) activities, the developmental activities. They are also involved center has initiated preservation of old data in the Brazilian Decimetre Array, being built by volumes/records and Metadata for digital the Instituto Nacional Pesquisas Espacias archival of geomagnetic data recorded during (INPE), Brazil, for observations of Sun and 1846 – 1903 at Colaba, and since 1904 up to various Galactic, extragalactic radio sources. IIA the present time at Alibag. During the period scientists have contributed to the array 2007-2010, geomagnetic hourly values and configuration design, software for data digital images of magnetograms for the years calibration and image synthesis. They have also 2004 to 2008 have been sent to the five other designed and constructed a digital backend WDCs for Geomagnetism. receiver for the telescope. In its present configuration, the array has 5 parabolic dish 5.2 Geomagnetic data analysis antennae of 4 m diameter each, set up as a Close correlation between field aligned current one-dimensional array in the east-west direction. (FAC) density and variations in the declination The frequency of operation is 1.6 GHz. The component ‘D’ at the low latitude station Alibag length of the longest baseline in the array is 216 is found during intense storm events suggesting m. The temporal and angular resolution are 100 strong association of FACs with low latitude ms and 1.5' respectively. The array is located at ionospheric currents for such events. Relation Cachoeira Paulista (Lat: 22.69° S; Long: 45.01° between solar wind dynamic pressure W). enhancement and observed amplitudes of geomagnetic field variations at equatorial and 5. Geomagnetic Observatories, Surveys, and low latitude Indian stations is studied using Analysis ground geomagnetic and satellite data for magnetic storm events which occurred during 5.1 Geomagnetic observatory network solar cycle 23. Multi-point observations of long- period ultra low frequency (ULF) waves directly India has a network of 13 permanent magnetic driven by solar wind demonstrate that periodic observatories located in different parts of India. fluctuations in solar wind density and dynamic Of these ten are equipped with modern pressure drive coherent ULF waves on the magnetometers to monitor geomagnetic field ground. Enhancement in the amplitude of ULF variations at 1 Hz. The INTERMAGNET system waves at dip-equator on the dayside suggests at Alibag observatory complements this set up. the penetration of polar electric field to the Search coil magnetometers are installed at six equatorial latitudes. Fuzzy mathematical model observatories to monitor variations at 64 Hz. is applied to geomagnetic data at equatorial and Near real time transmission of digital data at one non-equatorial observatories for pattern minute interval from four observatories (Alibag, recognition during geomagnetic storms. Pondicherry, Nagpur and Jaipur) to the Penetrating electric fields and currents from high headquarters of IIG commenced in 2009. latitudes to the equatorial latitudes and Annual magnetic data bulletins for all the associated changes in day time DP2 currents magnetic observatories in India are published by are investigated using simultaneous IIG. Quarterly prompt reports of magnetic data observations from ground and satellite data

41 during intense magnetic storm periods. During Aggarwal, Malini, H. P. Joshi, K. N. Iyer, A. K. the main phase of magnetic storms, close Patra and S. V. Thampi (2007), Study of correspondence is found between penetration of equatorial spread F using L-band and VHF strong convection electric field to the equator radar, Bull. Astr. Soc. India, 35, 631-637. and large drop in polar cap potential. Alex, S. and M.M. Jadhav, (2007). Day-to-day variability in the occurrence characteristics 5.3 Geopotential studies of Sq focus during d-months and its association with diurnal changes in the Depth to the bottom of the magnetic sources Declination component, Earth Planets (Curie isotherm depth) was estimated from a) Space, 59, 1-7. aeromagnetic data and b) the lithospheric model Anand, S.P. and Mita Rajaram, (2007). Airborne of the CHAMP satellite data. It was found that magnetic method in regional mapping and the calculated Curie isotherm is shallow over the exploration of natural resources: an mobile belts and deeper in the cratons. The overview, J. Geophysics, 28, 17-23. Curie depth was found to be generally shallower Anand, S.P. and M. Rajaram, (2007). than the Moho depth (from DSS) implying that it Aeromagnetic Signatures of the Cratons possibly represents a thermal boundary rather and Mobile Belts over India, International than a compositional change. Further, it was Association of Gondwana Research, found that high magnitude earthquakes are Memoir, 10, 233-242. associated with high gradients in Curie depth. Anand, S.P., Mita Rajaram, T. J. Majumdar and Crustal model derived from combined analysis R. Bhattacharyya, (2009). Structure and of high resolution satellite derived free air gravity Tectonics of 85oE Ridge from analysis of and magnetic data over 85° E ridge suggests Geopotential Data, Tectonophysics, V.478, that the ridge has a different nature at latitudes 100-110. north and south of 15 N latitude. Above 15 N Anghel, A., D. Anderson, N. Maruyama, J. the ridge appears to be a geo-morphological Chau, K. Yumoto, A. Bhattacharyya and S. feature within the sediments above the Alex, (2007). Interplanetary electric fields basement. Below 15 N, the ridge appears to be and their relationship to low-latitude electric oceanic and would have formed due to fields under disturbed conditions, J. Atmos. horizontal compressional forces of the Sol. Terr. Phys., 69, 1147-1159. lithosphere preceding development of the Anil Iype, M.S. and M. Subbiah, (2010). On the subduction zone at Andaman trench. Hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability of inviscid flows between Co-axial cylinders, Int. J. Publications of Fluid Mechanics Research, 37(2), 111-126. Anil Kumar, C.P., C. Panneerselvam, K.U. Abdul Azeez, K.K., and Harinarayana, T. (2007), Nair,K.Jeeva, C.Selvaraj, S. Gurubaran and R. Magnetotelluric evidence of potential Rajaram, (2008). Influence of coronal mass geothermal resource in Puga, Ladakh, NW ejections on global circuit, Ind. J. Radio and Himalaya. Current Science Vol.93, pp.323- Space Phys., 37, 39-45, 2008. 329. Anil Kumar, C.P., C. Panneerselvam, K. U. Nair, Abdul Azeez, K. K., Manoj, C., Veeraswamy, K., J.H. Jayakumar, S. Gurubaran and C. Harinarayana, T. (2009), Co-seismic EM Venugopal, (2009). Apposite of atmospheric signals in Magnetotelluric measurement – electric parameters with the energy coupling a case study during Bhuj earthquake function (ε) during geomagnetic storms at high (26th January 2001), India, Earth Planets latitude, Atmos. Res. 91 (2009) 201-205. Space, Vol.61, pp.1–9. Anil Kumar C.P., C. Panneerselvam, K. U. Nair, K. Agarwal, K.K., R. Bali, S. K. Patil and S. Nawaz Jeeva, C. Selvaraj and S. Gurubaran, (2009). Ali, (2010). Anisotropy of magnetic Measurement of Atmospheric Conduction susceptibility in the Almora crystlline zone, Current Density from a tropical station using lesser Himalaya: A case study, J. Asian improvised Wilson’s plate antenna, Earth Earth Sciences, V.1, pp.1-10. Planets Space, Vol. 61 (No. 7), pp. 919-926. Ansari, I.A., K.A. Nafees, M.T. Khan, A.K. Sinha and

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associated airglow intensity variations observed receivers: Setup in low latitude Indian region over Gadanki, Ann. Geophys., 26, 3863-3873. under IHY2007/UNBSSI program, Current Sharma, A. K., M. V. Rokade, R. Kondala Rao, S. Science, 98, No. 3, 398-405. Gurubaran and P. T. Patil, (2010). Comparative Singh, S.V., R.V. Reddy and G.S. Lakhina, (2009). study of MLT mean winds using MF radars Broadband electrostatic noise and low- located at 16.8oN and 8.7oN, Journal of Earth frequency waves in the Earth’s magnetosphere, System Science, 119, 461-470. Adv. Space Res., 43, 1940-1944, Sharma, Kavita, R. S. Dabas, S. K. Sarkar, S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2009.02.015. Ravindran and A. K. Gwal (2009), Anomalous Singh, S.V. and R. Bharuthram, (2010). Nonlinear Enhancement of Ionospheric F2 layer critical dust-acoustic waves in an inhomogeneous dusty frequency and Total Electron Content over Low plasmas with non-thermal distribution of Latitudes before three recent major Earthquakes electrons, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38, Issue 4, of China, J. Geophys. Res., 852-856, doi:10.1109/TPS.2010.2040743. doi:10.1029/2009JA014842. Sinha, A.K., B.M. Pathan and P. Vohat, (2007). Low Sharma, S., H. Chandra, H. O. Vats, R. Jain, and N. latitude Pc1 pulsation as observed from ground- Y. Pandya (2010), Ionospheric modulations due based search coil magnetometer, Bull. Astron. to solar flares over Ahmedabad, Ind. J. Radio & Soc. India, 35, 533-538. Space Phys., 39, 296-301. Sreeja, V, C. Vineeth, T. K. Pant, Sudha Ravindran Shepherd, M.G., D.L. Wu, I.N. Fedulina, S. and R. Sridharan (2009), Role of gravity Gurubaran, J.M. Russell, M.G. Mlynczak and wavelike seed perturbations on the triggering of G.G. Shepherd, (2007). Stratospheric warming ESF-First results from unique dayglow effects on the tropical mesospheric temperature observations, Ann. Geophys., 27, 313–318. field, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 69, 2309- Sreeja, V, C.V. Devasia, S. Ravindran and R. 2337. Sridharan (2009), The Persistence of Equatorial Shephered, M.G., D.L. Wu, I.N. Fedulina and S. Spread F- an analysis on seasonal, solar activity Gurubaran, (2008). Temperature variability in and geomagnetic activity aspects, Ann. the tropical mesosphere during the northern Geophys., 27, 503–510. hemisphere winter, Adv. Space Res., 41, 1435- Sreeja, V, C.V. Devasia, S. Ravindran, T. K. Pant 1446. and R. Sridharan (2009), Response of the Siingh, D., A.K. Singh, R.P. Patel, R. Singh, R.P. equatorial and low latitude ionospheric F-region Singh, B. Veenadhari and M. Mukherjee, in the Indian sector to the geomagnetic storms ‘(2008). Thunderstorms, Lightning, Sprites and of January 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 114, Magnetospheric Whistler-mode Radio Waves’, A06314, doi:10.1029/2009JA014179. Surveys in Geophysics, 29: 499-551, DOI Sreeja, V., N. Balan, S. Ravindran, T. K. Pant, R. 10.1007/s10712-008-9053-z. Sridharan and G. J. Bailey (2009), Additional Singh, A.K., R. Singh, K. Singh and R.P. Singh, stratifications in the equatorial F-region at dawn (2008). An explanation of the observation of and dusk during geomagnetic storms: Role of pulsing hiss at low latitude, Adv. Space Res., electrodynamics (2009), J. Geophys. Res., 114, 41, 1695-1698. A08309, doi:10.1029/2009JA014373. Singh, A. K., R.P. Patel, Rajesh Singh, K.K. Singh, Sreeja, V., S. Ravindran, T. K. Pant, C. V. Devasia A.K. Singh, (2009). Characteristics of discrete and L. Paxton (2009), Equatorial and low VLF falling-tone chorus emissions observed at latitude Ionosphere-Thermosphere System low latitude ground station Jammu, Earth response to the space weather event of August Planets Space, 61, 1179-1183. 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A12307, Singh, R., A.K. Singh, D. Siingh and R.P. Singh, doi:10.1029/2009JA014491. (2007). Features of discrete VLF emissions Sreeja, V., C. V. Devasia, S. Ravindran and T. K. observed at Gulmarg, India during the magnetic Pant (2009), Observational evidence for the storm of 6-7 March, 1986, J. Earth System Sci., plausible linkage of Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) 116(6), 1-7. electric field variations with the post sunset F- Singh Rajesh, B. Veenadhari, M.B. Cohen, P. Pant, region electrodynamics, Ann. Geophys., 27, A.K. Singh, A.K. Maurya, P. Vohat, U.S. Inan, 4229-4238. (2010). Initial results from AWESOME VLF

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Sridharan, M. and Samuel Selvaraj, (2009). Multi Sridharan, S., K. Raghunath, S. Sathishkumar and dimensional scaling of geomagnetic Sq(H) D. Nath, (2010). First results of warm variations, Ind. J. Radio and Space Physics, 38, mesospheric temperature over Gadanki (13.5oN, 165-173. 79.5oE) during the sudden stratospheric Sridharan, M., (2009). Fuzzy mathematical model warming of 2009, Journal of Atmosphere and for the analysis of geomagnetic field data; Earth, Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 72 1139–1146. Planets Space, 61 (10), p.1169-1177. Sripathi, S., S. Bose, A. K. Patra, T. K. Pant, Sridharan, S., T. Tsuda and S. Gurubaran, (2007). B. Kakad, and A. Bhattacharyya, (2008). Radar observations of long-term variability of Simultaneous observations of ESF irregularities mesosphere and low thermosphere winds over over Indian region using radar and GPS, Ann. Tirunelveli (8.7oN, 77.8oE), J. Geophys. Res., Geophys., 26, 1-17. 112, D23105, doi: 10.1029/2007JD00669. Srivastava, Rajesh K., Guarino Vincenza, Alberto Sridharan S. and S.Sathishkumar, (2008). Seasonal Zanetti and Sinha, Anup K., (2010). Mineral and interannual variations of gravity wave compositions and petrogentic evolution of the activity in the low-latitude mesosphere and lower ultramafic- alkaline-carbonatite complex of thermosphere over Tirunelveli (8.7oN, 77.8oE), Sung valley, Northeastern India, Melluso Annales Geophysicae, 26, 3215-3223. Leone, Canadian Mineralogy 48, 205-229. Sridharan, S., S. Sathishkumar and S. Gurubaran, Stolle, C., C. Manoj, H. Lühr, S. Maus, and P. Alken (2008). Influence of gravity waves and tides on (2008), Estimating the daytime Equatorial mesospheric temperature inversion layers: Ionization Anomaly strength from electric field Simultaneous Rayleigh lidar and MF radar proxies, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A09310, observations, Annales Geophysicae, 26, 3731- doi:10.1029/2007JA012781. 3739. Subba Rao P.B.V. and B.R. Arora, (2007). Sridharan, S., S. Sathishkumar and K. Raghunath, Magnetovariational study over Lakshdweep (2009). Rayleigh lidar observations of enhanced Islands, Southwestern Continental margin of stratopause temperature over Gadanki (13.5oN, India, Current Science., 92, 1767-1773. 79.2oE) during major stratospheric warming in Subba Rao, P.B.V. (2008), Regional conductance 2006, Annales Geophysicae, 27, 373-379. map of Andaman and Nicobar region, Sridharan, S., S. Sathishkumar and S. Gurubaran, Gondwana Research, 13, 386-395, 2008. (2009). Variabilities of mesospheric tides and Subba Rao, P.B.V. and A.K. Singh, (2010). equatorial electrojet strength during major Electrical Imaging of the northern part of stratospheric warming events, Annales Lakshdweep Islands, southwestern margin of Geophysicae, 27, 11, 4125-4130. India, Current Science, 98, 1599-1608, 2010. Sridharan, S., P. Vishnu Prasanth, Y. Bhavani Subramanian, P., and A. Vourlidas (2007), Kumar, Geetha Ramkumar, S. Sathishkumar Energetics of solar coronal mass ejections, and K. Raghunath, (2009). Observations of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 467, 685. peculiar sporadic sodium structures and their Sunil, P. S., Radhakrishna, M., Kurian, P. J., Murty, relation with wind variations, Journal of B. V. S., Subrahmanyam, C., Nambiar, C. Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71, G., Arts, K. P., Arun S. K., Mohan, S. K., 575-582. (2010). Crustal Structure of the western part of Sridharan, S., A. K. Patra, N. Venkateswara Rao, the Southern Granulite Terrain of Indian and G. Ramkumar (2009), First simultaneous Peninsular Shield derived from Gravity data, lidar observations of sodium layers and VHF Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, Vol 39, 551- radar observations of E-region field-aligned 564. irregularities at the low-latitude station Gadanki, Taori, A., S. Sathishkumar and S. Gurubaran, Ann. Geophys., 27, 3411–3419. (2010). Variations in low-latitude middle Sridharan, S., T. Tsuda and S. Gurubaran, (2010). atmospheric thermal structure during the 15 Long term tendencies in the MLT mean winds January 2010 solar eclipse, Current Science, and tides as observed by medium frequency 99, 1578-1581. radar at Tirunelveli (8.7oN, 77.8oE), Journal of Thampi Smitha V., N. Balan, Sudha Ravindran, Geophysical Research, 115, d08109, Tarun Kumar Pant, C. V. Devasia, P. Sreelatha doi:10.1029/2008JD011609. and R. Sridharan (2007), An additional layer in

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the low-latitude ionosphere in Indian strength and the geomagnetic activity (Kp-index) longitudes: Total electron content observations on the post sunset height rise of the F-layer and and modeling, J. Geophys.Res., its role in the generation of ESF during high and A06301,doi:10.1029/2006JA011974. low solar activity periods, Ann. Geophys., 25, Thampi Smitha V., Sudha Ravindran, C V Devasia, 2007–2017. P Sreelatha, Tarun Kumar Pant, R Sridharan, Tulasi Ram, S., P.V.S. Ramarao, D.S. V. V. D. Venkata Ratnam, A D Sharma, C Raghava Prasad, K. Niranjan, S. Krishna, R. Sridharan, Reddi, Jessy Jose, and J H Sastry (2007), and S. Ravindran (2008), Local time dependent Coherent radio beacon experiment (CRABEX) response of post sunset ESF during for tomographic imaging of the equatorial geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., doi: ionosphere in the Indian longitudes - 10,1029/2007JA0112922. Preliminary results, Adv. Space Res., 40, 436- Veenadhari, B., S. Alex, T. Kikuchi, A. Shinbori, R. 441. Singh and E. Chandrasekhar, (2010). Thampi, S. V, S. Ravindran, T K. Pant, C. V. Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to Devasia, and R. Sridharan (2008), Seasonal the equator and their effects on low latitude dependence of the “forecast parameter” based ionosphere during intense geomagnetic storms, on the EIA characteristics for the prediction of J.Geophys. Res., 115, A03305, Equatorial Spread F (ESF), Ann. Geophys., 26, doi:10.1029/2009JA014562. 1751–1757. Veeraswamy K, Abdul Azeez K K, Sharana Basava , Thampi, S. V., M. Yamamoto, H. Liu, S. Saito, Y. G. Dhanunjay Naidu, Harinarayana T. (2010), Otsuka, and A. K. Patra (2010), Nghttime-like Electrical Structure across Lesser and Higher quasi periodic echoes induced by a partial solar NW Himalaya, India, CJGP, Vol.53, pp.576-584. eclipse, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L09107, Velraj, G., Mohamed Musthafa, A., Janaki, K, doi:10.1029/ 2010GL042855. Deenadayalan, K. and Basavaiah, N. (2010): Tomás, T., H. Lühr M. Rother, C. Manoj, N. Olsen S. Estimation of firing temperature and ancient Watari. (2008), What are the influences of solar geomagnetic field intensity of archaeological eclipses on the equatorial electrojet? Journal of potteries recently excavated from Tamilnadu, Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. India, Applied Clay Science, 50, 148-153 doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2008.05.009. Venkatachalapathy, R., Bakas, T., Basavaiah, N. Tsurutani, B.T., O. Verkhoglyadova, A. Mannucci, A. and Deenadayalan, K., (2008). Mossbauer and Saito, T. Araki, K. Yumoto, T. Tsuda, M.A. mineral magnetic studies on archaeological Abdu, J. Sobral, W.D. Gonzalez, H. McCreadie, potteries from Adhichanallur, Tamilnadu, India, G.S. Lakhina and V. Vasyliunas, (2008). Hyperfine Interactions 186:89-98. Prompt penetration electric fields (PPEFs) and Venkatachalapathy, R.,A. Loganathan, N. their ionospheric effects during great magnetic Basavaiah and C. Manoharan, (2009). The use storms, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A05311, doi: of mineral magnetic parameters to characterize 10.1029/2007JA012879 archaeological artifacts, Lithuanian Journal of Tsurutani, B.T., O.P. Verkhoglyadova, A.J. Physics, 49(4), 479-485. Mannucci, G.S. Lakhina, G. Li and G.P. Zank, Venkatachalapathy, R., Basavaiah, N., (2009). A brief review of “Solar Flare Effects Veerasingam, S. and Ramkumar, T. (2010): (SFEs)” on the ionosphere, Radio Comparison between Petroleum hydrocarbon Sci.,44,RS0A17, doi:10.1029/2008RS004029. concentrations and Magnetic properties in Tulasi Ram S, P V S Rama Rao, K Niranjan, D S V Chennai coastal sediments, Bay of Bengal, V D Prasad, R Sridharan, C V Devasia and INDIA, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27, Sudha Ravindran (2007), Local time dependant 1927-1935 response of Indian equatorial ionosphere to the Venkateswara Rao N., A. K. Patra, and S. V. B. Rao moderate geomagnetic storms, Adv. Space Res, (2007), Low-latitude E-region quasi-periodic 39, 1304-1312. echoes studied using long-term radar Tulasi Ram, S., P. V. S. Rama Rao, D. S. V. V. D. observations over Gadanki Advances in Prasad, K. Niranjan, A. Raja Babu, R. Geosciences-Solar Terrestrial, 14, 245-261. Sridharan, C. V. Devasia, and Sudha Ravindran Venkateswara Rao, N, A. K Patra, T. K Pant, S .V. B (2007), The combined effects of electrojet Rao (2008), Morphology and seasonal

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characteristics of low latitude E-region quasi- Vichare, G. and R. Rajaram, (2009). Comparative periodic echoes studied using large database of study of models of Earth's magnetic field derived Gadanki radar observations, J. Geophys. Res., from Oersted, CHAMP and SAC-C magnetic doi: 10.1029/2007JA012830. satellite data, J. Ind. Geophys. Union, 13(1), 33- Venkateswara Rao, N., A. K. Patra, and S. V. B. 42. Rao (2008), Some new aspects of low-latitude Vichare Geeta, S. Alex, and G.S. Lakhina, (2009). E-region QP echoes revealed by Gadanki radar: Influence of solar wind parameters on ground Are they due to Kelvin-Helmholtz instability or magnetic field near equator during intense gravity waves?, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A03309, storms”, (J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys.,71,1814- doi: 10.1029/2007JA012574. 1823. Venkateswara Rao, N., A. K. Patra, and S. V. B. Vijay Kumar, P.N., T.R. Tyagi, L. Singh, H. Chandra, Rao (2009), Low-altitude quasi-periodic echoes G.D. Vyas, D.R.K. Rao, B.M. Pathan, A. Iype, B. studied using a large database of Gadanki radar Ramsekaran, A. Naidu, S.M. Sadique, K.N. Iyer, observations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A01313, K.N. Pathak, A.K. Gwal, S. Kumar, R.P. Singh, doi:10.1029/2008JA013397. UP Singh, Birbal Singh, P. Kumar, G.N. Venkateswara Rao, N., T. Tsuda, S. Gurubaran, Y. Navneeth, P.V.S. Koparkar, P.V.S. Ramarao, Miyoshi and H. Fujiwara, (2010). On the P.T. Jayachandran, P. Sriram, R. Sethuraman, occurrence and variability of the terdiurnal tide in A. Dasgupta, K. Basu and R.G. Rastogi, (2007). the equatorial mesosphere and lower Some features of plasma bubble induced thermosphere and its comparison with Kyushu- scintillations during the AICPITS campaigns of GCM, Journal of Geophysical Research 1991, Ind. J. Radio & Space Phys., 36, 91-102. (Atmospheres),115,doi: Vineeth, C, T. K. Pant, C. V. Devasia and R. 10.1029/2010JD014529. Sridharan (2007), Atmosphere-Ionosphere Venkateshwarlu, M., J. R. Ojha, B. Pandey, J. coupling observed over the dip equatorial MLTI Krishna (2008), Preliminary remanent region through the quasi 16-day wave, magnetism results from the Jurassic sediments Geophys.Res.Lett.,34, L12102, doi: of Kachchh, India, Current Sci., 95, No. 6, 725- 10.1029/2007GL030010. 727. Vineeth, C, T. K. Pant, C. V. Devasia and R. Venkateshwarlu, M. (2008), Magnetic Polarity Sridharan (2007), Highly localized cooling in Stratigraphy of Siwalik Sediments from Kotla daytime mesopause temperature over the dip Section, Himachal Pradesh, NW Himalaya equator during Counter Electrojet events: -First Journal of Geological Society of India, 72, 533- results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14101, doi: 542. 10.1029/2007GL030298. Venugopal, C., M.J. Kurian, S. Antony, C.P. Anil Vineeth, C., T.K. Pant, S.V. Thampi, R. Sridharan, Kumar and G. Renuka, (2007). Stability of lower C.V. Devasia, K. Kishore Kumar and S. Alex, hybrid instability excited by longitudinal currents (2008). Investigation of the response of in a collisional, multi-ion plasma, Phys. Scripta, equatorial MTL1 region during a partial solar 75, 682-685. eclipse through ground – based daytime optical Venugopal, C., M.J. Kurian, E. Savithri Devi, P.J. technique, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A03302, doi: Jessy, C.P. Anil Kumar and G. Renuka, (2010). 10.1029/2007JA012335. Low frequency electromagnetic waves in a Vineeth, C., T. K. Pant, and R. Sridharan (2009), multi-ion Plasma, Indian J. Phys. 84 (3) 319- Equatorial counter electrojets and polar 324. stratospheric sudden warmings – a classical Venugopal, C., M.J. Kurian, E. Savithri Devi, C.P. example of high latitude-low latitude coupling?, Anil Kumar and G. Renuka, (2010). Low Ann. Geophys., 27, 3147–3153. frequency electromagnetic waves in a multi-ion Vineeth, C, T. K. Pant, K. K. Kumar, G. Ramkumar, Plasma, Ind. J. Phys., 84(3), 319-324. and R. Sridharan (2009), Signatures of low Verheest, F., M.A. Hellberg and G.S. Lakhina, latitude high latitude coupling in the tropical MLT (2007). Necessary conditions for the generation region during sudden stratospheric warming, of acoustic solitons in magnetospheric and Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20104, space plasmas with hot ions, Astrophys. Space doi:10.1029/2009GL040375. Sci. Trans., 3, 15-20.

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Vineeth, C., T. K. Pant, K. K. Kumar, S. G. Sumod, S. Gurubaran and R. Sridharan, (2010). Planetary wave-tidal interactions over the equatorial MLT region and its ossible implications for the equatorial electrojet, Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 115, doi:10.1029/2010JA015895. Vineeth, C., T.K. Pant, S. Gurubaran, M. M. Hossain and R. Sridharan, (2010). A comparison of optically measured daytime OH temperatures over the tropics during solar maximum and minimum periods, Earth Planets and Space, 62, 647-653, doi:10.5047/eps.2010.07.009. Waghmare, S.Y., L. Carlo, P.B. Gawali and A.G. Patil, Geomagnetic investigation in the seismoactive area of Narmada-Son Lineament, Central India, J. Ind. Geophys. Union, 12(1), 1- 10. Wei Y., Z. Pu, M. Hong, Q. Zong, Z. Ren, S.Fu, L. Xie, S. Alex, X. Cao, J. Wang and X. Chu, (2009). Westward ionospheric electric field perturbations on the dayside associated with substorm processes, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A12209, doi: 10.1029/2009JA014445. Yadav, L.L., S.V. Singh and R. Bharuthram, (2009). Dust-acoustic nonlinear periodic waves in a dusty plasma with charge fluctuation, J. Plasma Phys.doi:10.1017/S002237780900806X 75, 697–707. Yokoyama, T. , D. L. Hysell, A. K. Patra, Y. Otsuka, and M. Yamamoto (2009), Zonal asymmetry of daytime 150-km echoes observed by Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia, Ann. Geophys., 27, 967–974.

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Hydrological Sciences: A report to IAHS 2011

S.N. Rai1 and S. K. Jain2

1National Geophysical Research Institute(CSIR) Uppal Raod, Hyderabad-500007 [email protected] Dept. of Water Resources Development & Management [email protected] 2I.I.T.Roorkee,Roorkee 247667,

Introduction the irrigation and industrial requirements, the federal government of India has initiated an Hydrogeologically, the Indian territories can be ambitious technology mission entitled “WAR divided into three major groups: unconsolidated, (Winning, Augmentation and Renovation) for semi-unconsolidated and consolidated (or hard Water” in response to an order of the Supreme th rock) formations. Indo-Gangetic plains, dune soil Court of India dated 28 April 2009. Objectives of of Thar Desert in the north-west and coastal the missions are to find methods and their alluvium of Quaternary to recent ages implementation for : (1) rain water harvesting , (2) characterized with the primary porosity form the managing flood waters, (3) treatment of waste first group of unconsolidated formations. The water, (3) converting saline water into fresh water, Indo-Gangetic plain is traversed by major and (4) any other methods or suggestions for Himalayan rivers like Indus, Ganges, protection and preservations of wet lands and Brahmaputra, Yamuna and their tributaries. This related issues. More emphasis has been given to plain is one of the largest repositories of surface the sustainable development and management of and groundwater in the world. Proterozoic, ground water resources because it is the only Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments distributed all source of drinking water for almost entire rural over the country constitute the second group of population. During reporting period adequate semi unconsolidated formations. Deccan traps, works have been carried out by various Archaean granites and gneissic complexes, government and non-government organization in consolidated sediments and Pre-Cambrian meta- different field of hydrological sciences which have sediments form the third group of consolidated been listed in the reference section of this report. formations. About 2 Million sq. km (or 60%) of the However, this report describes some selective total surface area of Indian territories is covered works under the titles: (1) Ground water by consolidated formations. The weathered exploration, (2) Management of zones, intervening intertrappeans, fractures and groundwater/surface water resources; (3) Rainfall, joints serve as a potential groundwater reservoir runoff, flood and climate variability effects, (4) in consolidated geological formations. The Water quality, (5) Aquifer’s parameter average annual rainfall over the country is identification, and (6) Basic research in the estimated 1170 mm which is more than the global following sections. average rainfall of 700 mm. Even then about 80% of the Indian territories fall under semi-arid to arid 1. Ground water exploration: conditions and faces acute shortage of quality water supply. This is because of vagaries of For Ground water exploration, aquifer’s mapping monsoon, topographic variations, prevailing semi- using integrated geophysical and geological arid to arid climatic conditions and varied nature of surveys, remote sensing and GIS techniques, and hydrogeology. To assure secured and safe their development through creating infrastructures drinking water supply to all citizens and to meet such as dug-wells, bore-wells, hand pumps etc. 58 have been carried out in different part of the Mirzapur district of U.P. (Girish Kumar, et al. country such as in Vindhyan terrain of Gurudev 2009). Hodlur et al (2010) have presented a Nagar, Mirzapur district, U.P (Yadav et al. 2007) method for the resolution of fresh and saline water and Robertsganj in Sonbhadra district , U.P. aquifers by analysis of electrical rsistivity data. (Yadav and Singh, 2008), in granitic terrain of Maheshwaram watershed (Kumar, et al, 2007) 2. Management of ground water/surface water and Waipally watershed (Dhakate, et al. 2007, resources: Orowe, et al 2008, Dhakate and Singh, 2008, Prasad, et al., 2008, Mondal, et al. 2008) of The consequence of unsustainable exploration of Nalgonda district and Seethanagaram Mandal of ground water in the form of water table decline, Vizianagaram district ( Monadal, 2008), in A.P depletion of ground water resources, ground state, in volcanic Deccan basaltic region of Katol water pollution, land subsidence etc are becoming and Kalmeshwar taluks of Nagpur district covering evident in many parts of the country. Artificial 2 170 Km area of 23 villages (Rai et al. 2010, recharging of ground water is the most effective 2011), Chiplun taluk of Ratnagiri district (Rai, et measure to reverse the declining trend of ground al., 2010,) and around Aurangabad city (Kumar, et water level and to protect its quality from polluted al. 2010) in Maharastra State. An attempt has surrounding environment, if exists. Jha (et. al been made for mapping of aquifer geometry and 2009) have suggested three low cost and easy to surface and sub-surface faults in Gangetic Plain implement recharge techniques for alluvial aquifer by integrating remote sensing and well log data. systems through augmentation of river flow, (Samdder, et al.2007). Characteristic responses recharge through irrigation/drainage canals and to pumping in hard rock fracture aquifers of paddy fields. A comprehensive review on the Trissur district, Kerala have been analyzed for applications of remote sensing and GIS their hydrogeological significance (Kukillaya, technologies for ground water management and 2007). Evaluation of ground water development development has been presented by Jha et al. prospect in the Kadalundi basin in Malapuram (2007). A tank cum open dug well system has district of Kerala has been done by analyzing the been developed for artificial recharging and pattern of water level fluctuation in different irrigation ( Srivastava, et al., 2009). The system physiographic regions, the depth to water level comprises of a series of tanks with open dugwell and saturated thickness in different seasons, the in the recharge zone of the tank that reharvest hydrogeological properties of the rocks within the back the seepage water. This system was basin, the ground water assessment, the ground evaluated in a field experiment in Keonjhar district water quality etc. (Prasad et al, 2007). Lineament of Orissa. Percolation tanks are widely used for density modeling has been done to identify high increasing recharge of ground water. A software potential aquifers in hard rock areas of Nawapara “SODPET” is developed for design of percolation and Kalahandi districts in Orissa state (Sikdar, et tank. The output results include capacity of the al., 2007). Jha et al (2008) have carried out geo- tank for most economic recharge per unit electrical sounding to decipher aquifers at a site investment, total recharge during the year, under the Salboni Block of West Medinapore recharge during monsoon and post monsoon district of West Bengal. Detailed geophysical, months and expected storage level at the end of hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations the monsoon (Srivastava et al. 2007). Area and have been carried out to identify potential fresh locale specific watershed plans are generated for ground water resources and to quantify vulnerable Mayurkashi watershed using remote sensing and part of Andrott island of Lakshadweep (Singh et GIS techniques (Chowdary et al. 2009). Shekhar al., 2009). Ground water exploration works have and Prasad (2009) have presented options to been also carried out in Mayurakshi watershed manage ground water in the Yamuna flood plain 2 which covers an area of about 1860 Km falling in of Delhi to overcome the scarcity of water supply Dunka and Deogarh district of Jharkhand state to the national capital city. Rao et al.(2007) have (Chowdary et al, 2009) and Bakhar watershed in presented results of an operational model in order 59 to suggest the optimal pumping from skimming different lithological controls in parts of Kashmir wells operated from optimal locations in the Himalaya were studied to understand the Yamuna river flood plain of Delhi such that they response of springs discharges to regional are staggered in space and time to obtain the climatic variability (Jeelani, 2008). The study least saline water. In the light of increasing revealed that the regional /global warming and deterioration of ground water supply in Rajasthan below normal precipitation in the period of snow state, rainwater harvesting practices in the Wakal accumulation (PSA) has triggered the receding of river basin in southern Rajasthan were studied to glaciers and attenuation of spring discharges. determine the effects of artificially recharged Solute dynamics of melt water of Gangotri glacier ground water on the supply and quality of ground system in terms of association of different water (Stiefel, et al, 2009). Limaye(2010) has chemical compounds with the geology of the area presented a review on groundwater development is being investigated by (Kumar, et al., 2009). and management in the Deccan traps occupying more than half a million Indian territories. Rai 4. Water quality (2009) has presented a review on merit and demerit of several ground water development Groundwater pollution mostly due to presence of activities carried out in different part of the high concentration of Arsenic, fluoride sea water country. intrusion, and unplanned disposal of industrial hazards and other anthropogenic/geogenic 3. Rainfall, runoff, flood and climate variability sources has been reported from different parts of effects the country and is a mater of serious concern. The following section describes a few cases of ground A new lumped conceptual model based on the soil water pollution . conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) concept has been developed for continuous Arsenic simulation of rainfall-runoff processes in watershed (Geetha et al., 2008). A normal annual Influence of fluvial geomorphology and quaternary rainfall map is prepared for Himalayan region, morphostratigraphy on arsenic contamination of lying in Uttarakhand state (Basistha, et al., 2008). ground water from parts of Damodar fan-delta and Historical daily runoff has been simulated for the west of Bhagirathi river in west Bengal has been Chenab river basin up to Salal gauging site using investigated by Acharya and Shah (2007). a snowmelt model(SNOMOD) to study the impact Bhattacharya and Mukherjee (2008) have of plausible hypothetical scenarios of temperature investigated contamination of shallow aquifers by and rainfall on the melt characteristic and daily arsenic in upper reaches of Tista river at Siliguri- runoff of the Chenab river basin (Arora, 2008). Jalpaiguri area of West Bengal (2009). Ground Regional flood frequency analysis of north–bank water in four districts of Manipur state situated in of the river Brahmaputra has been carried out for Manipur valley is arsenic contaminated. Water estimation of floods of various return periods for samples from these districts were analysed to both gauged and ungauged catchments of the quantify the amount of arsenic contamination and study area (Bhuyan et al, 2010). Runoff regimes source of contamination (Chakraborti et al, 2008). in Himalayan basins are controlled mainly by melting of snow and ice cover. Melting is dependent on air temperature. Global Fluoride atmospheric general circulation model (GCMs) has been developed and used to study the effect Hydrogeological investigation carried out in the of changes in temperature on the stream flow rural parts of Yavatmal district of Maharastra state which has contribution from snowmelt, rainfall and has revealed high fluoride concentration in deeper base flow in the Satluj river basin (Jain et al., aquifers compared to shallow aquifers. 2010). Forty major perennial springs under Physicochemical conditions like decomposition, 60 dissociation and subsequent dissolution along hydrochemical study has been carried out in with long residence time might be responsible for coastal aquifer under administrative jurisdiction of leaching of fluoride in to ground water (Madhnure Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu (Mondal et al., 2010). et al., 2007). Isotope and hydrochemical Trace element concentration in ground water of investigations have been carried out in the Ilkal Peasarlanka island in Krishna delta has been area under Bagalkot districts of Karnataka to analysed by Mondal et al (2010). determine source and mechanism of fluoride released into ground water and to understand Industrial pollution ground water hydrochemisrty (Tirumalesh, et al. 2007). The study points to contribution from Investigation has been made to identify ground surface waters contaminated by anthropogenic water vulnerability to pollution by using activities. Reddy et al.(2011) have used a geoelectrical and hydrochemical investigations in multifaceted approach to understand the an important industrial town Mettur in Tamin Nadu mechanism responsible for the spatial distribution state. (Srinivasamoorthy, et al, 2011). Results of and dynamics of fluoride in highly contaminated a study on contamination of Uppanar River and granitic aquifer (up to 7.5mg/l) of Wailapally Coastal waters off Cuddalore in Tamilnadu state watershed in Nalgonda district of A.P. Mondal et signify that industrial growth has affected the al. (2010) have highlighted the utility of resistivity aquatic environment (Jonathan, et al., 2008). and induced polarization (IP) surveys, using hydrochemical constituents as constraint, for Pollution by other sources successful delineation of Fluoride contamination of ground water ( 0.71-19 mg/L) of Kurmapalli Water pollution due to other anthropogenic and watershed of Nalgonda district, A.P. geogenic sources has been also investigated. A framework to evaluate and map environmental Sea water intrusion hazard with reference to special distribution of major and trace metal contamination and its In many coastal regions of Orissa, Andhra relationship with lithology in Chandrapur district of Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat, the intrusion of Maharashtra using geospatial, statistical and GIS sea water towards inland fertile soils has been tool is addressed by Satapathy et al.( 2009). A reported mostly due to pumping of ground water detailed water quality analysis is carried out in the from coastal aquifers in excess to their quaternary aquifer system of the alluvial Ganga replenishment. Ground water quality assessment Plain in Bah Tehsil of Agra district to identify the of shallow aquifer using GIS in part of Chennai factors causing the variation and escalation of City, Tamil Nadu has been carried out. From the chemical constituents and salinity in the aquifers higher TDS and Cl/HCO3 ratio. It is inferred that (Misra and Misra, 2007). Hydrogeochemical the sea water has intruded into a considerable investigations are carried out in different blocks of area adjoining the coast due to over exploitation Burdwan districts, West Bengal in order to assess of ground water (Singh and Lawrence, 2007). Sea its suitability for drinking as well as irrigation water ingression study along the Guhagar coast of purposes (Gupta et al., 2008). In order to know Maharastra with reference to the harmonious the quality of ground water for domestic and water resources development has been carried irrigation uses in Upper Gunjanaeru river basin of out. The pros and cons of constructing Cuddapah basin, A.P., water sample were engineering structures for preventing sea water analysed for various parameters (Raju, et al, ingress and strategy to enhance groundwater 2007). GIS based quality assessment of recharge for increasing fresh water column in the spatiotemporal characteristics of ground water lower reaches of Creeks, tidal inlets and their qulity of upland sub-watersheds of Meenachil tributaries, without causing harm to the delicate river, a part of Western Ghats in Kottayam district ecosystem of mangrove have been analysed of Kerala was carried out to find out suitability of (Umrikar and Thigale, 2007). A systematic ground water for drinking and agricultural 61 purposes (Vijith and satheesh, 2007). GIS has predicting fate of non conservative pollutants been applied for identification of ground water downstream from source using advection- quality suitable zones in a part of Chittoor, A.P. for dispersion-decay equation, estimation of domestic and irrigation purposes (Yammani, longitudinal dispersion coefficients is required a 2007). Ground water quality has been priori. An innovative approach has been proposed investigated in many parts of the country such as towards the estimation of longitudinal dispersion East Godavari district of A.P. (Rao, 2007), coefficients using regime channel concept Bhiwani region of Haryan state (Garg et al., 2009), (Muthukrishnavellaiswamy, et al, 2009). Natural Bhalswa landfill area of Delhi (Srivastava and recharge and aquifer’s parameters in a watershed Ramnathan , 2008), Ankleshwar industrial state in located in east coastal belt around Tuticorin town, Gujarat(Kumar, 2008), Muzaffarnagar district of Tamilnadu are estimated using radio tracer and U.P. (Tyagi et al. 2009), Central Ganga Plain in pumping test analysis (Rangrajan et al., 2009). A U.P. (Umar et al. 2009), Upper catchment of simple method for quick estimation of leaky Damodar river basin (Singh et al., 2008), in and aquifer parameters has been suggested by Singh around Kolkata wetland (Sahu and Sikdar, 2008), (2009). Delhi (Kumar, et al, 2009), Patiala and Muktsar districts of Punjab (Kumar, et al. 2007, 2009), 6. Basic research Potharlanka island in Krishna delta (Mondal, et al. 2008) and Andrott islands of Lakshadweep An understanding of the quantitative and (Sarwade, et al. 2007). qualitative changes in ground water dynamics because of existing and proposed management 5. Aquifer’s parameter identification schemes is prerequisite for their proper development and management. Mathematical Estimation of aquifer parameters is of utmost models are used for assessiing the future importance to construct predictive models which behaviour of ground water, in both quantitative in turns are used for judicious management of and qualitative terms, in response to various ground water/ surface water resources from both operating or proposed development schemes quantitave and qualitative point of views. A related to recharging, pumping, waste disposal etc simple method and an optimization method for and in making judicious selection of a sustainable explicit estimation of specific dispersivity and development scheme out of many proposed injected mass due to instantaneous injection of a scheme without resorting to expensive field solute are proposed by Singh (2007). Using this experiments. An analytical model for 2-D water method, the data for different flow rates and table variation in an aquifer basin with inclined injected masses can be analysed simultaneously. impermeable base incorporating the effect of A methodology has been developed to estimate depth-dependent evapotranspiration is developed the hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of by Singh et. Al. 2008. An analytical model has hard rock aquifers from geoelectrical parameters been developed by solving Boussinesq equation (Chandra et al, 2008). An electrical resistivity to predict water table fluctuations due to time method has been used to determine aquifer varying recharge, and withdrawals from multiple parameters in the Ganga-Yamuna interfluve in basins, wells and leakage sites (Rai and Manglik, northern India (Sinha et al, 2009). By using this 2010a).Rai and Manglik (2010b) have developed method, an existing relationship between the an analytical model to predict the dynamic geoelectrical and hydraulic parameters has been behaviour of the water table in the presence of modified. A remote sensing based seepage owing to intermittently applied canal hydrogeomorphological approach is proposed to irrigation and ground water pumping from any upscale aquifer transmissivity from point or well number of well located any where within the scale to aquifer scale and is applied to the investigated area.. A new numerical tool is piedmont alluvial system of Doon valley of presented which models the two dimensional Uttarakhand state(Srivastav et al., 2007). For contaminant transport through saturated porous 62 media using a meshfree method called the radial Agarwal, A., Rai, R.K., Upadhyay. A. 2009. point interpolation method (RPIM) with polynomial Forecasting of runoff and sediment yield reproduction (Praveen Kumar and Dodagoudar, using artificial neural networks. Journal of 2008). A novel Hybrid Monte Carlo-based Water Resource and Protection, 2009, (1), Bayesian neural network inversion scheme is 304-312. developed for the interpretation of DC Resistivity Ali, S., Ghosh, N. C. and Singh R., 2010. data (Maiti e al., 2001). This method, on contrary Rainfall–runoff simulation using a normalized to the other traditional inversion scheme, does not antecedent precipitation index. Hydrological require a prior initial model for successful Sci. Jour. 55(2), 266 – 274. optimization. This method was applied to large Arora, M., Singh, P., Goel, N. K. and Singh, R. number of DC Resistivity sounding points from the D., 2008. Climate Variability Influences on seismically active zone of Koyana region for Hydrological Responses of a Large mapping the subsurface Resistivity structure in Himalayan Basin. Water Resour. Manage., order to decipher aquifers. Feed forward ANN 22 (10), 1461-1475. model with quick propagation (QP) as training algorithm has been used to forecast the salinity Arumugam, K. and Elangovan, K., 2009. under varied pumping rates (Banerjee et al, Hydrochemical characteristics and 2011). The accuracy, generalization ability and groundwater quality aasessment in Tirupur reliability of the model are verified by real field region, Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu, India. data from Kavarati, an island of Lakshdweep. An Environ. Geol., 58(7), 1509-1520. Artifical Neural Network (ANN) based Banerjee, P., Prasad R K and Singh V S., 2009. methodology is developed to identify unknown Forecasting of groundwater level in hard rock pollution sources in ground water with partially region using artificial neural network. missing concentration observation data (Singh Environ. Geol., 58(6), 1239. and Datta, B., 2007). Singh et al (2008) have Banerjee, P., Sarwade, D. and Singh V S. 2008. presented Transformation technique for water Characterization of an island aquifer from table estimation in a 2-D aquifer with inclined base tidal response. Environ. Geol, 55(4), 901- subjected to variable ET. A Semi analytical model 906. for drawdown due to pumping a partially Banerjee, P., Singh, V.S., Chattopadhyay, K, penetrating large diameter well is developed by Chandra, P.C. and Singh, B., 2011. Artificial Singh (2007). Singh (2009) has presented a Neural network model as a potential generalized analytical solution for groundwater alternative for ground water salinity head in a horizontal aquifer in the presence of forecasting. J. Hydrol., 398(3-4), 212-220. subsurface drains. Basistha, A., Arya, D. S. and Goel, N. K., 2008. Spatial Distribution of Rainfall in Indian Acknowledgements: Himalayas – A Case Study of Uttarakhand Region. Water Rresou Manag., 22 Authors are thankful to Dr. Bhism Kumar of NIH, (10), 1325-1346. Roorkee and Ms. Y Ratnakumari of N.G.R.I.for Bhadra, A., Bandyopadhyay, A., Singh, R. and their help in preparation of this report. Raghuwanshi, N. S., 2010. Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: Comparison of Two Approaches References: with Different Data Requirements. Water. Acharya, S.K. and Shah, B.A., 2007. Arsenic Resour. Manag., 24 (1) 37-62. contaminated ground water from parts of Bhadra, A., Bandyopadhyay, A.., Raghuwanshi, Damodar fan delta and west of Bhagirathi N.S. and Singh, R., 2008. “Development of a River, West Bengal, India. Env. Geol., 52, GIS-based runoff prediction model using 489-502. SCS CN method and Muskingum routing

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technique”, Asian J. Geoinformatics, 8(4), 3- sediments, Lesser Himalaya (India): 12. implications for source-area weathering, Bhattacharyya, D. and Mukherjee, P. K., 2009. provenance, and tectonic setting. Environ. Contamination of shallow aquifers by arsenic Geol., 54 (1), 147-163. in upper reaches of Tista river at Siliguri– Dash, R. R., Mehrotra, I., Kumar, P. and Jalpaiguri area of West Bengal, India. Grischek, T., 2008. Lake bank filtration at Environ. Geol., 57(7), 1687-1692. Nainital, India: water-quality evaluation. Bhunya P. K., Jain, S. K. , Singh, P. K. and Hydrogeol. J. 16(6), 1089-1099. Mishra, S. K. 2010. A Simple Conceptual Datta, B., Chakrabarty, D. and Dhar A., 2009. Model of Sediment Yield. Water Resour Optimal dynamic monitoring network design Manag. , 24 (8), 1697-1716. and identification of unknown groundwater Bhunya, P.K., Panigrahy N., Rakesh, K. and pollution Sources. Water Resour. Manag. 23 Ronny, B., 2010. Development of a Regional (10), 2031-2049. Non-dimensional Return Period Flood Model. Deep, K., Singh, K. P., Kansal, M. L. and Mohan, Water Resou Manag., 24 (7), 1425-1439. C., 2009. Management of multipurpose Chakraborti D, Jayantakumar Singh E, Bhaskar multireservoir using fuzzy interactive method. Das, Shah B A , Amir Hossain M, Bishwajit Water Resour. Manag., 23 (14), 2987-3003. Nayak, Sad Ahamed and Rajmuhon Singh N. Devadas, D. J., Subba Rao, N., Thirupathi Rao, (2008) Groundwater arsenic contamination in B., Srinivasa Rao, K, V. and Manipur, one of the seven North-Eastern Hill Subrahmanyam, A., 2007. states of India: a future danger. Environ. Hydrogeochemistry of the Sarada river basin, Geol., 56 (2), 381-390. Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, Chandramohan, T., Balchand, A.N., and Mathew, India. Environ. Geol., 52 (7), 1331-134 . S., 2009. Discharge and Sediment transport Garg, V. K., Suthar, S., Singh, S., Sheoran, A., in the Tropical Rivers of Kerala India and Garima, Meenakshi and Jain, S. 2009. their controlling factors. Asian Journal of Drinking water quality in villages of Water, Environment and Pollution, 6(4), 1-9. southwestern Haryana, India: assessing Chidambaram, S., Senthil Kumar G, Prasanna M human health risks associated with V, John Peter A, Ramanthan A L and hydrochemistry. Environ. Earth Sci., 58(6), Srinivasamoorthy K.(2009). A study on the 1329. hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of Geetha, K., Mishra, S.K., Eldho, T.I., Rastogi A.K. groundwater from different depths in a and Pandey, R.P., 2008. SCN-CN based coastal aquifer: Annamalai Nagar, continuous simulation model for hydrologic Tamilnadu, India. Environ. Geol., 57(1), 59. forecasting . water Reso. Manag., 22, 165- Chowdary, V. M., Ramakrishnan, D., Srivastava, 190. Y. K., Chandran, V. and Jeyaram, A. 2009. Girish Kumar, M., Rameshwar, B. and Integrated water resource development plan Agarwal, A. K. 2009. Integration of remote for sustainable management of Mayurakshi sensing and electrical sounding data for watershed, India using Remote Sensing and hydrogeological exploration—a case study of GIS. Water. Resour Manag. 23 (8), 1581- Bakhar watershed, India. Hydrological Sci. 1602. Jour. 54(5), 949-960. Dabral, P. P., Pandey, A., Baithuri, N. and Mal, B. Gupta, S., Mahato, A., Roy, P., Datta, J. K. and C., 2008. Stochastic modelling of rainfall in Saha,. R. N., 2008. Geochemistry of humid region of north east India. Water groundwater, Burdwan district, West Bengal, Resour Manag., 22 (10), 1395-1407. India. Environ. Geol. , 53(6), 1271. Das, B. K, Birgit-Gaye and Kaur, P., 2008. Hodlur, G. K., Dhakate, R., Sirisha, T. and Geochemistry of Renuka Lake and wetland Panaskar, D.B., 2010. Resolution of 64

freshwater and saline water aquifers by Cuddalore, Southeast coast of India. Environ. composite geophysical data analysis Geol., 53(7), 1391. methods. Hydrological Sci. Jour., 55(3), 414 Kireet, K., Miral, M. S., Joshi, S., Pant, N., Joshi, – 434. V. and Joshi, L. M.,2009. Solute dynamics of Jain, S., K., Goswami, A. and. Saraf, A. K., 2010. meltwater of Gangotri glacier, Garhwal Assessment of snowmelt runoff using remote Himalaya, India. Environ. Geol., 58, 1151- sensing and effect of climate change on 1159. runoff, Water Resources Management, 24(9), Kukillaya, J.P., 2007. Characteristic responses to 1763-1777. pumping in hard rock fracture aquifers of Jasrotia, A.S. and Singh, R., 2007. Thrissur, Kerala and their hydrogeological Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality significance, J. Geol. Soc. India, 1055-1066. around Devak and Rui watersheds of Jammu Kulkarni, B. D., Nandargi, S. and Mulye, S. S., Region, Jammu and Kashmir. J. Geol. Soc. 2010. Zonal estimation of probable maximum India, 1042 -1054. precipitation rain depths over the Krishna Jayaprakash, M., Giridharan, L., Venugopal, T., basin in peninsular India. Hydrological Sci. Krishna Kumar, S. P. and Periakali, P., 2008. Jour. 55(1) 93 – 103. Characterization and evaluation of the factors Kumar B, Rao, M.S., Navada, S. V., Verma, S. K. affecting the geochemistry of groundwater in and Shrivastava, S., 2009. Evaluation of Neyveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ. Geol., effectiveness of artificial recharge measures 54(4), 855-867. in parts of Maharastra using environmental Jeelani, Gh., 2008. Aquifer response to regional isotopes, Current Science, 97(7), Oct., 2009. climate variability in a part of Kashmir Kumar, A., Jaiswal D. K., Kumar Naveen (2010). Himalaya in India. Hydrogeol. Journ. 16 Analytical solutions to one-dimensional (8), 1625-1633. advection–diffusion equation with variable Jha, M K, Kamii Y and Chikamori K. 2009. Cost- coefficients in semi-infinite media. J. of effective Approaches for Sustainable Hydrol., 380, 330-337. Groundwater Management in Alluvial Aquifer Kumar, D., Ahmed, Krisnamurthy, N.S. and S Systems. Water Resou. Manag., 23(2), 219- Dewandel, B., 2007. Reducing ambiguities in 233. vertical electrical sounding interpretation: a Jha, M.K., Chowdhury, A., and Peiffer, S., 2007. geostatistical application. J. Applied Ground water management and development Geophys., 62, 16-32. by integrated remote sensing and geographic Kumar, D., Rao, A., Nagaiah, E., Raju, P.K., information system. Water Resour. Manag., Mallesh, D. Ahmeddin, and Ahmed, S. 2010. 21, 427-467. Integrated geophysical study to decipher Jha, M.K., Kumar, S. and Chowdhury, A., 2008. potential groundwater and zeolite-bearing Vertical electrical sounding survey and zones in Deccan traps. Current Sci., 98(6), resistivity inversion using genetic algorithm 803-814. optimization technique. J. Hydrol., 359 , 71- Kumar, D, Thiagarajan, S. and Rai, S.N., 2010. 87. Deciphering geothermal resources in Deccan Jha, R., Ojha, C.S.P. and Bhatia, K.K.S. 2007. traps region using Electrical Resistivity Non-point source pollution estimation using Tomography technique. J.G.S.I (submitted). modified approach. Hydrological Processes, Kumar, K., Miral, M.S., Joshi, S., Pant, N., Joshi, 21, 1098-1105, V and Joshi, L.M., 2009. Solute dynamics of Jonathan, M. P., Srinivasalu, S., Thangadurai, N., meltwater of Gangotri glacier, Garhwal Ayyamperumal, T., Armstrong-Altrin, J. S. Himalaya, India. Environ. Geol., 58, 1151- and Ram Mohan, V., 2008. Contamination of 1159. Uppanar River and coastal waters off 65

Kumar, M., Kumari, K., Ramnathan, A.L. and region using Hybrid Monte Carlo-based Saxena, R., 2007. A comparative evaluation neural network approach. Nonlinear of ground water suitability for irrigation and Processes Geophy., 18 (in press) drinking purposes in two intensively Mishra G C, and Singh V., 2007. A new drain cultivated districts of Punjab, India., Environ. spacing formula. Hydrological Sci. Jour. Geol., 57(4) 553-574. 52(2) 338-351. Kumar, M., Kumari, K., Singh, U.K. and Misra, A. K. and Mishra, A., 2007. Escalation of Ramnathan, A.L., 2009. Hydrogeochemical salinity levels in the quaternary aquifers of processes in the ground water environment the Ganga alluvial plain, India. Environ. of Muktsar, Punjab: conventional graphical Earth Sci. Journ. 53(1), 47. and multivariate statistical approach, Environ. Mondal, N. C., Singh, V. P., Singh, V. S. and Geol., 873-884. Saxena, V. K., 2010. Determining the Kumar, M., Sharma, B., Ramanathan, A. L., interaction between groundwater and saline Someshwar, Rao, M. S., and Kumar, B., water through groundwater major ions 2009. Nutrient chemistry and salinity chemistry. J. of Hydrol. 388, 100–111. mapping of the Delhi aquifer, India: source Mondal, N. C., Singh, V. S., Saxena, V. K. and identification perspective Environ. Geol., Prasad, R. K., 2008. Improvement of 56(6), 1171. groundwater quality due to fresh water Kumar, M., Sharma, B., Ramnathan, A.L., ingress in Potharlanka Island, Krishna delta, Someshwar Rao, M. and Kumar, B., 2009. India. Environ. Geol., 55(3), 595. Nutrient chemistry and salinity mapping of Mondal, N.C., Anandharao, V., Singh, V.S. and the Delhi aquifer, India; source identification. Sarwade, D.V., 2008. Delineation of Environ. Geol., 56, 1171-1181. concealed lineaments using electrical Kumar, S., Shirke, K. D. and Pawar, N. J., 2008. resistivity imaging in granitic terrain. Current GIS-based colour composite and overlays to Science, Vol. 94(8) 1023-1030 delineate heavy metal contamination zones Mukherjee, A., Fryar, A. E. and Howell, P. D. in the shallow alluvial aquifers, Ankaleshwar 2007. Regional hydrostratigraphy and industrial estate, south Gujarat, India. groundwater flow modeling in the arsenic- Environ. Geol., 54(1),117-129. affected areas of the western Bengal basin, Kumar, V., and Jain, S.K., 2010, Trends in West Bengal, India. Hydrogeol. J. 15(7), seasonal and annual rainfall and rainy days 1397-1418. in Kashmir valley in the last century, Muthukrishnavellaiswamy, K., Mishra, G.C., Quaternary International., 212, 64-69. Kansal, M.L. and Ghosh, N.C., 2009. Kumar, V., Singh, P., and Singh, V., 2007. Snow Estimation of stream water quality parameter and glacier melt contribution in the Beas river using regime channel theory. Environ. Geol., at Pandoh dam, Himachal Pradesh, India. 57, 899-908. Hydrological Sci. Jour. 52(2), 376-388. Pal, T and Mukherjee, P. K., 2009. Study of sub- Kumar, V., Jain, S.K. and Singh, Y., 2010. surface geology in locating arsenic-free Analysis of long-term rainfall trends in India. groundwater in Bengal delta, West Bengal, Hydrological Sci. Jour. 55(4), 484 – 496. India. Environ. Geol, 56 (6), 1211-1225. Limaye, S. D., 2010. Review: Groundwater Pandey, V. K., Panda, S. N., Pandey, A. and development and management in the Sudhakar, S. 2009. Evaluation of effective Deccan Traps (basalts) of western management plan for an agricultural India. Hydrogeol .Journ., 18(3), 543-558. watershed using AVSWAT model, remote Maiti, S., Gupta, G., Erram, V.C. and Tiwari, R.K., sensing and GIS. Environ. Geol., 56(5), 993. 2011. Inversion of Schlumberger Resistivity Pandian, K. and Sankar, K., 2007. sounding data from the critically dynamic Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality 66

in the Vaippar river basin, Tamil Nadu . J. Environment, Energy and Society”, Allied Geol. Soc. India, 970-982. Publ. Pvt Ltd., vol. I, 401-416. Patil, J. P., Sarangi, A., Singh, O. P., Singh, A. K. Rai, S.N., Thiagarajan, S. and Kumar, D. 2010. and Ahmad, T.,2008. Development of a GIS Electrical Resistivity Imaging survey for Interface for estimation of runoff from delineation of geothermal resources in watersheds. Water Resour. Manag., 22 (9), Deccan trap region, Chiplun taluk, Ratnagiri 1221-1239. district, Maharastra. Tech. Rep. no. NGRI- Pramanik, N. and Panda R. K., 2009. Application 2010-GW-712. of neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy Rai, S.N., Thiagarajan, S. and Ratnakumari, Y., inference systems for river flow prediction. 2010. Exploration of ground water in basaltic Hydrological Sci. Jour. 54(2) 247-260. Deccan traps in Katol taluk, Nagpur district, Prasad, R. K., Mondal, N. C, Banerjee, P., India. Current Science (submitted). Nandakumar, M. V. and Singh, V. S., 2008. Rai, S.N., Thiagarajan, S., Ratnakumari, Y. and Deciphering potential groundwater zone in Kumar, D., 2011. Exploring basaltic Deccan hard rock through the application of GIS. traps for ground water in parts of Environ. Geol.. 55(3), 467. Kalmeshwar taluk Nagpur district, India. In: Prasad, N., Shivraj, P.V. and Jagatheesan, M.S., Proc. of the International Conf. on 2007. Evaluation of groundwater “Sustainable water resources management development prospects in Kadalundi river and treatment technologies”(Eds. basin. J. Geol. Soc. India, 1103-1110. Labhasetwar Pavan , et al.). 166-174. Praveen Kumar, R. and Dodagoudar, G. R., 2008. Rai, S.P., Kumar, B. and Singh, P., 2009. Two-dimensional modelling of contaminant Estimation of contribution of southwest transport through saturated porous media monsoon rain to Bhagirathi river near using the radial point interpolation method Gaumukh, western Himalayas, India using (RPIM). Hydrogeol. J. 16(8), 1497-1505. Oxygen-18 isotope. Current Science, 97 (2), 240-245. Rai S P, Kumar Vijay, Kumar Bhishm. 2007. Sedimentation rate and pattern of a Rajan, R. Mondal, N.C, Singh, V.S. and Singh, Himalayan foothill lake using 137Cs and S.V., 2009. Estimation of natural recharge 210Pb. Hydrological Sci. Jour. 52(1) 181- and it’s relation with aquifer parameters in 191. and around Tuticorn town, Tamilnadu, Current Sci., 97(2), 217-226. Rai, S.N. and Manglik, A., 2010a. A mathematical model to predict water table fluctuations due Rajesh, M., Kashyap, D., and Hari Prasad, K. S., to time varying recharge and withdrawal from 2010. Estimation of unconfined aquifer multiple basins, wells and leakage site. parameters by genetic algorithms. Water Resources Manag.(submitted). Hydrological Sci. J., 55(3), 403 – 413. Rai, S.N. and Manglik, A., 2010b. Modelling of Raju, N. J., 2007. Hydrogeochemical parameters water table fluctuations in the presence of for assessment of groundwater quality in the canal seepage and pumping. Proc. of 38th upper Gunjanaeru River basin, Cuddapah IAH congress (ext. abs.), 1911-1915. District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Environ. Geol., 52(6), 067-1074. Rai, S.N. and Ratnakumari, Y., 2008. Groundwater resources: from exploration to Ramsankaran, R., Kothyari, U. C. and Rawat, J. management. In: Five decades of S., 2009. Simulation of surface runoff and Geophysics (Eds. B.Singh and V.P. Dimri), sediment yield using the water erosion GSI Memoir, 68, 357-380. prediction project (WEPP) model: a study in Kaneli watershed, Himalaya, India. Rai, S.N., 2009. Development verses sustainable Hydrological Sci. Jour. 54(3), 513-525. development of ground water resources in Indian context. Proc. of Intl. conf. on ”Water, 67

Rao, N.S., 2007. Distribution of iron in the surface indian atoll. Environ. Geol., 52(8), 1475- and ground waters of East Godavari districts, 1483. A.P., India. Environ. Geol., 52, 1455-1465. Satapathy, D. R., Salve, P. R., and Katpatal, Y. Rao, S.V.N. and Manju, S., 2007. Optimal B., 2009. Spatial distribution of metals in pumping locations of skimming wells. ground/surface waters in the Chandrapur Hydrological Sci. Jour. 52(2). 352-361. district (Central India) and their plausible Reddy, A.G.S., Kumar, N. and Reddy, D.V., 2008. sources. Environ. Geol., 56(7), 1323-1352. Seasonal and temporal variations in Sharda, V. N., Ojasvi, P. R., Dogra, P., Prasher, groundwater quality of northeastern parts of S. O, Patel, R. M., 2009. Scenario-based Ananthapur District, Andhra Pradesh. J. of assessment and management of water Applied Geochemistry, 10 (1), 103-112. resources in mid-Himalayan micro- Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Sukhija, B. S., watersheds with limited data availability. Reddy, A. G. S., and Smedley, P.L., 2010. Hydrological Sci. Jour. 54(6), 1018-1034. Fluoride dynamics in the granitic aquifer of Sharda, V. N., Prasher, S. O., Patel, R. M., the Wailapally watershed, Nalgonda District, Ojasvi, P. R. and Chandra, P., 2008. India. Chemical Geology, 269, 278–289. Performance of Multivariate Adaptive Reddy, D.V., Nagabhushanam, P., Sukhija, B.S. Regression Splines (MARS) in predicting and Reddy, A.G.S., 2009. Understanding runoff in mid-Himalayan micro-watersheds hydrological processes in a highly stressed with limited data. Hydrological Sci. J. 53(6), granitic aquifer in southern India. Hydrol. 1165 -1175. Process. 23, 1282–1294. Shekhar, S. and Prasad R. K., 2009. The Rejani R, Jha M K, Panda S N and Mull R. 2008. groundwater in the Yamuna flood plain of Simulation Modeling for Efficient Delhi (India) and the management options. Groundwater Management in Balasore Hydrogeol. J. ,17(7), 1557-1560. Coastal Basin, India. Water Resour. Manag.. Sikdar, P. K., Adhikari, S. K. and Bhattacharya, B. 22(1), 23. B., 2007. Lineament density modelling to Rejani, R., Jha, M. K. and Panda S. N., 2009. identify high potential aquifers in hard rock Simulation-optimization modeling for areas. J. Geol. Soc. India, 1118-1131. sustainable groundwater management in a Singh P., Haritashya, U. K. and Kumar, N., 2008. coastal basin of Orissa, India. Water Resou. Modelling and estimation of different Manag., 23(2), 235-263. components of streamflow for Gangotri Roy, P.K. and Mazumdar, A., 2007. Study on glacier basin, Himalayas. Hydrological Sci. J. hydrology and drought in the flood region of 53(2)2, 309 – 322. Damodar river basin. , J. Geol. Soc. India, Singh, A. K., Mondal, G C., Singh, S., Singh, P. 1011-1019. K., Singh, T .B., Tewary, B. K. and Sinha, A., Sahu, P. and Sikdar, P. K., 2008. Hydrochemical 2007. Aquatic geochemistry of Dhanbad, framework of the aquifer in and around East Jharkhand: source evaluation and quality Kolkata wetlands, West Bengal, India. assessment. J. Geol. Soc. India, 1088-1102. Environ. Geol., 55(4), 823-835. Singh, A. K., Mondal, G. C., Kumar, S., Singh, T. Sarkar, B. C., Mahanta, B. N., Saikia, K., Paul, P. B., Tewary, B. K. and Sinha, A., 2008. Major R., and Singh, G., 2007. Geo-environmental ion chemistry, weathering processes and quality assessment in Jharia coal field, India, water quality assessment in upper catchment using multivariate statistics and GIS. Environ. of Damodar river basin, India. Environ. Geol., 51(7), 1177-1196. Geol., 54(4), 745-758. Sarwade, D. V., Nandakumar, M. V., Kesari, M. Singh, A. K., Sikka, A. K., Upadhyaya, A., P., Mondal, N. C., Singh, V. S. and Singh, B., Bhatnagar, P. R., Dhanphule, S., Singh, M. 2007. Evaluation of sea water ingress into an K. and Singh, S. R., 2008. Scientific 68

perceptions and community responses in a Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 135(3), 388- participatory water management endeavor. 392. Water Resour Manag., 22 (9), 1173-1189. Singh, S. K., 2009. Flow depletion induced by Singh, A. P., Ghosh, S. K. and Sharma, P., 2007. pumping well from stream perpendicularly Water quality management of a stretch of intersecting impermeable/recharge boundary. river Yamuna: An interactive fuzzy multi- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage objective approach. Water Resour. Manag., Engineering, ASCE, 135(4), 499-504. 21 (2), 515. Singh, S. K., 2009. Generalized analytical Singh, B., Dahiya, S., Jain, S., Garg, V. K. and solutions for groundwater head in a Kushwaha, H. S. , 2008. Use of fuzzy horizontal aquifer in the presence of synthetic evaluation for assessment of subsurface drains. Journal of Irrigation and groundwater quality for drinking usage: a Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 135(3), 295- case study of southern Haryana, India. 302. Environ. Geol., 54 (1), 249-255 Singh, S. K., 2009. Groundwater mound due to Singh, D.A.H. and Lawrence, J. F., 2007. artificial recharge from rectangular areas. Groundwater quality assessment of shallow Journal of Irrigation and Drainage aquifer using GIS in part of Chennai City, Engineering, ASCE, accepted. Tamil Nadu, J. Geol. Soc. India, 1067 – Singh, S. K., 2010. Diagnostic curves for 1076. identifying leaky aquifer parameters with or Singh, R. M. and Datta, B., 2007. Artificial neural without aquitard storage. Journal of Irrigation network modeling for identification of and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 136(1). unknown pollution sources in groundwater Singh, S., Jaiswal, C. S., K. N. , Shukla, Singh, K. with partially missing concentration K., and Kumar, D., 2008. Transformation observation data. Water. Resou. Manag. Technique for Water Table Estimation in a 2- 21(3), 557. D Aquifer with inclined base subjected to Singh, S. K., 2007. Modeling laboratory variable ET. Water Resou. Manag., observations on stream-aquifer interaction.” 22(11) 1521-1530. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Singh, S., Thakural, L. N. and Kumar, B, 2008. Engineering, ASCE, 133(1), 79-82. Estimation of sediment rates and life of Singh, S. K., 2007. Semi analytical model for Sagar lake using radiometric dating drawdown due to pumping a partially techniques. Water Resou .Manag., 22 penetrating large diameter well. Journal of (4), 443-455. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, Sinha, R, Israil, M. and Singhal, D. C., 2009. A 133(2), 155-161. hydrogeophysical model of the relationship Singh, S. K., 2007. Use of gamma between geoelectric and hydraulic distribution/Nash model further simplified for parameters of anisotropic aquifers. runoff modeling.” Journal of Hydrologic Hydrogeol. J., 17(3), 495-503. Engineering, ASCE, 12(2), 222-224, 2007. Sivapragasam, C., Vasudevan, G., Maran, J., Singh, S. K., 2009. A simple method for quick Bose, C., Kaza, S. and Ganesh, N., 2009. estimation of leaky aquifer parameters. Modeling evaporation-seepage losses for Journal of Irrigation and Drainage reservoir water balance in semi-arid Engineering, ASCE, published online ahead regions. Water Resou. Manag, 23(5), 853- of print. 867. Singh, S. K., 2009. Drawdown due to pumping a Sreeja, P. and Gupta, K.. 2007. An alternate partially penetrating large diameter well using approach for transient flow modeling in urban MODFLOW. Journal of Irrigation and drainage systems. Water Resou. Manag., 21 (7), 1225. 69

Srinivasa Rao, N., 2007. Distribution of iron in the artificial recharge on the ground water of surface and groundwaters of East Godavari wellin Rajsthan, India. Hydrogeol. J., 17, district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environ. 2061-2073. Earth Sci.,52(8), 1455-1465. Subba Rao N., 2009. A numerical scheme for Srinivasa Rao, Y., Reddy, T. V. K. and Reddy, M. groundwater development in a watershed R. K., 2008. Identification of influencing basin of basement terrain: a case study from factors for groundwater quality variation India. Hydrogeol. J., 17(2), 379-396. using multivariate analysis. Environ. Geol., Thomas, T., Jaiswal, R. K., Galkate, R. and 55 (1), 9. Singh, S., 2009. Development of a rainfall- Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayraghavan, K., recharge relationship for a fractured basaltic Vasanthavigar, M., Rajivgandhi, R and aquifer in central India. Water Resour. Sarma, V.S., 2011. Integrated techniques to Manag. , 23 (14), 3101-3119. identify ground watyer vulnerability to Tirumalesh, K, Shivanna, K. and Jalihal, A.. A., pollution in a highly industrialized terrain, 2007. Isotope hydrochemical approach to Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess. understand fluoride release into th Publ. online 13 January.,Springer. groundwaters of Ilkal area, Bagalkot District, Srinivasarao, Y. 2007. Groundwater quality Karnataka, India. Hydrogeol. J., 15(3), 589- suitable zones identification: application of 598. GIS, Chittoor area, Andhra Pradesh, India. Tyagi, S. K., Datta, P. S. and Pruthi, N. K., 2009. Environ. Geol., 53(1), 201. Hydrochemical appraisal of groundwater and Srivastav, R.C., Kannan, K., Mohanty, S., Nanda, its suitability in the intensive agricultural area P., Sahoo, N., Mohanty, R.K., Das, M., 2009. of Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh, Rainwater management for smallholder India. Environ. Geol., 56 (5), 901. irrigation and it’s impact on crop yields in Umar, R., Ahmed, I., Alam, F. and Muqtada, K.M., eastern India. Water Resour. Manag., 23, 2009. Hydrochemical characteristics and 1237-1255. seasonal variations in groundwater quality of Srivastav, S. K., Lubczynski, M. W. and Biyani, A. an alluvial aquifer in parts of central Ganga K., 2007. Upscaling of transmissivity derived plain, Western Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ. from specific capacity: a Geol., 58(6), 1295. hydrogeomorphological approach applied to Upadhyay, A..K., Gupta, K..K., Sircar, J. K., Deb, the Doon Valley aquifer system in India. M. K. and Mundhara, G. L., 2007. Hydrogeol. J., 15 (7), pg 1251-1264. Dominance of lithogenic effect for nickel, Srivastava, R. C., Kannan, K., Mohanty, S., cobalt, chromium and mercury as found in Nanda, P, Sahoo, N., Mohanty, R. K. and freshly deposited sediments of the river Das, M., 2009. Rainwater management for Subernarekha, India. Environ. Geol., small holder irrigation and it’s impact on crop 51(8), 1447-1453. yields in eastern India. Water Resou Vijith, H. and Satheesh, R., 2007. GIS based Manag., 23(7), 1237-1255. assessment of spatio-temporal Srivastava, S. K. and Ramanathan, A. L., 2008. characteristics of groundwater quality of Geochemical assessment of groundwater upland sub-watersheds of Meenachil River, quality in vicinity of Bhalswa landfill, Delhi, parts of western ghats, Kottayam District, India using graphical and multivariate Kerala, India. Environ. Geol.., 53(1), 1-9. statistical methods. Environ. Geol., 53(7), Yadav, G.S and Singh, S.K., 2007. Integrated 509. resistivity surveys for delineation of fractures Stiefel, J.M., Melesse, A.M., McClain, E., Price, for groundwater exploration in hard rock R.M., Anderson, E.P and Chauhan, N.K., areas. J. Appl. Geophys. (62), 301-312. 2009. Effects of rainwater-harvesting-induced

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Yadav, G.S. and Singh, S. K. 2008. Gradient profiling for the investigation of groundwater saturated fractures in hard rocks of Uttar Pradesh, India. Hydrogeol., J. 16(2), 363- 372. Yamini, S. 2007. Ground water quality suitabile zones identification: application of GIS, Chittoor area, Andhra Pradesh. Environ. Geol., 53, 201-210.

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The Large-Scale and Spatio-Temporal Extreme Rain Events (EREs) over India

Nityanand Singh1 and Ashwini Ranade2

1Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 2Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Lodhi Road, New Delhi email: [email protected]

Summary motivated several research programs on point and area-averaged extreme rainfalls. These During principal period of the monsoonal rainy studies are of limited help to understand season (18 June through 16 September), daily association between atmospheric circulation only 26.32% area of India (PAI) experiences and extreme rainfall. In this status report, we wet condition, over which rainfall occurs at the intend to document characteristics rate of 26.3mm/day. Keeping in view current (climatology and trends) of large-scale actual research interest to understand effect of and extreme wet spells over the country during climate change on the extreme rainfalls, 1951-2007 (57 years) from a recent study by characteristics of six types of large-scale and Ranade and Singh (2010). one 1-DLLG (1-degree latitude longitude grid) spatio-temporal extreme rain events (EREs) In order to identify large-scale (for the country over the country have been studied using 57 as a whole) EREs, first a large-scale wet (dry) years (1951-2007) of daily rainfall available on spell has been defined as ‘a continuous period 1-DLLG resolution. Highest 1-day rainfall of with individual day more (less) than 10.4% the ERE concerning rainfall intensity (ERE-RI) area of the country under wet condition (actual occurred on 25 July 2005 in which 45.9PAI daily rainfall over 1-DLLG {Degree Lat-Lon received rainfall at the rate of 73.3mm/day, Grid} more than DMMR {daily mean monsoon and that of the spatio-temporal ERE rainfall} over the particular grid)’. On each day concerning areal extent (ST-ERE-AE) on 25 of the monsoon period, 10.4% area of the July 1983 in which rainfall occurred at the rate country experiences wet condition. A particular of 23.3mm/day over 64.0PAI. In 2005, the 1-DLLG is declared under wet condition and country received the highest rainwater of 1- the day as wet day (WD) if actual rainfall day (98.2bcm; billion cubic meter) through 25- exceeds its DMMR. The DMMR is the daily day (971.9bcm). The rainfall amount of the 1- mean rainfall during normal monsoon period DLLG ST-ERE of 1- to 5-day durations over the grid. The DMMR varies from less than showed significant increasing trend. 2mm/day in extreme northwest India to more Qualitatively, a positive correlation is than 24mm/day along central West Coast. The seen between monsoon circulation intensity southern tip of peninsula experiences 80 wet and rainwater over India. days (WDs) during the year due to tropical and oceanic influences, the extreme northeast Introduction India 75 WDs due to oceanic and orographic influences and the extreme northern India 70 Extreme rain events (EREs), severe floods, WDs due to tropical-extratropical interactions hydrometeorological disasters and climate and orographic effects. Over remaining parts change are of serious concern due to rising of the country, the WDs vary from 55 over trend in the global atmospheric temperature. It southeast coastal areas to 15 over northwest is believed that ‘hydrological cycle is supposed dry province as the tropical and oceanic to be intensified under global climate change influences decrease and extra-tropical and background’. Experiences suggest that the continental influences increase. For the EREs are embedded in the large-scale, long country, 5 January is the driest day with only period intense rainfall activities during the 2% area under wet condition and 21 July summer monsoon period. Every year some through 10 August the wettest days during parts of the country experience floods even which 32% area experience wet condition. during large-scale droughts. On 26-27 July 2005, an unprecedented heavy rainfall occurred at Santacruz, Mumbai that caused enormous loss to life and property. This 72

Large-scale Wet Spell (LSWS) and Main ii. the ERE concerning rainfall Monsoon Wet Spell (MMWS) areal extent (ERE-AE) of 1- to 25-day durations; Having obtained the total area of the country iii. the ERE concerning rainwater under wet condition for each day of individual (ERE-RW) of 1- to 25-day year, there are five computational steps further durations; to identify large-scale wet-dry spells. iv. the spatio-temporal ERE-RI (ST-ERE-RI) of 1- to 25-day 1) For each day, calculate percentage durations; area of the country under wet v. the spatio-temporal ERE-AE condition (total wet area divided by (ST-ERE-AE) of 1- to 25-day total geographical area, 3.3x106 km2); durations; 2) Normalize the actual daily percentage vi. the spatio-temporal ERE-RW area by dividing by the normal (ST-ERE-RW) of 1- to 25-day percentage area (10.4%); durations; and 3) Smooth out the normalized vii. the spatio-temporal 1-DLLG percentage area by applying the 5- ERE of 1- to 150-day point low-pass binomial filter; and durations. 4) Identify the large-scale wet spell (LSWS) if normalized, smoothed For the first three EREs analyses (i to iii), only percentage area equal to or greater grids under wet condition on day one and then than 1.0, and large-scale dry spell wet on consecutive days are considered. An (LSDS) otherwise. assumption has been made in the Normally, six LSWSs and five intervening identification of 2-day and longer duration wet LSDSs occur over the country each year. Two spells. If a grid received rainfall continuously short LSWSs (each of duration ~6 days and over long period, but there were dry days rainfall intensity {RI} 23.7mm/day) and two embedded in a stream of wet days. In such long LSDSs (each of duration ~32 days and RI situation, if daily mean rainfall of ‘m-day’ 0.3 mm/day) occur during 3 April through 17 period exceeded ‘m’ times the DMMR of the June, a long LSWS (duration 91 days and RI particular grid, the entire m-day was treated as 26.3 mm/day) during 18 June through 16 LSWS. For example, if the rainfall of two September and three short LSWSs (each of consecutive days exceeded twice its DMMR, duration ~8 days and RI 24.6mm/day) and the grid has been considered under wet three medium size LSDSs (each of duration condition for both days. Similarly, if three ~12 days and RI 0.3 mm/day) during 17 consecutive days total rainfall exceeded thrice September through 15 November. The third its DMMR, the grid was considered under wet and the longest LSWS will be referred to as condition for all the three days. Largest area the MMWS. Normally, 26.32% PAI under wet condition occurs for day one, and (Percentage Area of India) experience wet the area gradually decreases with the duration condition the MMWS. Hence, space-time of the wet spell. This is expected to provide distribution of seasonal rainfall is as ‘70% of some useful information for hydrology, the all-India monsoon rainwater occurs over agriculture, water resources, climate change 26.32PAI during 91 days of the MMWS, and and disaster. the other 30% spread over 73.68PAI during In the following three analyses (iv to 122 days of the monsoon period June through vi), wet condition of any particular grid on any September’. The parameters of the MMWS do particular day was decided irrespective of the not possess any significant long-term trend. conditions on preceding day(s).The area under wet condition on each day was considered as Large-Scale Extreme Rainfall Events (LS- an independent event. For example, a set of EREs) grids may be under wet condition for 1-day, but a different set of grids under wet condition Following seven types of EREs over the for 2-day. The information is useful for weather country during the MMWS period have been services and agricultural purposes. identified, analyzed and their characteristics Every year some parts of the country documented. experience intense rains and heavy floods even during large-scale droughts. Location i. the ERE concerning rainfall and time of occurrence of extreme rainstorm intensity (ERE-RI) of 1- to 25- and associated flood vary drastically from one day durations; year to another. Unprecedented rain event of 73

26-27 July raised apprehension whether of areal extent (ERE-AE) has been developed spatio-temporal features of EREs over the following the process similar to the ERE-RI. In country were changing. Results of detailed this case annual rain event with maximum investigation on spatio-temporal variability of areal extent (AE) has been picked up. On 1- 1-DLLG EREs of 1-day to 150-day over the day ERE-AE, normally 49.8PAI experiences period are also reported in this paper. wet condition with the RI of 29.1mm/day, and the event occurs around 23 July. For 25-day In the era of changing global climatic ERE-AE, the area under wet condition conditions, analyses of different types of exponentially decreases 35.1PAI and the RI to extreme rainfall events are expected to 14.9 mm/day and the starting date gradually provide critical information to the researchers shift to 18 July. The most severe 1-day ERE- and users alike about characteristics of AE occurred on 25 July 1983 in which 64.0PAI extreme rain events. experienced wet condition with RI 23.3 mm/day. The ERE-RI The ERE-RW Development of annual maximum rain event series is essential in the ERE studies. From The rainwater accounts for both rainfall the available 1-DLLG daily rainfall of the intensity and areal extent, therefore, analysis country, the 1-day annual maximum rain event of annual maximum rain event in respect of in respect of rainfall intensity (ERE-RI) has rainwater (ERE-RW) is expected to provide been obtained in four steps: i) for the year more useful for hydrological and water 1951 getting the area of the country under wet resource purposes. Normally on 1-day ERE- condition for each day of the MMWS; ii) RW, 46.2 bcm (billion cubic meter or km3) of calculation of mean rainfall intensity (RI; rainwater is received over the country. The mm/day) over the wet area on that day; iii) mean maximum rainwater increases in an screening out the day with highest RI; and iv) exponential manner with the increase of repeating the process for the next year, and so duration of the event. For the 25-day ERE- on, till 2007. Corresponding to the day with RW, the mean rainwater is 394.1 bcm. The highest RI, document the areal extent of the most severe 1-day ERE-RW occurred on 24- wet condition and its date of occurrence. 25 July 2005, when 98.2 bcm rainwater Repeat the whole exercise for the annual occurred sufficient to fill 10 largest dams of the maximum rain event in respect of RI (ERE-RI) country. This rainstorm continued for 17 days of 2-, 3-....and 25-day durations. The choice of (up to 10 August), the country received 503.1 longest duration up to 25-day for the ERE-RI is bcm of rainwater- one-third of the surplus made keeping in view the shortest duration of rainwater normally available for surface the MMWS i.e. 28 days. storage, deep ground water recharge, and river/stream flows. The annual maximum On 1-day ERE-RI, normally the rainfall rainwater series (1951-2007) is highly intensity is 43.2mm/day over 25.8% wet area correlated (CC = 0.71) with the corresponding of the country, and it occurs around 2 August. wet area and moderately correlated with the As the duration of the ERE-RI increases, rainfall intensity (CC = 0.47). Hence, normally rainfall intensity and wet area decrease in an the ERE-RW is relatively well spread and exponential manner, and starting date of the more intense. event gradually shift prior to 2 August. For 25- day ERE-RI, normally the RI is 22.7mm/day The ST-ERE-RI, the ST-ERE-AE and the ST- and area under wet condition 10.8PAI, and the ERE-RW event starts around 3 July. The most severe 1- day ERE-RI occurred on 25 July 2005 with RI In the preceding three analyses, only grids 73.3mm/day and 45.9PAI experienced wet continuously under wet condition for specified condition. duration are considered. The set of wet grids for 2-day is a subset of the wet grids for 1-day, The ERE-AE the set of wet grids for 3-day is a subset of the wet grids for 2-day which is a subset of wet Incorporation of extremeness of the areal grids for 1-day and so on. In the following precipitation along with precipitation amount is three analyses, this constraint is dropped. That essential for the identification of heavy large- is for 1-day, consecutive 2 days, consecutive 3 scale rain events. The time series of 1-day to days etc set of grids under wet condition could 25-day annual maximum rain event in respect be different. In other words, for specified 74

duration the grids under wet condition were thermodynamic analysis, it is concluded that freely selected from the entire domain of the formation of mesoscale convective systems country. For 1-day, the mean and the most over Mumbai region comprising super severe event of both the ERE-RI and ST-ERE- thunderstorm cells and their interaction with RI are the same. the synoptic scale low pressure area from the ST-ERE-RI – For 1- to 25-day duration, Bay of Bengal led to the concentrated very normally the RI decreases in an exponential high intensity rainfall. It may be noted that manner from 43.2mm/day to 28.9mm/day and active monsoon conditions over north Konkan the wet area from 25.8PAI to28.6PAI, and it are usually associated with a trough off the occurs around 15 July to 2 August. The most West Coast of India, formation of severe 25-day ST-ERE-RI occurred in 2007 lows/depressions over north Bay of Bengal, when it rained over 41.0PAI at the rate of presence of mid-tropospheric cyclonic 33.8mm/day starting from 16 June. circulation (MTC) off north Maharashtra-south ST-ERE-AE – For 1- to 25-day, normally the Gujarat coast between 700 and 500 hPa and RI decreases in an exponential manner from strong pressure gradient along the coast. The 29.1mm/day to 27.1mm/day and the wet area extreme event caused enormous loss of life from 49.8PAI to 33.9PAI, it occurs around 16 and property. Attempts have been made with July to 24 July. The most severe 25-day ST- some success to simulate this extreme rainfall ERE-RI occurred in 2005 starting from 12 July event using numerical weather prediction when it rained over 43.9PAI at the rate of (NWP) models. Perhaps similar meteorological 31.5mm/day. condition can be attributed as possible cause ST-ERE-RW – For 1- to 25-day, normally the of heavy rainstorms across the country. RW increases in an exponential manner from 46.2 bcm to 679.5 bcm, and it occurs around This analysis is intended to understand 14 July to 22 July. The most severe ST-ERE- whether unprecedented extreme rain event RW of 2005 produced rainwater of 971.9 bcm over Mumbai (India) on 26-27 July 2005 was over the country in 25 days starting from 12 an isolated episodic ERE or a realization of July. So, unprecedented rain event over long-term trend in the spatio-temporal EREs Mumbai region on 26-27 July 2005 was over the country. The annual maximum 1- embedded in this long period large-scale DLLG rainfall series (1951-2007) for 1-day has intense rain spell over the country. been developed by screening yearwise There is no spatially coherent robust highest rainfall amount from among the long-term trend in any parameters of the ERE 365/366 daily rainfall of the 287 1-DLLGs. and ST-ERE over the period 1951-2007. Similarly, the annual maximum 1-DLLG rainfall series for 2-, 3-…150-day duration has been developed for an elaborate analysis of the The 1-DLLG ST-ERE spatio-temporal features of the extreme rain events over the country. For each of 1-day, 2- On 26-27 July 2005 (0300 UTC 26 July 2005 day, 3-day...... 150-day durations, map of India to 0300 UTC 27 July 2005), the India showing location of annual maximum 1-DLLG Meteorological Department (IMD) observatory rain event has been prepared. A large at Santacruz International Airport (19.11ǏN, wandering over almost the entire country is 72.85ǏE) on the north side of the metropolis seen in the occurrence of 1-DLLG spatio- Mumbai (18Ǐ56’N, 72Ǐ51’E) located on the temporal EREs (ST-EREs) of 1-day to 5-day west coast of India between the Arabian Sea durations. For 6- to 30-day durations the 1- and the Western Ghats mountains recorded DLLG ST-EREs showed a tendency to occur the highest 1-day rainfall of 944 mm. However, relatively frequently along the West Coast. For the non-IMD rainguage at Lake Virar (15 km more than 30-day durations, the extreme northeast of Santacruz) recorded the same rainfall occurred every year along the West day rainfall of 1049.0 mm. Detailed spatial Coast. Thus, the orographic effect of the analysis of rainfall of 26-27 July 2005 shows Western Ghats produces long duration that northern Mumbai received torrential rains extreme rainfall events during the monsoon but southern part was relatively dry. Therefore, period. The synoptic meteorological aspects of the rainfall of 27 July 2005 for 1-DLLG around the interactions between Arabian Sea Santacruz is drastically low (473.3mm). monsoon and the Western Ghats (the off- Nevertheless, for 1-DLLG this is still the shore trough) also play a crucial role. The highest 1-day rainfall amount during the period mean of 1-day 1-DLLG ST-ERE is 340.7mm, of study (1951-2007). Using satellite and radar and it increases in an exponential manner to inputs combined with synoptic and 4612.3mm for 150-day duration. The highest 75

1-day 1-DLLG rainfall of 473.4mm occurred orographic ascent) produce frequent over Mumbai region on 27 July 2005. With the rains/rainspells over the Asia-Pacific region is increase of duration, the highest rainfall popularly known an Asian summer monsoon amount increases in an exponential manner. circulation. The Coriolis force, orography and For 150-day, the highest rainfall is 7797.5mm which occurred along the West Coast in 2006 diabetic heating affect large-scale monsoon starting from 11 May. flow. During active phases of the Oriental monsoon circulation, seventeen convection- From application of different statistical tests, a convergence zones develop which produce robust significant long-term rising trend is rainfall (Figure 2). Following factors are inferred in rainfall amount of the 1-DLLG ST- responsible for the occurrence of different EREs of 1- to 5-day durations (Figure 1). convergences (accumulation of mass or Compared to the period 1951-1977, the 1- to 5-day extreme rainfall has increased by 9 to moisture). 15 percent during 1978-2007 and the longer duration extremes (6- to 150-day) by 1 to 6 i. two large-scale flows in opposite percent (statistically not significant). In recent direction; decades, the 1-DLLG ST-ERE has shown a ii. two large-scale flows in one direction tendency to occur at an earlier date by 12.5 but with different velocity, days- the mean date during 1951-1977 was 9 iii. August and during 1978-2007 27 July. iv. resulting in development of shear zone; However, this temporal shift is statistically not significant due to large standard deviation v. between the two subtropical (44.5 days) in the interannual occurrences of anticyclones; the 1-DLLG ST-ERE. From the results it vi. formation of trough due to orography; appears that, the unprecedented rainfall over vii. presence of low pressure area in the Mumbai on 26-27 July 2005 is a realization of vicinity; and significant rising trend in the 1- to 5-day 1- viii. effect of Coriolis force. DLLG ST-EREs across the country. However, this could be an impact of global warming on 1. Western North Pacific Convergence the Indian summer monsoon circulation and (WNPC) - Outflows from the Australian High the associated rainfall activities. It appears that and the South Pacific High after crossing the during global warming the ‘heat-low’ over equator become southwesterly which northwest India and upper tropospheric converge with an outflow from the North anticyclone over Tibet-Himalaya highlands Pacific High to form northwest-southeast shift westward. Consequently, the area of oriented line converge over the western North convergence and associated rainfall activities Pacific Ocean. show a tendency to shift westward from central to northwest India. However, this 2. East Asian Convergence (EAC) – It is a proposition requires investigation. The southwest-northeast oriented eddy researchers have reported westward shift in convergence over the Korea-Japan-North the summer monsoon rainfall over northern Pacific Ocean. The warm tropical airflows from India due to rising trend in the northern surface the North Pacific Ocean High and the air temperature. monsoon flow over the Arabian Sea, the Bay

of Bengal and the South China Sea, and cold The Major Convergences in the Oriental extratropical westerlies combine to form this Monsoon Circulation convergence over eastern Asia.

Local (point) unprecedented rain events are 3. East Indonesia Convergence (EIC) – It is embedded in long-period large-scale extreme a circular convergence between cross rainfalls. We provide a background of equatorial flow and the North Pacific easterlies meteorological conditions that caused over eastern Indonesia. unprecedented rainfall over Mumbai region on 26-27 July 2005. The seasonally (boreal 4. West Indonesia Convergence (WIC) – It is like the EIC but over western Indonesia. summer) occurring, large-scale lower tropospheric converging air with embedded 5. Andaman Islands Convergence (ANC) – various secondary circulations (line, circular, A circular convergence develops due to wind meander-eddy, wave, thunderstorm and 76

shear in the monsoon flow over the Andaman tropospheric level (600-400 hPa) over Gujarat- Nicobar Islands. Kutch region, which gives rise to intense and ample rainfall. 6. Indo-China Peninsula Convergence (ICPC) – The main monsoon flow takes a 15. Pakistan-Afghanistan Convergence meander over the Indo-China peninsula (PAC) – Similar to the YRC a line causing development of a convergence. convergence develops over Pakistan and 7. Bay of Bengal Convergence (BBC) – The Afghanistan border. monsoon flow takes a U-turn over head Bay of Bengal resulting frequently into circular 16. Central Arabian Sea Convergence convergences (low, depression, cyclonic storm (CASC) – It is a line convergence between and severe cyclonic storm). The disturbances northwesterly outflow from the Iranian High travel westward/northwestward under the and cross equatorial flow from the Mascarene steering influence of the monsoon flow, and High over the central Arabian Sea. produce ample rainfall along their path. 17. Saudi Arabia Convergence (SAC) - It is 8. Northeast India- Myanmar Convergence similar to the YRC over Saudi Arabia. (NEIMC) – A U-turn in the monsoon flow and orographic effect causes this convergence Following changes in the monsoon circulation over northeast India and Myanmar region. can be seen much before the occurrence of intense ST-ERE over any location across of 9. Yangtze River Convergence (YRC) – A the country. line convergence develops over the China’s Yangtze River basin due to a direct collision i. intensification of the monsoon between northwesterly and the monsoon flow. circulation (low-level convergence into heat low over Middle East and Siberia- 10. Sri Lankan Convergence (SLC) – A Mongolia, upper level divergence from convergence develops over Sri Lankan area the anticyclone over the Tibet-Turkey due to formation of trough in the monsoon flow sector, outflows from the anticyclone between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of in all directions, subsidence over the Bengal. eight deep highs and return flows from the deep highs converging into the 11. East Coast of India Convergence heat low; (WCIC) – This convergence occurs along the ii. accumulation of huge moisture in the East Coast as a north-south trough develops atmosphere and thickening of the in the monsoon flow after crossing the moist layer; Western Ghats due to meandering of the flow iii. integration of the WCIC, the IGPC and before converging into the ‘heat low’. GKC and development of a huge low- pressure spread over Indian 12. Indo-Gangetic Plains Convergence subcontinent, Middle East and China- (IGPC) – It is a line-cum-eddy convergence Mongolia sector; and over the Indo-Gangetic Plains. The monsoon iv. occurrence of depression/cyclone over flow from the Arabian Sea and northwesterly northwest India. from the Iranian High forms a line convergence over central India, and the During 2005, intensification of the monsoon combined flow forms eddies over the Indo- circulation started around 12 July, attained a Gangetic Plains before converging into the peak round 26-27 July, which continued up to ‘heat low’. This is also popularly known as 10 August with small variation. Daily monsoon trough. percentage area of the country under wet condition and rainwater over the wet area 13. West Coast of India Convergence during 20 July through 6 August 2005 is (WCIC) – Frequently a trough forms and shown in Figure 3. convergences occur in the monsoon flow along the West Coast due to orographic effect CONCLUSIONS of the Western Ghats. The most intense rainspells occur over this part of the country.  Warming of global troposphere causes intensification vertical moisture flux 14. Gujarat-Kutch Convergence (GKC) – A convergence, which causes frequent circular convergence develop at mid- 77

occurrence of small-scale, short- A.B. Sikder, N.R. Deshpande, J.V. period intense extreme rain events, Revadekar, K. Yeleuova, S. while their horizontal integration Vandasheva, M. Faleyeva, P. Gomboluudev, K.P. Budhathoki, A. causes large-scale, long-period heavy Hussain, M. Afzaal, L. Chandrapala, rainspells. H. Anvar, D. Amanmurad, V.S. Asanova, P.D. Jones, M.G. New and  Monitoring global tropospheric on the T. Spektorman , 2006: Changes in real time basis using adequate daily temperature and precipitation network of surface and upper air extremes in central and south Asia, Jr. observations with quality instruments Geophy Res, 111, D16105. is essential to forecast short range Kripalani, R.H. and Pankaj Kumar, 2004: NE (few hours to few days) behavior of monsoon variability over south the convergence zones. peninsula vis-a-vis IOD mode. Int. Jr. of Climatol, 24, 1267-1282. References Kulkarni, A.A., S.S. Sabde and R.H. Kripalani, 2006: Intraseasonal vagaries of the Bohra, A.K., Swati Basu, E.N. Rajagopal, Indian summer monsoon rainfall, G.R.Iyengar, M. Das Gupta, R Ashrit Research Report No.RR-114, IITM, and B. Athiyaman, 2006: Heavy Pune. rainfall episode over Mumbai on 26 Kumar, A., J. Didhia, R. Rotunno, D. Niyogi July 2005: Assessment of NWP and U.C. Mohanty, 2008: Analysis of guidance, Current Science, 90, 9, the 26 July 2005 heavy rain event 1188-1194. over Mumabi, India using the weather Brunetti,, M., M. Maugeri and T. Nanni, 2001: research and forecasting (WRF) Changes in total precipitation, rainy model, Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc., 134, days and extreme events in 1897-1910. northeastern Italy, Int.Jr.Climatol., 21, Mohanty, S., R.A. Marathe, and S. Singh, 861-871. 1999: Probability analysis of annual Dhar, O.N., Kulkarni, A.K. and R.B. Samgam, maximum daily rainfall for Amravati, 1975: A study of extreme point rainfall Indian J. Soil Cons., 43, 15-17. over flash flood prone regions of the Rakhecha, P.R., A.K. Kulkarni, B.N. Mandal Himalayan Foothill of North India. and N.R. Deshpande, 1990: Goswami, B.N., V. Venugopal, D. Sengupta, Homogeneous zones of heavy rainfall M.S. Madhusoodanan and P.K. of 1-day durations over India, Theo Xavier, 2006: Increasing trend of and Appl. Climatol., 41, 213-219. extreme rain events over India in a warming environment. Science 314, Rama Rao, Y. V., H. R. Hatwar, A. K. Salah 1442-1445. and Y. Sudhakar, 2007: An Goswami, P. and K.V. Ramesh, 2008: experiment using the high resolution Extreme rainfall events: vulnerability Eta and WRF models to forecast analysis for disaster management and heavy precipitation over India, Pure observation system design, Current Appl. Geophys., 164, 1593-1615. Science, 94, 8, 1037-1044. Ranade, Ashwini and Nityanand Singh, 2010: Krishnakumar K., N.R. Deshpande and K. Large-scale wet spell and spatio- Rupa Kumar, 1997: Long term temporal Rainfall extremes over India changes in the heavy rainfall events during 1951-2007, IITM Research over India workshop on Indices and Report No. RR-126, Indian Institute of indicators for climate extremes , Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 48 pp. NCDC, Ashville, USA, 3-6 June 1997. Ray, K.C. and A.K. Srivastava, 2000: Is there Krishnakumar K., N.R. Deshpande, P.K. any change in extreme events like Mishra, P. Bhasker and K. Rupa drought and heavy rainfall? Current Kumar, 2004: Future Scenarios of Science, 79, 155-158. Extreme Rainfall and Temperature Revadekar, J.V., D.R. Kothawale and K. Rupa over India, Workshop on Scenarios Kumar, 2009: Role of El Nino/La Ni and Future Emissions, Natcom, India. na in temperature extremes over KleinTank, A.M.G., T.C. Peterson, D.A. India, International Journal of Quadir, S. Dorji, X. Zou, H. Tang, K. Climatology, 29, DOI:10.1002/ Santosh, U.R. Joshi UR, A.K. Jaiswal, joc.1851, 2121-2129. 78

Revadekar J.V. and A. Kulkarni, 2008 : El On climatic Fluctuations and Nino-Southern oscillation and winter environmental changes of the Indo- precipitation extremes over India, gangetic Plains, India,Climatic International Journal of Climatology, Change, 52, 287-313. 28, 1445-1452. Singh, Nityanand, G.B. Pant and Mulye S.S., Rizvi, R.H., R. Singh, R.S. Yadav, R.K. Tevari, 1992: Spatial variability of aridity over K.S. Dadhwal and K.R. Solanki, 2001: northern India, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Probability analysis of annual (Earth Planet Sci.), 101, 3, 201-213. maximum daily rainfall for Singh, Nityanand, M.K. Soman and Krishna Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, Kumar K., 1988: Hydroclimatic Indian J. of Soil Cons., 29, 259-262. fluctuations of the upper Narmada Sen Roy, S. and R.C. Balling, 2004: Trends in catchment and its association with extreme daily precipitation indices in break-monsoon, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. India, Int. Jr. Climatol., 24, 457-466. (Earth Planet Sci.), 97, 1, 87-105. Shyamala, B. and C.V.V. Bhadram, 2006: Singh, R. K., 2001: Probability analysis for Impact of mesoscale-synoptic scale prediction of annual maximum daily interactions on the Mumbai historical rainfall of eastern Himalaya (Sikkim rain event during 26-27 July 2005, Mid Hills), Indian J. of Soil Cons., Current Science, 91, 12, 1649-1654. 29(3), 263-165. Sikka, D.R. and P.S., Rao, 2008: The use and Soman M.K., Krishna Kumar K.and Nityanand performance of mesoscale models Singh, 1988: Decreasing trend in the over the Indian region for two high- rainfall of Kerala, Current Science, 57, impact events, Nat Hazards, 44, 353- 1, 7-12. 372. Srinivasan, V., 1972: Discussion of typical Singh, Nityanand and S.S. Mulye, 1991: On synoptic situation over Konkan and the relations of the rainfall variability coastal Karnataka. In India Meteorol. and distribution with the mean rainfall Department Forecasting Manual III- over India, Theor. Appl. Climat., 44, 3- 3.7. 4, 209-221. Upadhaya, A. and S.R. Singh, 1998: Singh, Nityanand and A. Ranade, 2010: The Estimation of consecutive days wet and dry spells across India during maximum rainfall by various methods 1951-2007, J. Hydrometeorology (Am. and their comparison, Indian J. of Soil Meteor. Soc.), 11, 1, 26-45. Cons., 26(3), 193-201. Singh, Nityanand and N.A. Sontakke, 2002:

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 500 1-day

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Figure 1. Interannual variation in 1-day 1-DLLG ST-ERE rainfall (mm) and its date of occurrence. Thin curve is the actual values and the thick curve 9-point Gaussian low-pass filtered values. 79

Figure 2. Low Level (1000-850 hPa) wind pattern and location of the 17 major convergences in the Oriental monsoon circulation.

Figure 3. Percentage area of India (PAI) under wet condition and the rainwater (in bcm) over the wet area during 20th July – 6th August 2005.

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Publications Related to the Themes of IAMAS

Achyuthan, H; Kar, A; Eastoe, C, Late Ali, K; Beig, G; Chate, DM, et al, 2009, Sink Quaternary-Holocene lake-level mechanism for significantly low level changes in the eastern margin of the of ozone over the Arabian Sea during Thar Desert, India, Journal of monsoon, Journal of Geophysical Paleolimnology, 38, 493-507. Research-Atmospheres, 114, Article Agrawal, A; Kumar, N; Radhakrishna, M, Number: D17306. 2007, Multispectral image Aloysius, M; Mohan, M; Babu, SS, et al., 2009, classification: a supervised neural Validation of MODIS derived aerosol computation approach based on optical depth and an investigation on rough-fuzzy membership function and aerosol transport over the South East weak fuzzy similarity relation, Arabian Sea during ARMEX-II, International Journal of Remote Annales Geophysicae, 27, 2285- Sensing, 28, 4597-4608. 2296 Ahuja, DR; Srinivasan, J, 2009, Why Aloysius, M; Mohan, M; Parameswaran, K, et controlling climate change is more al., 2008, Aerosol transport over the difficult than stopping stratospheric Gangetic basin during ISRO-GBP land ozone depletion, Current Science, 97, campaign-II, Annales Geophysicae, 1531-1534. 26, 431-440. Al Muliki, MM; Basavarajappa, HT, 2008, Alvesa, RRN; Oliveira, MGG; Barboza, RRD, Morphometric analysis of Rasyan et al., 2009, Medicinal Animals as valley basin - A case study in the Therapeutic Alternative in a Semi-Arid Republic of Yemen, using Remote Region of Northeastern Brazil, Sensing and GIS techniques, Forschende Komplementarmedizinl, Mausam, 59, 185-194. 16, 305-U25. Anandhi, A; Srinivas, VV; Kumar, DN, et al., comparison with model spectra, 2009, Role of predictors in downscaling Annales Geophysicae, 26, 1671-1680. surface temperature to river basin in Babu, AN; Nee, JB; Kumar, KK, 2010, Seasonal India for IPCC SRES scenarios using and diurnal variation of convective support vector machine, International available potential energy (CAPE) using Journal of Climatology, 29, 583-603. COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 observations Anandhi, A; Srinivas, VV; Nanjundiah, RS, et al., over the tropics, Journal of Geophysical 2008, Downscaling precipitation to river Research-Atmospheres, 115, Article basin in India for IPCCSRES scenarios Number: D04102 using support vector machine, Babu, SS; Moorthy, KK; Satheesh, SK, 2007, International Journal of Climatology, Temporal heterogeneity in aerosol 28, 401-420. characteristics and the resulting Antony, R; Thamban, M; Krishnan, KP, et al, radiative impacts at a tropical coastal 2010, Is cloud seeding in coastal station - Part 2: Direct short wave Antarctica linked to bromine and nitrate radiative forcing, Annales Geophysicae, variability in snow? Environmental 25, 2309-2320. Research Letters, 5, 014009. Babu, SS; Moorthy, KK; Satheesh, SK., 2010, Antony, R; Thamban, M; Krishnan, KP, et al, Latitudinal gradient in aerosol properties 2010, Is cloud seeding in coastal over the Indian and Southern Oceans Antarctica linked to bromine and nitrate during the austral summer, Current variability in snow?, Environmental Science, 99, 1384-1389. Research Letters, 5, Article Number: Babu, SS; Nair, VS; Moorthy, KK, 2008, 014009. Seasonal changes in aerosol Asatar, GI; Nair, PR, 2010, Spatial distribution of characteristics over Arabian Sea and near-surface CO over bay of Bengal their consequence on aerosol short- during winter: role of transport, Journal wave radiative forcing: Results from of Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial ARMEX field campaign, Journal of Physics, 72, 1241-1250. Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Babu, AN; Kumar, KK; Kumar, GK, et al.,Long- Physics, 70, 820-834. term MST radar observations of vertical Babu, SS; Sreekanth, V; Nair, VS, et al., 2010, wave number spectra of gravity waves Vertical profile of aerosol single in the tropical troposphere over Gadanki scattering albedo over west coast of (13.5 degrees N, 79.2 degrees E): India during W_ICARB, Journal of 81

Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Journal of Atmospheric And Solar- Physics, 72, 876-882. Terrestrial Physics, 71, 1267-1276. Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK, 2008, Studies on Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Sharma, AR, et al, aerosol properties during ICARB-2006 2009, Investigations of an intense campaign period at Hyderabad, India aerosol loading during 2007 cyclone using ground-based measurements and SIDR - A study using satellite data and satellite data, Journal of Earth System ground measurements over Indian Science, 117, 413-420. region, Atmospheric Environment, 43, Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Chand, TRK, et 3708-3716. al, JUL 2007, Variations in black carbon Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Sharma, AR., aerosol, carbon monoxide and ozone 2009, Long-range transport of aerosols over an urban area of Hyderabad, India, from agriculture crop residue burning in during the forest fire season, Indo-Gangetic Plains-A study using Atmospheric Research, 85, 18-26. LIDAR, ground measurements and Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Chand, TRK, JUL satellite data, Journal of Atmospheric 2007, Use of satellite data to study the And Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71, impact of forest fires over the northeast 112-120. region of India, Ieee Geoscience And Badarinath, KVS; Latha, KM; Chand, TRK, et al, Remote Sensing Letters, 4, 485-489. 2007, Black carbon aerosols and Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Kaskaoutis, DG, gaseous pollutants in an urban area in et al, 2010, Long-range transport of dust North India during a fog period, aerosols over the Arabian Sea and Atmospheric Research, 85, 209-216. Indian region A case study using Badarinath, KVS; Sharma, AR; Kaskaoutis, DG, satellite data and ground-based et al., 2010, Solar dimming over the measurements, Global And Planetary tropical urban region of Hyderabad, Change, 72, 164-181. India: Effect of increased cloudiness Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Kaskaoutis, DG, and increased anthropogenic aerosols, et al, APR 2007, Influence of Journal of Geophysical Research- atmospheric aerosols on solar spectral Atmospheres, 115, Article Number: irradiance in an urban area. Journal of D21208. Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Badarinath, KVS; Sharma, AR; Kharol, SK, et al, Physics, 69, 589-599. 2009, Variations in CO, O-3 and black Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Kaskaoutis, DG, carbon aerosol mass concentrations et al., 2010, Long-range transport of associated with planetary boundary dust aerosols over the Arabian Sea and layer (PBL) over tropical urban Indian region A case study using environment in India, Journal of satellite data and ground-based Atmospheric Chemistry, 62, 73-86. measurements, Global And Planetary Bal, S; Bose, M, 2010, A climatological study of Change, 72, 164-181. the relations among solar activity, Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Prasad, VK, et al, galactic cosmic ray and precipitation on 2008, Influence of natural and various regions over the globe, Journal anthropogenic activities on UV Index of Earth System Science, 119, 201- variations - a study over tropical urban 209. region using ground based observations Bala, G; Caldeira, K; Nemani, R., 2010, Fast and satellite data, Journal of versus slow response in climate Atmospheric Chemistry, 59, 219-236. change: implications for the global Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Prasad, VK, et al, hydrological cycle, Climate Dynamics, 2008, Variation in aerosol properties 35, 423-434. over Hyderabad, India during intense Bala, G; Rood, RB; Mirin, A, et al., 2008, cyclonic conditions, International Evaluation of a CCSM3 simulation with Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, 4575- a finite volume dynamical core for the 4597. atmosphere at 1 degrees latitude x 1.25 Badarinath, KVS; Kharol, SK; Sharma, AR, et al, degrees longitude resolution, Journal of 2009, Analysis of aerosol and carbon Climate, 21, 1467-1486. monoxide characteristics over Arabian Ballabh, B; Chaurasia, OP; Ahmed, Z, et al., Sea during crop residue burning period 2008, Traditional medicinal plants of in the Indo-Gangetic Plains using multi- cold desert Ladakh - Used against satellite remote sensing datasets, kidney and urinary disorders, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 118, 331-339. 82

Banakar, VK; Mahesh, BS; Burr, G, et al., Bhaskar, TVSU; Rahman, SH; Pavan, ID, et al., Climatology of the Eastern Arabian Sea 2009, Comparison of AMSR-E and TMI during the last glacial cycle sea surface temperature with Argo reconstructed from paired measurement near-surface temperature over the of foraminiferal delta O-18 and Mg/Ca, Indian Ocean, International Journal of Quaternary Research, 73, 535-540. Remote Sensing, 30, 2669-2684. Bandyopadhyay, A; Bhadra, A; Raghuwanshi, Bhattacharjee, PS; Prasad, AK; Kafatos, M, et NS, et al., 2009, Temporal Trends in al., 2007, Influence of a dust storm on Estimates of Reference carbon monoxide and water vapor over Evapotranspiration over India, Journal the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Journal of of Hydrologic Engineering, 14, 508- Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 515. 112, Article Number: D18203. Basha, G; Ratnam, MV, 2009, Identification of Bhattacharya, BK; Mallick, K; Padmanabhan, N, atmospheric boundary layer height over et al., 2009, Retrieval of land surface a tropical station using high-resolution albedo and temperature using data from radiosonde refractivity profiles: the Indian geostationary satellite: a case Comparison with GPS radio occultation study for the winter months, measurements, Journal of Geophysical International Journal of Remote Research-Atmospheres, 114, Article Sensing, 30, 3239-3257. Number: D16101. Bhattacharya, S., SEP 2007, A methodology for Basistha, A; Arya, DS; Goel, NK , 2009, sensitivity analysis in inverse problems - Analysis of historical changes in rainfall application to a palaeoclimate study, in the Indian Himalayas, International Environmetrics, 18, 647-660. Journal of Climatology, 29, 555-572. Bhattacharya, SK; Pandey, A; Savarino, J, Basistha, A; Arya, DS; Goel, NK, 2008, Spatial 2008, Determination of intramolecular distribution of rainfall in Indian isotope distribution of ozone by Himalayas - A case study of oxidation reaction with silver metal, Uttarakhand region, Water Resources Journal of Geophysical Research- Management, 22, 1325-1346. Atmospheres, 113, Article Number: Beegum, SN; Moorthy, KK; Babu, SS, et al, D03303. 2009, Quasi-biennial oscillations in Bhattacharyya, A; Eckstein, D; Shah, SK, et al., spectral aerosol optical depth, 2007, Analyses of climatic changes Atmospheric Science Letters, 10, 279- around Perambikulum, South India, 284. based on early wood mean vessel area Beig, G; Ghude, SD; Polade, SD, et al, 2008, of teak, Current Science, 93, 1159- Threshold exceedances and cumulative 1164. ozone exposure indices at tropical Bhattacharyya, A; Shah, SK., 2009, Tree-Ring suburban site, Geophysical Research Studies In India Past Appraisal, Present Letters, 35, Article Number: L02802. Status And Future Prospects, Beig, G; Gunthe, S; Jadhav, DB, 2007, Conference Information: 1st Asian Simultaneous measurements of ozone Dendrochronological Conference, Date: and its precursors on a diurnal scale at SEP 09, 2007-SEP 15, 2009 Mahidol a semi urban site in India, Journal of Univ,Fac Environm Resource Studies Atmospheric Chemistry, 57, 239-253. Bangkok THAILAND, Iawa Journal, 30, Beig, G; Singh, V, 2007, Trends in tropical 361-370. tropospheric column ozone from Bhattacharyya, A; Sharma, J; Shah, SK, et al., satellite data and MOZART model, 2007, Climatic changes during the last Geophysical Research Letters, 34, 1800 yrs BP from Paradise Lake, Sela Article Number: L17801. Pass, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast Bharadwaj, A; Tongia, R; Arunachalam, VS., Himalaya, Current Science, 93, 983- APR 25 2007, scoping technology 987. options for India's oil security: Part I - Bhattacharyya, S; Narasimha, R, 2007, ethanol for petrol, Current Science, 92 Regional differentiation in multidecadal 1071-1077. connections between Indian monsoon Bhaskar, BV; Mehta, VM, 2010, Atmospheric rainfall and solar activity, Journal of Particulate Pollutants and their Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Relationship with Meteorology in 112, Article Number: D24103. Ahmedabad, Aerosol And Air Quality Bhowmik, SKR; Das, AK, 2007, Rainfall analysis Research, 10, 301-315. for Indian monsoon region using the 83

merged rain gauge observations and the last glacial maximum, Holocene, satellite estimates: Evaluation of 17, 195-205. monsoon rainfall features, Journal of Cao, L; Bala, G; Caldeira, K, et al., 2010, Earth System Science, 116, 187-198. Importance of carbon dioxide Bhutiyani, MR; Kale, VS; Pawar, NJ., 2010, physiological forcing to future climate Climate change and the precipitation change, Proceedings of The National variations in the northwestern Himalaya: Academy of Sciences of The United 1866-2006, International Journal of States of America, 107, 9513-9518. Climatology, 30, 535-548. Chakrabarty, DK; Peshin, SK, 2007, Effect of Biggs, TW; Scott, CA; Rajagopalan, B, et al, stratospheric O-3 depletion on 2007, Trends in solar radiation due to tropospheric SO2 column in Antarctica, clouds and aerosols, southern India, Journal of Atmospheric And Solar- 1952-1997, International Journal of Terrestrial Physics, 69, 1377-1387. Climatology, 27, 1505-1518. Chakraborty, A, 2010, The Skill of ECMWF Biswas, PK; Pramanik, SK; Mitra, SR, et al, Medium-Range Forecasts during the 2007, Persistence of napropamide in/on Year of Tropical Convection 2008, tea under north-east indian climatic Monthly Weather Review, 138, 3787- condition, Bulletin of Environmental 3805 Contamination And Toxicology, 79, Chakraborty, A; Krishnamurti, TN; 566-569. Gnanaseelan, C, 2007, Prediction of the Bose, P; Reckhow, DA, APR 2007, The effect of diurnal cycle using a multimodel ozonation on natural organic matter superensemble. Part II: Clouds, Monthly removal by alum coagulation, Water Weather Review, 135, 4097-4116 Research, 41, 1516-1524. Chakraborty, A; Krishnamurti, TN; Bourman, RP; Prescott, JR; Banerjee, D, et al., Gnanaseelan, C, 2007, Prediction of the 2010, Age and origin of alluvial diurnal cycle using a multimodel sediments within and flanking the Mt superensemble. Part II: Clouds, Monthly Lofty Ranges, southern South Australia: Weather Review, 135, 4097-4116. a Late Quaternary archive of climate Chakraborty, A; Krishnamurti, TN; and environmental change, Australian Gnanaseelan, C, Prediction of the Journal of Earth Sciences, 57, 175- diurnal cycle using a multimodel 192. superensemble. Part II: Clouds, Monthly Bouwer, LM; Biggs, TW; Aerts, JCJH, 2008, Weather Review, 135, 4097-4116. Estimates of spatial variation in Chakraborty, N; Mukheriee, I; Santra, AK, et al, evaporation using satellite-derived 2008, Measurement of CO2, CO, SO2, surface temperature and a water and NO emissions from coal-based balance model, Hydrological Processes, thermal power plants in India, 22, 670-682. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1073- Brar, PS; Nanda, AS, 2008, Postpartum ovarian 1082. activity in South Asian zebu cattle, Chakraborty, S; Kar, S; Dasgupta, S, et al, Conference Information: 16th 2010, Effect of Ozone, Thermo, and International Congress on Animal Thermo-oxidative Aging on the Physical Reproduction, Date: JUL 13-17, 2008 Property of Styrene Butadiene Rubber- Budapest HUNGARY, Reproduction In Organoclay Nanocomposites, Journal Domestic Animals, 43 207-212. of Elastomers And Plastics, 42, 443- Butler, TM; Lawrence, MG; Gurjar, BR, et al, 452. 2008, The representation of emissions Chandra, H; Sinha, HSS; Das, U, et al., 2008, from megacities in global emission First mesospheric turbulence study inventories, Atmospheric Environment, using coordinated rocket and MST radar 42, 703-719. measurements over Indian low latitude Butler, TM; Lawrence, MG; Gurjar, BR, et al., region, Annales Geophysicae, 26, 2725- 2008, The representation of emissions 2738. from megacities in global emission Chatterjee, A; Blom, E; Gujja, B, et al., 2010, inventories, Atmospheric Environment, WWF Initiatives to Study the Impact of 42, 703-719. Climate Change on Himalayan High- Caner, L; Lo Seen, D; Gunnell, Y, et al, FEB altitude Wetlands (HAWs), Mountain 2007, Spatial heterogeneity of land Research And Development, 30, 42-52. cover response to climatic change in the Chatterjee, M; Silva, EV; Sarkar, SK, et al., APR Nilgiri highlands (Southern India) since 2007, Distribution and possible source 84

of trace elements in the sediment cores Chattopadhyay, S; Chattopadhyay, G, 2008, of a tropical macrotidal estuary and their Comparative study among different ecotoxicological significance, neural net learning algorithms applied to Environment International, 33, 346- rainfall time series, Meteorological 356. Applications, 15, 273-280. Chattopadhyay, G; Chattopadhyay, S, 2008, A Chattopadhyay, S; Chattopadhyay, G, 2010, probe into the chaotic nature of total Univariate modelling of summer- ozone time series by correlation monsoon rainfall time series: dimension method, Soft Computing, 12, Comparison between ARIMA and 1007-1012. ARNN, Comptes Rendus Geoscience, Chattopadhyay, G; Chattopadhyay, S, 2009, 342, 100-107. Autoregressive forecast of monthly total Chattopadhyay, S; Chattopadhyay- ozone concentration: A neurocomputing Bandyopadhyay, 2008, G Forecasting approach, Computers & Geosciences, daily total ozone concentration - a 35, 1925-1932. comparison between neurocomputing Chattopadhyay, G; Chattopadhyay, S, 2009, and statistical approaches, International Dealing with the complexity of Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, 1903- earthquake using neurocomputing 1916. techniques and estimating its Chattopadhyay, S; Jain, R; Chattopadhyay, G., magnitudes with some low correlated 2009, Estimating potential predictors, Arabian Journal of evapotranspiration from limited weather Geosciences, 2, 247-255. data over Gangetic West Bengal, India: Chattopadhyay, G; Chattopadhyay, S, 2010, a neurocomputing approach, Univariate approach to the monthly total Meteorological Applications, 16, 403- ozone time series over Kolkata, India: 411. autoregressive integrated moving Chaubey, JP; Moorthy, KK; Babu, SS, et al., average (ARIMA) and autoregressive 2010, Black carbon aerosols over neural network (AR-NN) models, coastal Antarctica and its scavenging by International Journal of Remote snow during the Southern Hemispheric Sensing, 31, 575-583. summer, Journal of Geophysical Chattopadhyay, R; Goswami, BN; Sahai, AK, et Research-Atmospheres, 115, Article al, 2009, Role of stratiform rainfall in Number: D10210. modifying the northward propagation of Chauhan, OS; Vogelsang, E; Basavaiah, N, et monsoon intraseasonal oscillation, al., 2010, Reconstruction of the Journal of Geophysical Research- variability of the southwest monsoon Atmospheres, 114, Article Number: during the past 3 ka, from the D19114. continental margin of the southeastern Chattopadhyay, S, 2007, Prediction of mean Arabian Sea, Journal of Quaternary monthly total ozone time series - Science, 25, 798-807. application of radial basis function Chauhan, S; Shrivastava, RK., 2009, network, International Journal of Performance Evaluation of Reference Remote Sensing, 28, 4037-4046. Evapotranspiration Estimation Using Chattopadhyay, S, Feed forward Artificial Neural Climate Based Methods and Artificial Network model to predict the average Neural Networks, Water Resources summer-monsoon rainfall in India, Acta Management, 23, 825-837. Geophysica, 55, 369-382. Chaujar, RK, 200, Climate change and its Chattopadhyay, S; Bandyopadhyay, G, 2007, impact on the Himalayan glaciers Artificial neural network with Response, Current Science, 98, 599- backpropagation learning to predict 600. mean monthly total ozone in Arosa, Chaujar, RK., 2009, Climate change and its Switzerland, International Journal of impact on the Himalayan glaciers - a Remote Sensing, 28, 4471-4482. case study on the Chorabari glacier, Chattopadhyay, S; Chattopadhyay, G, 2008, A Garhwal Himalaya, India, Current factor analysis and neural network- Science, 96, 703-708. based validation of the Varotsos- Chelani, AB, 2009, Statistical persistence Cracknell theory on the 11-year solar analysis of hourly ground level ozone cycle, International Journal of Remote concentrations in Delhi, Atmospheric Sensing, 29, 2775-2786. Research, 92, 244-250.

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Chelani, AB, 2010, Nonlinear dynamical Das, S; Shukla, AK; Maitra, A, 2010, analysis of ground level ozone investigation of vertical profile of rain concentrations at different temporal microstructure at Ahmedabad in Indian scales, Atmospheric Environment, 44, tropical region, Advances In Space 4318-4324. Research, 45, 1235-1243. Chelani, AB, 2010, Prediction of daily maximum Das, S; Shukla, AK; Maitra, A, 2010, ground ozone concentration using Investigation of vertical profile of rain support vector machine, Environmental microstructure at Ahmedabad in Indian Monitoring And Assessment, 162, 169- tropical region, Advances In Space 176. Research, 45, 1235-1243. Chelani, Asha B, MAR 2010, Prediction of daily Das, SS, 2009, A new perspective on MST maximum ground ozone concentration radar observations of stratospheric using support vector machine, intrusions into-troposphere associated Environmental Monitoring and with tropical cyclone, Geophysical Assessment, 162, 169-176. Research Letters, 36, Article Number: Cherian, R; Venkataraman, C; Kumar, A, 2010, L15821. et al, Source identification of aerosols Dash, SK; Hunt, JCR .,2007, Variability of influencing atmospheric extinction: climate change in India, Current Integrating PMF and PSCF with Science, 93, 782-788. emission inventories and satellite Dash, SK; Hunt, JCR, 2007, Variability of observations, Journal of Geophysical climate change in India, Current Research-Atmospheres, 115, Article Science, 93, 782-788. Number: D22212. Dash, SK; Hunt, JCR, 2007, Variability of Chiemchaisri, C; Chiemchaisri, W; Kumar, S, et climate change in India, Current al., 2007, Solid waste characteristics Science, 93, 782-788, and their relationship to gas production Dash, SK; Jenamani, RK; Kalsi, SR, et al., in tropical landfill, Environmental 2007, Some evidence of climate Monitoring And Assessment, 135, 41- change in twentieth-century India, 48. Climatic Change, 85, 299-321. Collins, M; An, SI; Cai, WJ, et al., 2010, The Dash, SK; Kulkarni, MA; Mohanty, UC, et al., impact of global warming on the tropical 2009, Changes in the characteristics of Pacific ocean and El Nino, Nature rain events in India, Journal of Geoscience, 3, 391-397. Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Conference Information: 30th International 114, D10109. Symposium on Free Radicals, Date: Dave, R; Pandey, R, 2007, The temporal JUL 25-30, 2009 Savonlinna FINLAND, periodic variations of the total ozone Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 114, content at Udaipur, a near tropical 4791-4797. station, Indian Journal of Physics And Das, G; Ray, S; Ishwarari, S, et al, 2009, Ozone Proceedings of The Indian Association Nucleolysis for Management of Pain For The Cultivation of Science, 81, 437- and Disability in Prolapsed Lumber 443. Intervertebral Disc A Prospective Cohort De, SS; De, BK; Bandyopadhyay, B, et al, 2010, Study, Interventional Neuroradiology, The Effects of Solar Eclipse of August 15, 330-334. 1, 2008 on Earth's Atmospheric Das, I; Sarwade, RN, 2008, Snow depth Parameters, Pure And Applied estimation over north-western Indian Geophysics, 167, 1273-1279. Himalaya using AMSR-E, International Deb, SK; Upadhyaya, HC; Sharma, OP, et al, Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, 4237- 2007, Sensitivity of indian monsoon to 4248. entrainment and detrainment in mass Das, Nisith K; Sen, Prasanta; Bhandari, Rakesh flux schemes, Conference Information: K, et al, 2009 Feb, Nonlinear response International Conference on Mesoscale of radon and its progeny in spring Processes in Atmosphere Ocean and emission, Appl Radiat Isot, 67, 313-8. Environmental Systems, Date: FEB 14- Das, RK; Garg, RK, 2009, Global Environmental 17, 2006 Indian Inst Technol Delhi Microelectromechanical Systems INDIA, Pure And Applied Geophysics, Sensors: Advanced Weather 164, 1667-1681. Observation System, Defence Science Debaje, SB; Kakade, AD, 2009, Surface ozone Journal, 59, 659-665. variability over western Maharashtra,

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India, Journal of Hazardous Materials, conditions, Waste Management, 30, 61, 686-700. 2490-2496. Debaje, SB; Kakade, AD; Jeyakumar, SJ, 2010, Dhanya, CT; Kumar, DN, 2009, Data mining for Air pollution effect of O-3 on crop yield evolution of association rules for in rural India, Journal of Hazardous droughts and floods in India using Materials, 183, 773-779. climate inputs, Journal of Geophysical Deepa, V; Ramkumar, G; Kumar, KK, 2007, Research-Atmospheres, 114, Article Observational evidence for the Number: D02102. generation of a 4-day oscillation in the Dimri, AP., 2009, Impact of subgrid scale low-latitude middle atmosphere scheme on topography and landuse for associated with an anomalous better regional scale simulation of stratospheric cooling, Annales meteorological variables over the Geophysicae, 25, 1959-1965. western Himalayas, Climate Dynamics, Deepa, V; Ramkumar, G; Kumar, KK, 2007, 32, 565-574. Observational evidence for the Dimri, AP; Dash, SK., Winter temperature and generation of a 4-day oscillation in the precipitation trends in the Siachen low-latitude middle atmosphere Glacier, Current Science, 98, 1620- associated with an anomalous 1625. stratospheric cooling, Annales Dinakaran, J; Krishnayya, NSR, 2008, Geophysicae, 25, 1959-1965. Variations in type of vegetal cover and Deiveegan, M; Balaji, C; Venkateshan, SP, heterogeneity of soil organic carbon in 2008, A polarized microwave radiative affecting sink capacity of tropical soils, transfer model for passive remote Current Science, 94, 1144-1150. sensing, Atmospheric Research, 88, Dumka, UC; Sagar, R; Pant, P, 2009, Retrieval 277-293. of Columnar Aerosol Size Distributions Deshpande, M; Pattnaik, S; Salvekar, PS, 2010, from Spectral Attenuation Impact of physical parameterization Measurements over Central Himalayas, schemes on numerical simulation of Aerosol And Air Quality Research, 9, super cyclone Gonu, Natural Hazards, 343-351. 55, 211-231. Dutta, C; Chatterjee, A; Jana, TK, et al, 2010, Devara, PCS; Raj, PE; Pandithurai, G, et al, Contribution from the primary and MAR 2007, Differential absorption lidar secondary sources to the atmospheric probing of atmospheric ozone over a formaldehyde in Kolkata, India, Science tropical urban station in India, of The Total Environment, 408, 4744- Measurement Science & Technology, 4748. 18, 639-644. Dutta, G; Kumar, MCA; Kumar, PV, et al., 2009, Devi, NB; Yadava, PS, 2009, Emission of CO2 High resolution observations of from the soil and immobilization of turbulence in the troposphere and lower carbon in microbes in a subtropical stratosphere over Gadanki, Annales mixed oak forest ecosystem, Manipur, Geophysicae, 27, 2407-2415. Northeast, Current Science, 96, 1627- Dutta, G; Kumar, MCA; Kumar, PV, et al., High 1630. resolution observations of turbulence in Dey,S; Tripathi, SN, 2007, Estimation of aerosol the troposphere and lower stratosphere optical properties and radiative effects over Gadanki, Annales Geophysicae, in the Ganga basin, northern India, 27, 2407-2415. during the wintertime, Journal of Dwivedi, VK; Tiwari, GN, 2009, Comparison of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, internal heat transfer coefficients in 112, Article Number: D03203. passive solar stills by different thermal Dey, S; Tripathi, SN, 2008, Aerosol direct models: An experimental validation, radiative effects over Kanpur in the Desalination, 246, 304-318. Indo-Gangetic basin, northern India: Emberson, LD; Buker, P; Ashmore, MR, et al, Long-term (2001-2005) observations 2009, A comparison of North American and implications to regional climate, and Asian exposure-response data for Journal of Geophysical Research- ozone effects on crop yields, Atmospheres, 113, Article Number: Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1945- D04212 1953. Dhaked, RK; Singh, P; Singh, L, 2010, Evgenieva, TT; Kolev, NI; Iliev, IT, et al, 2009, Biomethanation under psychrophilic Lidar and spectroradiometer measurements of atmospheric aerosol 87

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Tellus Series A-Dynamic Meteorology variability over the Indo-Gangetic (IG) And Oceanography, 60, 42-61. basin, India, International Journal of Krishnamurti, TN; Gnanaseelan, C; Remote Sensing, 30, 15-16. Chakraborty, A, 2007, Prediction of the Kumar, A; Sarin, MM , 2010, Atmospheric diurnal change using a multimodel water-soluble constituents in fine and superensemble. Part I: Precipitation, coarse mode aerosols from high-altitude Monthly Weather Review, 135, 3613- site in western India: Long-range 3632. transport and seasonal variability, Krishnamurti, TN; Gnanaseelan, C; Mishra, AK, Atmospheric Environment, 44, 1245- et al, 2008, Improved forecasts of the 1254. diurnal cycle in the tropics using Kumar, A; Sarin, MM, 2009, Mineral aerosols multiple global models. Part I: from western India: Temporal variability Precipitation Conference Information: of coarse and fine atmospheric dust and 27th Conference on Hurricanes and elemental characteristics, Atmospheric Tropical Meteorology, Date: APR 24-28, Environment, 43, 4005-4013. 2006 Monterey CA, Journal of Climate, Kumar, A; Sarin, MM; Sudheer, AK, 2008, 21, 4029-4043. Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Krishnamurti, TN; Mishra, AK; Chakraborty, A, Arabian Sea-atmospheric boundary et al., 2009, Improving Global Model layer: Sources and spatial variability, Precipitation Forecasts over India Using Atmospheric Environment, 42, 5169- Downscaling and the FSU 5181. Superensemble. Part I: 1-5-Day Kumar, CPA; Panneerselvam, C; Nair, KU, et Forecasts, Monthly Weather Review, al., 2009, Apposite of atmospheric 137, 2713-2735. electric parameters with the energy Krishnamurti, TN; Pattnaik, S; Rao, DVB, JUL coupling function (epsilon) during 2007, Mesoscale moisture initialization geomagnetic storms at high latitude, for monsoon and hurricane forecasts, Conference Information: 13th Monthly Weather Review, 135, 2716- International Conference on 2736. Atmospheric Electricity, Date: AUG 13- Krishnamurti, TN; Pattnaik, S; Rao, DVB, JUL 17, 2007 Beijing PEOPLES R CHINA, 2007,Mesoscale moisture initialization Atmospheric Research, 91, 201-205. for monsoon and hurricane forecasts, Kumar, CPA; Panneerselvam, C; Nair, KU, et Monthly Weather Review, 135, 2716- al., 2009, Measurement of atmospheric 2736. air-earth current density from a tropical Krishnan, R; Swapna, P, 2009, Significant station using improvised Wilson's plate Influence of the Boreal Summer antenna, Earth Planets And Space, 61, Monsoon Flow on the Indian Ocean 919-926. Response during Dipole Events, Journal Kumar, DN; Maity, R., 2008, Bayesian dynamic of Climate, 22, 5611-5634 modelling for nonstationary Kulkarni, MN, 2009, A new empirical relation to hydroclimatic time series forecasting estimate atmospheric electrical along with uncertainty quantification, columnar resistance, effect of changing Hydrological Processes, 22, 3488- aerosol concentration and cosmic ray 3499. ionization on it: A quantitative study, Kumar, GK; Ratnam, MV; Patra, AK, et al., Journal of Geophysical Research- 2008, Low-latitude mesospheric mean Atmospheres, 114, Article Number: winds observed by Gadanki D06107. mesosphere-stratosphere- troposphere Kulkarni, MN; Pawar, SD; Murugavel, P, et al, (MST) radar and comparison with 2010, Diurnal variation of surface rocket, High Resolution Doppler Imager currents at a tropical station, Journal of (HRDI), and MF radar measurements Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial and HWM93, Journal of Geophysical Physics, 72, 77-82. Research-Atmospheres, 113, Article Kulkarni, PS; Ghude, SD; Bortoli, D, 2010, Number: D19117. Tropospheric ozone (TOR) trend over Kumar, K; Joshi, S; Joshi, V., 2008, Climate three major inland Indian cities: Delhi, variability, vulnerability, and coping Hyderabad and Bangalore, Annales mechanism in Alaknanda catchment, Geophysicae, 28, 1879-1885. Central Himalaya, India, Ambio, 37, Kulkarni, PS; Jain, SL; Ghude, SD, et al, 2009, 286-291. On some aspects of tropospheric ozone 94

Kumar, KR; Narasimhulu, K; Balakrishnaiah, G, Multilayer Perceptron and Decision Tree et al., 2009, Size segregated mass from MODIS Data, Journal of The concentration and size distribution of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 38, : near surface aerosols over a tropical 592-603. Indian semi-arid station, Anantapur: Kumar, U; Prakash, A; Jain, VK, 2008, A Impact of long range transport, Science photochemical modelling approach to of The Total Environment, 407, 5589- investigate O-3 sensitivity to NOx and 5604. VOCs in the urban atmosphere of Delhi, Kumar, KR; Narasimhulu, K; Reddy, RR, et al, Aerosol And Air Quality Research, 8, : 2009, Temporal and spectral 147-159. characteristics of aerosol optical depths Kumar, U; Prakash, A; Jain, VK, 2009, A in a semi-arid region of southern India, Multivariate Time Series Approach to Science of The Total Environment, 407, Study the Interdependence among O-3, 2673-2688. NO (x) , and VOCs in Ambient Urban Kumar, KS; Rajagopal, K, 2007, Computational Atmosphere, Environmental Modeling and experimental investigation of low & Assessment, 14, 631-643. ODP and low GWP HCFC-123 and HC- Kumar, V; Jain, SK; Singh, Y., 2010, Analysis of 290 refrigerant mixture alternate to long-term rainfall trends in India, CFC-12, Energy Conversion And Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Management, 48, 3053-3062. Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 55, 484- Kumar, M; Kumar, A; Mahanti, NC, et al, 2009, 496. Surface flux modelling using ARIMA Kumaran, KPN; Limaye, RB; Nair, KM, et al., technique in humid subtropical 2008, Palaeoecological and monsoon area, Journal of Atmospheric palaeoclimate potential of subsurface And Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 71, palynological data from the Late 1293-1298. Quaternary sediments of South Kerala Kumar, P; Kumar, KR; Rajeevan, M, et al., MAY Sedimentary Basin, southwest India, 2007, On the recent strengthening of Current Science, 95, 515-526. the relationship between ENSO and Kurian, S; Agnihotri, R; Borole, DV, et al., 2009, northeast monsoon rainfall over South Possible solar control on primary Asia, Climate Dynamics, 28, 649-660. production along the Indian west coast Kumar, R; Naja, M; Venkataramani, S, et al, on decadal to centennial timescale, 2010, Variations in surface ozone at Journal of Quaternary Science, 24, 109- Nainital: A high-altitude site in the 116. central Himalayas, Journal of Lal, M, 2007, Study of ozone variability at Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, equatorial latitude during severe 115, Article Number: D16302. geomagnetic storm, Conference Kumar, RR; Kumar, BP; Satyanarayana, A, et Information: 2nd UN/NASA Workshop al., 2009, Parameterization of sea on International Heliophysical Year and surface drag under varying sea state Basic Space Science, Date: NOV 27- and its dependence on wave age, DEC 01, 2006 Bangalore INDIA, Natural Hazards, 49, 187-197. Bulletin of The Astronomical Society of Kumar, SP; Roshin, RP; Narvekar, J, et al., India, 35, 569-574. 2009, Response of the Arabian Sea to Lal, M; McGregor, JL; Nguyen, KC, 2008, Very global warming and associated regional high-resolution climate simulation over climate shift, Marine Environmental Fiji using a global variable-resolution Research, 68, 217-222. model, Climate Dynamics, 30, 293- Kumar, TSVV; Sanjay, J; Basu, BK, et al., JUN 305. 2007, Experimental superensemble Lal, S; Sahu, LK; Gupta, S, et al, 2008, forecasts of tropical cyclones over the Emission characteristic of ozone related Bay of Bengal, Natural Hazards, 41, trace gases at a semi-urban site in the 471-485. Indo-Gangetic plain using inter- Kumar, U; Jain, VK, 2010, ARIMA forecasting of correlations, Journal of Atmospheric ambient air pollutants (O-3, NO, NO2 Chemistry, 60, 189-204. and CO), Stochastic Environmental Lal, S; Sahu, LK; Venkataramani, S, et al, 2008, Research And Risk Assessment, 24, Distributions of O-3, CO and NMHCs 751-760. over the rural sites in central India, Kumar, U; Kerle, N; Punia, M, et al, 2010, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 61, Mining Land Cover Information Using 73-84. 95

Lal, S; Sahu, LK; Venkataramani, S, JUL 19 Londhe, AL; Jadhav, DB; Buchunde, PS, et al., 2007, Impact of transport from the 2008, Surface ozone variability in the surrounding continental regions on the urban and nearby rural locations of distributions of ozone and related trace tropical India, Current Science, 95, gases over the Bay of Bengal during 1724-1729. February 2003, Journal of Geophysical Mahapatra, A, 2010, Prediction of daily ground- Research-Atmospheres, 112, Article level ozone concentration maxima over Number: D14302. New Delhi, Environmental Monitoring Laluraj, CM; Krishnan, KP; Thamban, M, et al., And Assessment, 170, 159-170. 2009, Origin and characterisation of Mahapatra, Amita, NOV 2010, Prediction of microparticles in an ice core from the daily ground-level ozone concentration Central Dronning Maud Land, East maxima over New Delhi, Environmental Antarctica, Environmental Monitoring Monitoring and Assessment, 170, 159- And Assessment, 149, 377-383. 170. Lee, SS; Vinayachandran, PN; Ha, KJ, et al., Maity, R; Kumar, DN., 2007, Hydroclimatic 2010, Shift of peak in summer teleconnection between global sea monsoon rainfall over Korea and its surface temperature and rainfall over association with El Nino-Southern India at subdivisional monthly scale, Oscillation, Journal of Geophysical Hydrological Processes, 21, 1802- Research-Atmospheres, 115, Article 1813. Number: D02111. Mandal, J; Chakraborty, P; Roy, I, et al , 2008, Lei, M; Niyogi, D; Kishtawal, C, et al , 2008, Prevalence of allergenic pollen grains in Effect of explicit urban land surface the aerosol of the city of Calcutta, India: representation on the simulation of the a two year study, Aerobiologia, 24, 26 July 2005 heavy rain event over 151-164. Mumbai, India, Atmospheric Chemistry Mandal, V; De, UK; Basu, BK, JUN 2007, And Physics, 8, 5975-5995. Precipitation forecast verification of the Lele, N; Joshi, PK ., 2009, Analyzing Indian summer monsoon with deforestation rates, spatial forest cover intercomparison of three diverse changes and identifying critical areas of regions, Weather And Forecasting, 22, forest cover changes in North-East India 428-443. during 1972-1999, Environmental Mandke, SK; Sahai, AK; Shinde, MA, et al., JUN Monitoring And Assessment, 156, 15 2007, Simulated changes in 159-170. active/break spells during the Indian Limaye, RB; Kumaran, KPN; Nair, KM, et al., summer monsoon due to enhanced 2007, Non-pollen palynomorphs as CO2 concentrations: assessment from potential palaeoenvironmental selected coupled atmosphere-ocean indicators in the Late Quaternary global climate models, International sediments of the west coast of India, Journal of Climatology, 27, 837-859. Current Science, 92, 1370-1382. Mani, D; Charan, SN; Kumar, B., 2008, Liu, GP; Immel, TJ; England, SL, et al, 2010, Assessment of carbon dioxide Temporal modulations of the sequestration potential of ultramafic longitudinal structure in F-2 peak height rocks in the greenstone belts of in the equatorial ionosphere as southern India, Current Science, 94, observed by COSMIC, Journal of 53-60. Geophysical Research-Space Physics, McPhaden, MJ; Meyers, G; Ando, K, et al., 115, Article Number: A04303. 2009, RAMA The Research Moored Liu, GP; Immel, TJ; England, SL, et al, Array for African-Asian-Australian 2010,Temporal modulations of the Monsoon Analysis and Prediction, longitudinal structure in F-2 peak height Bulletin of The American Meteorological in the equatorial ionosphere as Society, 90, 459. observed by COSMIC, Journal of Meena, GS, 2010, Total column density Geophysical Research-Space Physics, variations of ozone (O-3) in presence of 115, Article Number: A04303. different types of clouds, Journal of Londhe, AL; Jadhav, DB; Buchunde, PS, et al, Earth System Science, 119, 249-257. 2008, Surface ozone variability in the Meena, GS; Jadhav, DB, 2007, Study of diurnal urban and nearby rural locations of and seasonal variation of atmospheric tropical India, Current Science, 95, NO2, O-3, H2O and O-4 at Pune, India, 1724-1729. Atmosfera, 20, 271-287. 96

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Research Letters, 35, Article Number: solution by ozonation, Dyes And L19705. Pigments, 75, 362-368. Sahu, LK; Lal, S; Thouret, V, et al, 2009, Sargunamani, D; Selvakumar, N, Effects of Seasonality of tropospheric ozone and ozone treatment on the properties of water vapor over Delhi, India: a study raw and degummed tassar silk fabrics, based on MOZAIC measurement data, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 62, 104, 147-155. 151-174. Sarkar, S; Blaney, LM; Gupta, A, et al, 2007, Sajani, S; Nakazawa, T; Kitoh, A, et al, JUN Use of ArsenX(np), a hybrid anion 2007, Ensemble simulation of Indian exchanger, for arsenic removal in summer monsoon rainfall by an remote villages in the Indian atmospheric general circulation model, subcontinent, Reactive & Functional Journal of The Meteorological Society of Polymers, 67, 1599-1611. Japan, 85, 213-231. Sarkhel, S; Sekar, R; Chakrabarty, D, et al, Salve, PR; Satapathy, DR; Katpatal, YB, et al., 2009, Simultaneous sodium airglow and 2007, Assessing spatial occurrence of lidar measurements over India: A case ground level ozone around coal mining study, Journal of Geophysical areas of Chandrapur district, Research-Space Physics, 114, Article Maharashtra, India, Environmental Number: A10317. Monitoring And Assessment, 133 87- Sarkhel, S; Sekar, R; Chakrabarty, D, et al, 98. 2010, A case study on the possible Salve, PR; Satapathy, DR; Katpatal, YB, et al., altitude-dependent effects of collisions 2007, Assessing spatial occurrence of on sodium airglow emission, Journal of ground level ozone around coal mining Geophysical Research-Space Physics, areas of Chandrapur district, 15, Article Number: A10306. Maharashtra, India, Environmental Satheesh, SK; Moorthy, KK., JAN 25 2007, Monitoring And Assessment, 133, 87- Multi-angle polarization imager: A 98. satellite sensor for studies of continental Samala, BK; Krishnan, R, 2008, Cloud-radiative aerosols, Current Science, 92, 174- impacts on the tropical Indian Ocean 176. associated with the evolution of Satheesh, SK; Moorthy, KK; Babu, SS, et al., 'monsoon breaks', International Journal 2008, Climate implications of large of Climatology, 28, 205-217 warming by elevated aerosol over India, Sangave, PC; Gogate, PR; Pandit, AB, MAY Geophysical Research Letters, 35, 2007, Combination of ozonation with L19809. conventional aerobic oxidation for Satheesh, SK; Moorthy, KK; Babu, SS, et al., distillery wastewater treatment, 2009, Vertical structure and horizontal Chemosphere, 68, 32-41. gradients of aerosol extinction Sano, M; Buckley, BM; Sweda, T, 2009, Tree- coefficients over coastal India inferred ring based hydroclimate reconstruction from airborne lidar measurements over northern Vietnam from Fokienia during the Integrated Campaign for hodginsii: eighteenth century mega- Aerosol, Gases and Radiation Budget drought and tropical Pacific influence, (ICARB) field campaign, Journal of Climate Dynamics, 33, 331-340. Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, Sano, M; Furuta, F; Sweda, T, 2009, Tree-ring- 114, Article Number: D05204 width chronology of Larix gmelinii as an Satheesh, SK; Torres, O; Remer, LA, et al, indicator of changes in early summer 2009, Improved assessment of aerosol temperature in east-central Kamchatka absorption using OMI-MODIS joint Journal of Forest Research,14,147-154. retrieval, 114, Journal of Geophysical Saraswathi, SG; Lalrammawia, C; Paliwal, K, Research-Atmospheres, D05209. 2008, Seasonal variability in soil-surface Satheesh, SK; Vinoj, V; Babu, SS, et al., 2009, CO2 efflux in selected young tree Vertical distribution of aerosols over the plantations in semi-arid eco-climate of east coast of India inferred from Madurai, Current Science, 95, 94-99. airborne LIDAR measurements, Sarayu, K; Swaminathan, K; Sandhya, S, 2007, Annales Geophysicae, 27, 4157- Assessment of degradation of eight 4169. commercial reactive azo dyes Satheesh, SK; Vinoj, V; Moorthy, KK., 2010, individually and in mixture in aqueous Radiative effects of aerosols at an urban location in southern India: 104

Observations versus model, Sharma, SK; Mandal, TK; Arya, BC, et al, 2010, Atmospheric Environment, 44, 5295- Effects of the solar eclipse on 15 5304. January 2010 on the surface O-3, NO, Satyanarayan, S; Ramakant; Shivayogi, 2010, NO2, NH3, CO mixing ratio and the Biogas production enhancement by meteorological parameters at soya sludge amendment in cattle dung Thiruvanathapuram, India, Annales digesters, Biomass & Bioenergy, 34, Geophysicae, 28, 1199-1205. 1278-1282. Sheel, V; Lal, S; Richter, A, et al, 2010, Savarino, J; Bhattacharya, SK; Morin, S, et al, Comparison of satellite observed 2008, The NO+O-3 reaction: A triple tropospheric NO2 over India with model oxygen isotope perspective on the simulations, Atmospheric Environment, reaction dynamics and atmospheric 44, 3314-3321. implications for the transfer of the ozone Sheel, V; Lal, S; Richter, A, et al., 2010, isotope anomaly, Journal of Chemical Comparison of satellite observed Physics, 128, Article Number: 194303. tropospheric NO2 over India with model Saxena, P; Ghosh, C, 2010, Status of simulations, Atmospheric Environment, Tropospheric Ozone and Other Primary 44, 3314-3321. Air Pollutants After The Implementation Shekar, SC; Soni, K; Bunkar, R, et al, 2009, of CNG in Delhi, Asian Journal of Ozone assisted partial oxidation of DMS Chemistry, 22, 7498-7506. to DMSO on Fe based Selvaraj, RS; Gayathri, R; Tamilselvi, S , 2010, catalyst,Catalysis Communications, 11, Fractal analysis: Annual rainfall in 77-81. Chennai, Mausam, 61, 35-38. Shekhar, MS; Chand, H; Kumar, S, et al., 2010, Senthilkumar, M; Muthukumar, M, 2007, Studies Climate-change studies in the western on the possibility of recycling reactive Himalaya, Annals of Glaciology, 51, dye bath effluent after decolouration 105-112. using ozone, Dyes And Pigments, 72, Shirsath, PB; Singh, AK., 2010, A Comparative 251-255. Study of Daily Pan Evaporation Sharma, AP; Tripathi, BD, 2008, Magnetic Estimation Using ANN, Regression and mapping of fly-ash pollution and heavy Climate Based Models, Water metals from soil samples around a point Resources Management, 24, 1571- source in a dry tropical environment, 1581. Environmental Monitoring And Shukla, BP; Ajai, 2009, Retrieval of Carbon Assessment, 138, 31-39. monoxide profiles over Indian region Sharma, AR; Badarinath, KVS; Roy, PS, 3009, using MOPITT data, Atmospheric comparison of ground reflectance Environment, 43, 3472-3480. measurement with satellite derived Shukla, JB; Misra, AK; Sundar, S, et al., 2008, atmospherically corrected reflectance, Effect of rain on removal of a gaseous Advances In Space Research, 43, 56- pollutant and two different particulate 64. matters from the atmosphere of a city, Sharma, AR; Kharol, SK; Badarinath, KVS, Mathematical And Computer Modelling, 2009, LIDAR Observations of Aerosol 48, 832-844. Properties Over Tropical Urban Region- Siingh, D; Gopalakrishnan, V; Singh, RP, et al, A Case Study During a Low-Pressure APR 2007, The atmospheric global System Over Bay of Bengal, Ieee electric circuit: An overview, Geoscience And Remote Sensing Atmospheric Research, 84, 91-110. Letters, 6, 807-811. Siingh, D; Gopalakrishnan, V; Singh, RP, et al., Sharma, AR; Kharol, SK; Badarinath, KVS, APR 2007, The atmospheric global 2010, Influence of vehicular traffic on electric circuit: An overview, urban air quality - A case study of Atmospheric Research, 84, 91-110. Hyderabad, India, Transportation Sikka, DR; Tyagi, A; Ram, LC, 2010, Large Research Part D-Transport And scale fluctuations of the Continental Environment, 15, 154-159. Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) Sharma, DP; Singh, M, 2010, Assessing the during pilot CTCZ phase-2009 and the Carbon Sequestration Potential of evolution of monsoon drought in 2009, Subtropical Pine Forest in North- Mausam, 61, 47-74. western Himalayas - A GIS Approach, Singh, A; Gangopadhyay, S; Nanda, PK, et al, Journal of The Indian Society of Remote 2008, Trends of greenhouse gas Sensing, 38, 247-253. emissions from the road transport 105

sector in India, Science of The Total (Brassica campestris L. var. Kranti) Environment, 390, 124-131. under ambient ozone pollution at Singh, AP; Mohanty, UC; Sinha, P, et al., 2007, varying NPK levels, Environmental Influence of different land-surface Pollution, 157, 871-880. processes on Indian summer monsoon Singh, P; Kumar, P; Mehrotra, I, et al, 2010, circulation, Natural Hazards, 42, 423- Impact of riverbank filtration on 438. treatment of polluted river water, Singh, AP; Varshney, CK; Singh, UK, AUG Journal of Environmental Management, 2007, Seasonal variations in isoprene 91, 1055-1062. emission from tropical deciduous tree Singh, P; Kumar, V; Thomas, T, et al., 2008, species, Environmental Monitoring And Basin-wide assessment of temperature Assessment, 131, 231-235. trends in northwest and central India, Singh, B; Sharma, N, 2008, Mechanistic Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal implications of plastic degradation, Des Sciences Hydrologiques, 53, Polymer Degradation And Stability, 93, 421-433. 561-584. Singh, P; Kumar, V; Thomas, T, et al., 2008, Singh, GP; Oh, JH, 2007, Impact of Indian Changes in rainfall and relative humidity Ocean sea-surface temperature in river basins in northwest and central anomaly on Indian summer monsoon India, Hydrological Processes, 22, precipitation using a regional climate 2982-2992. model, International Journal of Singh, PK; Rathore, LS; Athiyaman, B, et al., Climatology, 27, 1455-1465, 2009, Frequencies of drought at Ranchi Singh, J; Yadav, RR., 2007, Dendroclimatic regions, Jharkhand, Mausam, 60, 455- potential of millennium-long ring-width 460. chronology of Pinus gerardiana from Singh, PP., 2008, Exploring biodiversity and Himachal Pradesh, India, Current climate change benefits of community- Science, 93, 833-836. based forest management, Global Singh, M; Singh, D; Pant, P, 2008, Aerosol Environmental Change-Human And characteristics at patiala during ICARB- Policy Dimensions, 18, 468-478. 2006, Journal of Earth System Science, Singh, S; Kaur, D; Agrawal, SB, et al, 2010, 117, 407-411. Responses of two cultivars of Trifolium Singh, MB; Fotedar, R; Lakshminarayana, J, repens L. to ethylene diurea in relation 2009, Micronutrient deficiency status to ambient ozone, Journal of among women of desert areas of Environmental Sciences-China, 22, western Rajasthan, India, Public Health 1096-1103. Nutrition, 12, 624-629. Singh, S; Parkash, B; Awasthi, AK, 2009, Origin Singh, N; Joshi, RR; Chun, HY, et al., Seasonal, of red color of the Lower Siwalik annual and inter-annual features of palaeosols: A micromorphological turbulence parameters over the tropical approach Journal of Mountain Science, station Pune (18 degrees 32 ' N, 73 6, 147-154. degrees 51 ' E) observed with UHF wind Singh, S; Soni, K; Bano, T, et al, 2010, Clear- profiler, Annales Geophysicae, 26, sky direct aerosol radiative forcing 3677-3692. variations over mega-city Delhi, Annales Singh, N; Ranade, A., 2010, The Wet and Dry Geophysicae, 28, 1157-1166. Spells across India during 1951-2007, Singh, SK; Raman, M; Dwivedi, RM, et al, 2008, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 11, 26- An approach to compute 45 Photosynthetically Active Radiation Singh, OP, 2009, Simulations of frequency, using IRS P4OCM, International Journal intensity and tracks of cyclonic of Remote Sensing, 29, 211-220. disturbances in the Bay of Bengal and Singh, SM; Pereira, N; Ravindra, R, 2010, the Arabian Sea, Mausam, 60, 167- Adaptive mechanisms for stress 174. tolerance in Antarctic plants, Current Singh, OP, Long-term trends in the frequency of Science, 99, 334-340. severe cyclones of Bay of Bengal : Singh, SP; Klisch, M; Sinha, RP, et al, Genome Observations and simulations, Mausam, mining of mycosporine-like amino acid 58, 59-66. (MAA) synthesizing and non- Singh, P; Agrawal, M; Agrawal, SB, 2009, synthesizing cyanobacteria: A Evaluation of physiological, growth and bioinformatics study, Genomics, 95, yield responses of a tropical oil crop 120-128. 106

Singh, V; Prasad, V; Chakraborty, S., JUN 25 Academy of Sciences of The United 2007, Phytoliths as indicators of States of America, 106, 4133-4137. monsoonal variability during mid-late Sonbawne, SM; Raj, PE; Devara, PCS, et al, Holocene in mainland Gujarat, western 2009, Variability in sun photometer India, Current Science, 92, 1754-1759. derived summertime total column ozone Singhvi, AK; Porat, N, 2008, Impact of over the Indian station Maitri in the luminescence dating on Antarctic region, International Journal of geomorphological and palaeoclimate Remote Sensing, 30, 4331-4341. research in drylands, Boreas, 37, : 536- Sridhar, A, 2007, Mid-late holocene hydrological 558 changes in the Mahi river, arid western Sinha, R; Kumar, R; Sinha, S, et al., 2007, Late India, Geomorphology, 88, 285-297. Cenozoic fluvial successions in northern Sridharan, S; Sathishkumar, S, 2008, Seasonal and western India: an overview and and interannual variations of gravity synthesis, Quaternary Science wave activity in the low-latitude Reviews, 26, 2801-2822. mesosphere and lower thermosphere Sinha, R; Sarkar, S., 2009, Climate-induced over Tirunelveli (8.7 degrees N, 77.8 variability in the Late Pleistocene- degrees E), Annales Geophysicae, 26, Holocene fluvial and fluvio-deltaic 3215-3223. successions in the Ganga plains, India: Sridharan, S; Sathishkumar, S; Gurubaran, S, A synthesis, Geomorphology, 113, 2008, Influence of gravity waves and 173-188. tides on mesospheric temperature Sinha, S; Singh, SN; Saha, M, et al., 2010, inversion layers: simultaneous Rayleigh Antioxidant and oxidative stress lidar and MF radar observations, responses of sojourners at high altitude Annales Geophysicae, 26, 3731-3739. in different climatic temperatures, Sridharan, S; Sathishkumar, S; Raghunath, K, International Journal of Biometeorology, 2009, Rayleigh lidar observations of 54, 85-92. enhanced stratopause temperature over Sinha, V; Williams, J; Lelieveld, J, et al, 2010, Gadanki (13.5 degrees N, 79.2 degrees OH Reactivity Measurements within a E) during major stratospheric warming Boreal Forest: Evidence for Unknown in 2006, Annales Geophysicae, 27, Reactive Emissions, Environmental 373-379. Science & Technology, 44, 6614-6620. Sridharan, S; Sathishkumar, S; Raghunath, K, Sinha, V; Williams, J; Lelieveld, J, et al., 2010, 2009, Rayleigh lidar observations of OH Reactivity Measurements within a enhanced stratopause temperature over Boreal Forest: Evidence for Unknown Gadanki (13.5 degrees N, 79.2 degrees Reactive Emissions, Environmental E) during major stratospheric warming Science & Technology, 44, 6614- in 2006, Annales Geophysicae, 27, 373- 6620. 379. Sivaprakasam, S; Kanakasabai, V, 2009, Srinivasan, SV; Rema, T; Chitra, K, et al, 2009, Traditional almanac predicted rainfall - Decolourisation of leather dye by A case study, Indian Journal of ozonation, Desalination, 235, 88-92. Traditional Knowledge, 8, 621-625. Srivastava, AK; Agnihotri, D., 2010, Dilemma of SK; Upadhyaya, HC; Sharma, OP, et al.,2007, late Palaeozoic mixed floras in Sensitivity of indian monsoon to Gondwana, Palaeogeography entrainment and detrainment in mass Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, flux schemes, Conference Information: 298, 54-69. International Conference on Mesoscale Srivastava, AK; Devara, PCS; Rao, YJ, et al, Processes in Atmosphere Ocean and 2008, Aerosol Optical Depth, Ozone Environmental Systems, Date: FEB 14- and Water Vapor Measurements over 17, 2006 Indian Inst Technol Delhi Gadanki, A Tropical Station in INDIA, Pure And Applied Geophysics, Peninsular India, Aerosol And Air 164, 1667-1681. Quality Research, 8, 459-476. Smith, JB; Schneider, SH; Oppenheimer, M, et Srivastava, AK; Devara, PCS; Rao, YJ, et al., al.,2009, Assessing dangerous climate 2008, Aerosol Optical Depth, Ozone change through an update of the and Water Vapor Measurements over Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Gadanki, A Tropical Station in Change (IPCC) "reasons for Peninsular India, Aerosol And Air concern'',Proceedings of The National Quality Research, 8, 459-476.

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Tandon, A; Yadav, S; Attri, AK, 2008, City-wide obtained with the CHAMP satellite sweeping a source for respirable during 2001-2006, Conference particulate matter in the atmosphere, Information: International Symposium Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1064- on Coupling Processes in the Equatorial 1069. Atmosphere, Date: MAR 20-23, 2007 Taori, A; Guharay, A; Taylor, MJ, On the use of Kyoto Univ Kyoto JAPAN, Earth Planets simultaneous measurements of OH and And Space, 61, 525-533. O-2 emissions to investigate wave Tsuda, T; Ratnam, MV; Alexander, SP, et al., growth and dissipation, Annales 2009, Temporal and spatial distributions Geophysicae, 25, 639-643. of atmospheric wave energy in the Tewari, VC; Stenni, B; Pugliese, N, et al, 2007, equatorial stratosphere revealed by Peritidal sedimentary depositional facies GPS radio occultation temperature data and carbon isotope variation across K/T obtained with the CHAMP satellite boundary carbonates from NW Adriatic during 2001-2006, Conference platform, Conference Information: Information: International Symposium Symposium on Mass Extinctions and on Coupling Processes in the Equatorial Other Large Ecosystem Atmosphere, Date: MAR 20-23, 2007 Perturbations/K/T Boundary Events held Kyoto Univ Kyoto JAPAN, Earth Planets at the 32nd International Geological And Space, 61, 525-533. Congress, Date: AUG 20-28, 2004 Tsurutani, BT; Verkhoglyadova, OP; Mannucci, Florence ITALY, Palaeogeography AJ, et al, 2009, A brief review of "solar Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 255, flare effects'' on the ionosphere, Radio 77-86. Science, 44, Article Number: RS0A17. Thompson, B; Gnanaseelan, C; Parekh, A, et Tyagi, K; Mathpal, KC, 2010, The electric field al., 2009, A model study on oceanic estimation during the thunderstorm, processes during the Indian Ocean Proceedings of The National Academy Dipole termination, Meteorology And of Sciences India Section A-Physical Atmospheric Physics, 105, 17-27. Sciences, 80A, 91-96. Tiwari, G; Bose, P, AUG 1 2007, Determination Tyagi, K; Mathpal, KC, 2010, The electric field of ozone mass transfer coefficient in a estimation during the thunderstorm, tall continuous flow counter-current Proceedings of The National Academy bubble contactor, Chemical Engineering of Sciences India Section A-Physical Journal, 132, 215-225. Sciences, 80A, 91-96. Tiwari, RK; Srilakshmi, S, 2009, Periodicities Uniyal, SK; Uniyal, A., 2009, Climate change and non-stationary modes in tree rings and large-scale degradation of spruce: temperature variability record of the common pattern across the globe, western Himalayas by multitaper and Climate Research, 38, 261-263. wavelet spectral analyses, Current Vaidya, SS; Kulkarni, JR, 2007, Simulation of Science, 97, 705-709. heavy precipitation over Santacruz, Tiwari, S; Rai, R; Agrawal, M, 2008, Annual and Mumbai on 26 July 2005, using seasonal variations in tropospheric Mesoscale model, Meteorology And ozone concentrations around Varanasi, Atmospheric Physics, 98, 55-66. International Journal of Remote Vaidya, SS; Kulkarni, JR, 2007,Simulation of Sensing, 29, 4499-4514. heavy precipitation over Santacruz, Tripathi, N; Singh, RS, 2008, Ecological Mumbai on 26 July 2005, using restoration of mined-out areas of dry Mesoscale model, Meteorology And tropical environment, India, Atmospheric Physics, 98, 55-66. Environmental Monitoring And Varma, AK; Liu, GS, 2010, On classifying rain Assessment, 146, 325-337. types using satellite microwave Trivedi, A; Chauhan, MS., 2008, Pollen proxy observations, Journal of Geophysical records of Holocene vegetation and Research-Atmospheres, 115, Article climate change from Mansar Lake, Number: D07204. Jammu region, India, Current Science, Varma, AK; Liu, GS, 2010, On classifying rain 95, 1347-1354. types using satellite microwave Tsuda, T; Ratnam, MV; Alexander, SP, et al., observations, Journal of Geophysical 2009, Temporal and spatial distributions Research-Atmospheres, 115, Article of atmospheric wave energy in the Number: D07204. equatorial stratosphere revealed by Vazhayil, JP; Balasubramanian, R, 2010, GPS radio occultation temperature data Copenhagen commitments and 109

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India: Tree-ring evidences, Current Science, 92, 1424-1429. Yadav, S; Chauhan, MS; Sharma, A., 2007, Characterisation of bio-aerosols during dust storm period in N-NW India, Atmospheric Environment, 41, 6063- 6073. Yadav, SK; Chakrapani, GJ; Gupta, MK, 2008, An experimental study of dissolution kinetics of Calcite, Dolomite, Leucogranite and Gneiss in buffered solutions at temperature 25 and 5 degrees C, Environmental Geology, 53, 1683-1694. Yadava, MG; Ramesh, R, 2007, Significant longer-term periodicities in the proxy record of the Indian monsoon rainfall, New Astronomy, 12, 544-555. Yedla, S; Park, HS, 2009, Co-benefit as an approach to align climate change concerns with national development objectives: solid waste management, Conference Information: 3rd Expert Meeting on Solid Waste Management in Asia and the Pacific Islands, Date: NOV, 2007 Okayama JAPAN, Journal of Material Cycles And Waste Management, 11, 123-129.

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Physical Sciences of the Ocean: A report to IAPSO 2011

S.S.C. Shenoi

Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Sciences (MoES), Hyderabad, India Email: [email protected]

Indian contributions in the research areas of papers published during this period used International Association for the Physical numerical/ mathematical models as a tool to Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO-IUGG) during understand and document the physical 2007-2010 are categorised under the topics processes in the Indian Ocean including the on: coastal seas. Similarly, several papers utilised sophisticated quantitative methods to (i) ocean circulation, analyse as well as to understand the data. (ii) physical processes in the seas around India, The papers categorised under the category (iii) ocean-atmosphere interaction, of ocean circulation (21 publications) dealt (iv) waves and internal waves, with open ocean currents including their (v) remote sensing of oceans, macro and micro features like eddies, (vi) tides, sea level and storm boundary currents, etc using observations or surges, models or both. A few of them also, dealt the (vii) sediment transport and coastal ocean circulation using paleo indicators like erosion, isotopes or foraminifera. (viii) physio-chemical processes in the estuaries, The papers on the physical processes (64 (ix) water quality and pollution levels publications) in offshore as well as coastal in the near-shore waters, waters of seas around India, equatorial and (x) bio-geochemistry, southern Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden (xi) climate change, utilised observations (in situ and satellite) (xii) tsunami and and models. Those publications reported on (xiii) ocean acoustics, optics and the analysis of basic mechanisms involved in instrumentation. the physical processes and also the linked the physical processes to the distribution of All together 461 research papers were nutrients in the ocean. A sizable number of published during 2007-2010 involving 825 them analysed the variability (intra-seasonal, researchers from 148 research seasonal, annual and intra-annual) of institutes/universities. Forty one papers were oceanic parameters associated with various co-authored with 31 researchers from other physical processes. Those publications countries (24 countries). This indicates the concentrated on the coastal waters of India interest of Indian researchers in collaborating and adjoining seas also documented the with foreign researchers. The spurt that ecological variability associated with the occurred in the research related to the effects physical processes, effects of estuarine flow of tsunami on the Indian coast continued on ocean circulation, waves and currents in during 2007-2010 also. Another note worthy the Gulfs, Bays, coastal waters, etc. Few feature of the publications during 2007-2010 publications reported on the use of is that the number of papers that used techniques like soft computing, multiple numerical/mathematical models increased regression, etc for the prediction of tidal compared to previous years. Thirty nine currents and for the estimation of chlorophyll

112 concentration in the coastal waters. One specific locations on the Indian coast in short publication described the water masses in as well as long time spans. The publications the Gulf of Aden and another one described on storm surges reported the results from the hydrodynamics observed along a section models and also made the assessment of the from Africa to Antarctica. vulnerability of coastlines.

The publications categorised under, ocean- Sediment transport and coastal erosion atmosphere interaction (45 publications), issues along the stretches of Indian coastline covered the response of ocean to tropical remained the core theme of 37 publications. cyclones and monsoons, effects of ocean- Some of them discussed about the mitigation atmosphere interaction on monsoons, air-sea methods to contain the coastal erosion and fluxes, Indian Ocean Di-pole (IOD), El Nino some discussed the impacts of etc. Some of them also dealt with the anthropogenic activities on the coast. variability of atmospheric parameters over Remote sensing and GIS technologies were the ocean and also contrasted them with the used extensively for the monitoring and variability over land. In general, a majority of assessment. them probed the relationship between monsoonal activity over India in the light of A sizable number of publications (73 ocean-atmosphere interaction. publications) focused on the tidal and physio- chemical processes in the Indian estuaries. A Seven publications only appeared during the few of them linked these processes to period, 2007-2010, dealing with waves and mangrove vegetation and sediment internal waves in the localised regions. The distribution in the estuaries. Some of the publications on internal waves dealt with their publications dealt with the distribution and impacts on the propagation of sound in the variability of heavy metals in the estuaries. water and the impact of stratification them. Some publications also dealt with the bio- The publications on surface gravity waves chemical process in the Indian estuaries. explored the possibility forecasting the waves using neural networks and numerical models. Forty seven publications were on water quality and environment. Most of them Ten publications in the field of remote examined the water quality of coastal and sensing analysed the satellite data and shelf waters and their variability during the suggested appropriate algorithms to be tidal cycle. A few of them also dealt with employed to retrieve chlorophyll content in sewage pollution, pesticides, trace metals the surface waters of coastal and open and heavy metals like mercury. ocean waters around India and the sea surface winds. A few of them compared the A sizable number of publications, 29 satellite derived parameters with other publications, during this period were on measurements and models. biogeochemistry of deep ocean and coastal waters. Some of them examined the Twenty five publications had tides or sea distribution of phytoplankton in relation to level or storm surges as their core theme. ocean dynamics. They analysed the tidal propagations or tidal amplitudes along the coast of India using Sixteen publications examined the physical numerical models or through the analysis of aspects of climate change through the time-series data. Few of them also looked at analysis of data and models; especially the the effects of tides on pollutant dispersion coupled models of ocean atmosphere. Some and sediment transport. The publications on of them examined the changes in climate sea level described the sea level variability at using paleo indicators. Indian researchers

113 continued to show their interest in Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, documenting the impacts of 2004 Indian 262, 182-188. Ocean tsunami. Forty six publications dealt Anand, P.,Kroon,D.,Singh, A.D., Ganeshram, with the effects of tsunami, vulnerability of R.S., Ganssen, G., Elderfield, H. the coastal stretches including creaks and Coupled sea surface temperature- estuaries, and inundation mapping. A few of seawater Ɂ18O reconstructions in the them focused on the mitigation measures like Arabian Sea at the millennial scale the construction of shore protection walls. for the last 35 ka (2008) Paleoceanography, 23, PA4207. Thirty one publications were on the subjects Cadden, D.D.H., Subrahmanyam, B., like ocean acoustics, optics and Chambers, D.P., Murty, A.V.S.N. measurement techniques. Surface and subsurface geostrophic current variability in the Indian ocean In summary this report gives an account of from altimetry (2009) Marine the publications emerged from Indian Geodesy, 32, 19-29. researchers during January 2007 to Chamarthi, S., Shree Ram, P. Role of fresh December 2010 in the field of physical water discharge from rivers on sciences of ocean; mainly pertaining to the oceanic features in the Northwestern Indian Ocean. While, preparing this report we bay of Bengal (2009) Marine concentrated on the peer reviewed Geodesy, 32, 64-76. publications ignoring the presentations in Durand, F., Shankar, D., Birol, F., Shenoi, symposia and conferences. The number of S.S.C. Estimating boundary currents research papers presented in symposia and from satellite altimetry: A case study conferences will be much higher or for the east coast of India (2008) equivalent. Journal of Oceanography, 64, 831- 845. (i) Ocean Circulation, Luis, A.J., Sudhakar, M.Upper-ocean hydrodynamics along meridional Agarwal, N., Sharma, R., Basu, S., Agarwal, sections in the outhwest Indian V.K. Assimilation of sub-surface sector of the Southern Ocean during temperature profiles from Argo floats austral summer 2007 (2009) Polar in the Indian Ocean in an Ocean Science, 3, 13-30. General Circulation Model (2008) Mishra, A.P., Rai, S., Pandey, A.C. Validation Current Science, 95, 495-501. of model-simulated sea surface Agarwal, N., Sharma, R., Basu, S.K., Sarkar, current and sea surface temperature A., Agarwal, V.K. Evaluation of with observations in the Southern relative performance of QuikSCAT Indian Ocean (2007) Current and NCEP re-analysis winds through Science, 92, 1579-1585. simulations by an OGCM (2007) Pandey, A.C., Rai, S. Sensitivity of the Indian Deep-Sea Research Part I 54, 1311- Ocean circulation to surface wind 1328. stress (2008) Indian Journal of Ahmad, S.M., Babu, G.A., Padmakumari, Marine Sciences, 37, 55-61. V.M., Raza, W. Surface and deep Paul, S., Chakraborty, A., Pandey, P.C., water changes in the northeast Basu, S., Satsangi, S.K., Indian Ocean during the last 60 ka Ravichandran, M. Numerical inferred from carbon and oxygen simulation of Bay of Bengal isotopes of planktonic and benthic circulation features from Ocean foraminifera 2008) Palaeogeography, General Circulation Model (2009) Marine Geodesy, 32, 1-18.

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last 5 million years: Planktic Piotrowski, A.M., Banakar, V.K., Scrivner, foraminiferal evidences (2007) Indian A.E., Elderfield, H., Galy, A., Dennis, Journal of Marine Sciences, 36, 342- A. Indian Ocean circulation and 350. productivity during the last glacial Vialard, J., Shenoi, S.S.C., McCreary, J.P., cycle (2009) Earth and Planetary Shankar, D., Durand, F., Fernando, Science Letters, 285, 179-189. V., Shetye, S.R. Intraseasonal Ogata, T., Sasaki, H., Murty, V.S.N., Sarma, response of the northern Indian M.S.S., Masumoto, Y. Intraseasonal Ocean coastal waveguide to the meridional current variability in the Madden-Julian Oscillation (2009) eastern equatorial Indian Ocean Geophysical Research Letters, 36, (2008) Journal of Geophysical L14606, Research, 113, C07037. Vinayachandran, P.N., Kurian, J. Rahul, P.R.C., Salvekar, P.S., Sahu, B.K., Hydrographic observations and Nayak, S., Kumar, T.S. Role of a model simulation of the Bay of cyclonic eddy in the 7000-year-old Bengal freshwater plume (2007) mentawai coral reef death during the Deep-Sea Research Part I 54, 471- 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole event 486. (2010) IEEE Geoscience and (ii) Physical processes in the seas Remote Sensing Letters, 7, 296-300. around India. Saraswat, R., Nigam, R., Weldeab, S., Agarwal, N., Sharma, R., Basu, S., Parekh, Mackensen, A. The tropical warm A., Sarkar, A., Agarwal, V.K. Bay of pool in the Indian Ocean and its Bengal summer monsoon 10-20 day influence on ENSO over the past variability in sea surface temperature 137,000 yrs BP (2007) Current using model and observations (2007) Science, 92, 1153-1156. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, Sasamal, S.K. Island wake circulation off L06602. Maldives during boreal winter, as Agnihotri, R., Kurian, S., Fernandes, M., visualised with MODIS derived Reshma, K., D'Souza, W., Naqvi, chlorophyll-a data and other satellite S.W.A. Variability of subsurface measurements (2007) International denitrification and surface Journal of Remote Sensing, 28, 891- productivity in the coastal eastern 903. Arabian Sea over the past seven Shenoi, S.S.C. Intra-seasonal variability of centuries (2008) Holocene, 18, 755- the coastal currents around India: A 764. review of the evidences from new Al Saafani, M.A., Shenoi, S.S.C. Water observations (2010) Indian Journal of masses in the Gulf of Aden (2007) Marine Sciences, 39, 489-496. Journal of Oceanography, 63, 1-14. Al Saafani, M.A., Shenoi, S.S.C., Shankar, Shetye, S.R., Suresh, I., Shankar, D., D., Aparna M., Kurian, J., Durand, Sundar, D., Jayakumar, S., Mehra, F.,Vinayachandran, P.N. Westward P., Prabhudesai, R.G., Pednekar, movement of eddies into the Gulf of P.S. Observational evidence for Aden from the Arabian Sea (2007) remote forcing of the West India J. Geophys. Res., 112, doi:10.1029/ Coastal Current (2008) Journal of 2006JC004020, C11004 Geophysical Research, 113, Anilkumar, N., Pednekar, S.M., Sudhakar, M. C11001. Influence of ridges on hydrographic Sinha, D.K., Singh, A.K. Surface circulation parameters in the Southwest Indian in the eastern Indian ocean during

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Ocean (2007) Marine Geophysical Durand, F., Shankar, D., Birol, F., Shenoi, Researches, 28, 191-199. S.S.C. Spatiotemporal structure of Balachandran, K.K., Jayalakshmy, K.V., the East India Coastal Current from Laluraj, C.M., Nair, M., Joseph, T., satellite altimetry (2009) Journal of Sheeba, P. Step-up multiple Geophysical Research, 114, regression model to compute C02013, Chlorophylla in the coastal waters Durand, F., Shankar, D., de Boyer Montégut, off Cochin, southwest coast of India C., Shenoi, S.S.C., Blanke, B., (2008) Environ. Monit. Assess., Madec, G. Modeling the barrier-layer 139, 217-226. formation in the southeastern Balachandran, K.K., Laluraj, C.M., Arabian Sea (2007) Journal of Jyothibabu, R., Madhu, N.V., Climate, 20, 2109-2120. Muraleedharan, K.R., Vijay, J.G., Foltz, G.R., Vialard, J., Kumar, B.P., Maheswaran, P.A., Ashraff, T.T.M., Mcphaden, M.J. Seasonal mixed Nair, K.K.C., Achuthankutty, C.T. layer heat balance of the Hydrography and biogeochemistry of southwestern tropical Indian Ocean the north western Bay of Bengal and (2010) Journal of Climate, 23, 947- the north eastern Arabian Sea during 965. winter monsoon (2008) Journal of Ganer, D.W., Deo, A.A., Gnanaseelan, C. Marine Systems, 73, 76-86. Variability of mini cold pool off the Charhate, S.B., Deo, M.C., Sanil Kumar, V. southern tip of India as revealed from Soft and hard computing approaches a thermodynamic upper ocean model for real-time prediction of currents in (2009) Meteorology and Atmospheric a tide-dominated coastal area (2007) Physics, 104, 229-238. Proceedings of the Institution of Gopalakrishna, V.V., Durand, F., Nisha, K., Mechanical Engineers Part M: Lengaigne, M., Boyer, T.P., Costa, Journal of Engineering for the J., Rao, R.R., Ravichandran, M., Maritime Environment, 221, 147-165. Amrithash, S., John, L., Girish, K., Chauhan, O.S., Dayal, A.M., Basavaiah, N., Ravichandran, C., Suneel, V. Kader, U.S.A. Indian summer Observed intra-seasonal to monsoon and winter hydrographic interannual variability of the upper variations over past millennia ocean thermal structure in the resolved by clay sedimentation southeastern Arabian Sea during (2010) Geochemistry, Geophysics, 2002-2008 (2010) Deep-Sea Geosystems, 11, Q09009, Research Part I, 57, 739-754. DeBoyer Montegut, C., Vialard, J., Shenoi, Härnström, K., Karunasagar, I., Godhe, A. S.S.C., Shankar, D., Durand, F., Phytoplankton species assemblages Ethe, C., Madec, G. Simulated and their relationship to hydrographic seasonal and interannual factors-a study at the old port in variability of the mixed layer heat Mangalore, coastal Arabian Sea budget in the northern Indian (2009) Indian Journal of Marine Ocean (2007) J. Climate., 20, Sciences, 38, 224-234. 3249-3268. Jasmine, P., Muraleedharan, K.R., Madhu, Dinesh Kumar, P.K., Srinivas, K. Variability in N.V., Devi, A.C.R., Alagarsamy, R., measured current structure on the Achuthankutty C.t., Jayan, Z., southwest continental shelf of India Sanjeevan V.n., Sahayak, S. (2007) Journal of Coastal Research, Hydrographic and productivity 23, 647-657. characteristics along 45° e longitude in the Southwestern Indian Ocean

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Seismological Research in India: 2007-2010

J R Kayal1 and R K Chadha2

1 Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032 India, Email: [email protected]) 2 National Geophysical Reserach Institute, Hyderabad 500007, India

1. Introduction BB observatories including several telemetric and semi-permanent networks like that in Seismological investigation started with the Koyna-Warna, northeast India, Delhi, western great 1819 Kutch earthquake (Intensity XI, MM Himalaya and in several dam projects. It may Scale, Oldham, 1928; M ~ 8.4, Richter, 1958; be mentioned that the 1997 Jabalpur modified to Mw 7.8 by Johnston and Kanter, earthquake (Mw 5.8, depth 35 km) in the 1990) in western India. The 1897 great Narmada rift basin in central India is the first Shillong earthquake (Intensity XII, MM Scale; strong/damaging earthquake which has been Ms ~ 8.7, Richter 1958; modified to Ms 8.0 by well studied using the digital BB network Ambraseys and Douglas, 2004) is the first seismograms (Bhattacharaya et al., 1997). Indian earthquake that was instrumentally Thus digital seismological data acquisition and recorded outside India was investigated in research started since late 1990s. A brief great detail by Oldham (1899). This great account of these seismological research earthquake made the then authorities to activities during the period 2007-10 by several establish the first Seismological Observatory in Institutes is given here. Alipore (Calcutta), India in 1898 under the auspices of the India Meteorological After the great Sumatra earthquake (Mw 9.3) Department (IMD). The number of on December 26, 2004 which triggered observatories rose to eight in 1950, and then unprecedented tsunamis, the MoES, Govt of to 15 by 1960 (Kayal, 2008). Till early 1990s India established the Indian Tsunami Early the national network consisted of about 60 Warning Centre (ITEWC) at the Indian seismological observatories, out of which four National Centre for Ocean Information were equipped with the WWSSN (World Wide Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad. A 17-station Seismograph Station Network). Real Time Seismic Monitoring Network (RTSMN) is in operation since 2007 for this The 1993 devastating intra-plate earthquake centre. (Mw 6.1, depth ~ 6.0 km) that caused about 10,000 casualties in the Killari village, Latur The present report is based on the available district of Maharasthra state in central India research publications/reports (2007-10) from changed the seismological network scenario in several Institutes. This report is divided into the country. The IMD national network was three sections: i) Himalaya Region, ii) upgraded to three-component digital Peninsular India, and iii) Northeast India- broadband (BB) seismic observatories, and Andaman-Sumatra Region. several Institutes and Universities were also funded by the Department of Science and 2 Himalaya Region Technology (now Ministry of Earth Sciences, The ~2500 km long Himalaya plate boundary (MoES), Government of India, for generated three great earthquakes (M> 8.0), establishment of BB observatories. At present from west to east these are the 1950 Assam, the whole country is equipped with about 200 1934 Bihar and 1905 Kangra earthquakes,

146 and produced several large earthquakes (M> at shallow depth < 20 km, above the plane of 7.0) during the past century (Fig. 1). Several detachment as was envisaged in the seismological investigations have been carried conceptual tectonic model, but the out during the reported period 2007-10 to earthquakes also occur in the lower crust at understand seismicity and tectonics of this depth down to ~ 50 km in the dipping Indian long Himalayan seismic belt; status of these lithosphere. Average Fractal correlation studies is highlighted here: dimension Dc ~0.9 is indicative of near linear faults in the region, while a b-value of ~ 1.02 2.1 Paleoseismicity implies a highly active region. Crustal Recent paleoseismological observations deformation (GPS) studies shed new light on suggest a few past great earthquakes in the the plate motion and strain rate in the central Himalaya during AD 1119-1292 Himalaya. Earthquake precursor (Rajendran and Rajendran, 2010). This measurements like gravity, seismic, radon gas observation shed new light on the proposed etc provided some encouraging precursor central seismic gap between the 1934 Bihar- results for the devastating 2008 Muzaffrabad Nepal and the 1905 Kangra great (Kashmir) earthquake (Mw 7.6). earthquakes. 2.4 Seismic Tomography 2.2 Broadband Network and Precursor The high precision BB seismic phase data are Observatory used to estimate 3-D variation of P and S A 40-station BB seismic network is established wave velocity structure and Vp/Vs ratio using in the western Himalaya by the Wadia Institute Local Earthquake Tomography (LET) method. of Himalayan Geology (WIHG) since 2007. The results revealed major tectonic Out of these, 10 stations are connected with structures/faults, but the plane of detachment the VSAT, and the data are recorded by is not well imaged. Ambient noise data telemetric system at the WIHG, Dehradun for recorded by about 70 broadband seismic real time monitoring of the Himalayan stations from the INDEPTH-IV network are earthquakes. Along with this telemetric used for tomographic inversion. The study network, the WIHG has established a multi- provides estimates of crustal thickness across parameter geophysical observatory at Guttu the Indo-Gangetic plains and the Himalaya. (Garhwal Himalaya) since 2007 to monitor precursor anomalies. Further, a permanent 2.5 Attenuation ( Q ) structure GPS network and a few campaign mode GPS Attenuation or Q structures of some parts of surveys are carried in the western Himalaya the western Himalaya are estimated. The Q by the WIHG during the reported period for values are mostly less than 200. The intrinsic crustal deformation studies in relation to the as well as scattering attenuation parameters present seismic activity. (Q values) are estimated. It is observed that The National Geophysical Research Institute the intrinsic attenuation is dominant at (NGRI) established a 32-station BB network shallower depth (<10 km), and with increasing and the Geological Survey of India a 10- depth intrinsic and scattering attenuation station BB network in the eastern Himalaya effects have almost equal effects on coda during the reported period. The WIHG also attenuation. established a 17-station BB network in the eastern syntaxis zone. These data are used 2.6 Anisotropy for detailed seismicity, tomography, Azimuthal anisotropy within the Himalayan attenuation and receiver function studies as collision zone and southern Tibet, obtained by briefly stated below. applying the SKS-splitting technique to waveforms from BB seismic stations, reveal 2.3 Recent Seismicity significant variations in the strength and Recent digital seismic data of the local orientation of the fast axes. Stations in the networks in the Himalaya show that the Sikkim Himalaya show strong anisotropy south Himalayan earthquakes are not only confined of Main Central Thrust (MCT) with delay times

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~1 s. The fast polarization directions are nearly graded to BB network, and these data parallel to the strike of the Himalaya mountain contributed significantly in seismological chain. research, the results obtained during the last three years are highlighted here. 2.7 Receiver Function In the western Himalaya, joint inversion of the 3.1 Paleoseismicity P and S receiver functions suggest high Paleo-liquefaction features, combined with uppermost mantle velocities; the arrival of the archeological data, provide evidence for Ps converted phase from the 410 km occurrences of two previous earthquakes at discontinuity is 2.2 s earlier than in IASP91 the 2001 Bhuj earthquake source zone about global model. The fast direction in the lower 4000 and 9000 years ago. layer is parallel to the trend of the Himalaya. The mantle transition zone (MTZ) structures 3.2 Receiver Function beneath eastern Himalaya and southern Tibet Shear-wave receiver function analysis are investigated. The early arrival times (~1.7s indicates that among the fragment of compared to IASP91) of the P-to-s Gondwanaland, the thinnest lithosphere is conversions from the 410 km discontinuity are under Indian continent. The lithospheric roots attributed to the higher shear wave velocities. in South Africa, Australia and Antarctica are In contrast, the conversions from the 660 km between 180 and 300 km deep, whereas the discontinuity are either normal or delayed (up Indian lithosphere extends only about 100 km to 1s) providing evidences for a thickened deep. It is inferred that the plume that MTZ beneath the eastern Himalaya/Tibet partitioned the Gondwanaland may have region. melted the lower half of the Indian lithosphere, thus permitting faster motion. 2.8 Seismic Microzonation Under the MoES programme, microzonation 3.3 Anisotropy of the urban cities in several cities in the Azimuthal anisotropy obtained by analyzing Himalaya and foothills region are jointly taken the SKS and SKKS waveforms from 85 up by different organizations. Detailed earthquakes recorded at 35 BB seismic microzonation seismic hazard maps for the stations in the SCR India show that the delay Dehradun city and Sikkim Himalaya are times (t) between the fast and slow axes of published. anisotropy are close to 1s, which is the global average for continental shield regions. Most of 3 Peninsular India the fast axes azimuths are explained by the absolute plate motion related strain. Further, Peninsular India constitutes one of the the attenuation characteristics are studied and prominent and largest Precambrian shield it is found that the effect of scattering is areas of the world. The Indo Gangetic Alluvial maximum at frequency corresponding to scale Plains (IGAP) separates the Himalayas to the length of heterogeneities, and the seismically north and the peninsular India Stable active regions exhibit low intensity of Continental Region (SCR) to the south. The scattering compared to stable ones. SCR earthquakes are still enigmatic having strong association with rift basins and 3.4 Reservoir Triggered Seismicity extended crust. During the last decade there The world’s largest reservoir triggered have been three devastating earthquakes in earthquake (Mw 6.3) occurred in Koyna in the SCR, two in the rift basins, the 2001 Bhuj 1967, and since then it’s a filed laboratory for earthquake (Mw 7.7) in the Kutch rift and the the seismologists to understand reservoir 1997 Jabalpur earthquake (Mw 6.0) in triggered seismicity (RTS). Seismic activity in Narmada rift, and one in the shallow extended the Koyna-Warna region is being constantly crust, the 1993 Killari earthquake (Mw 6.3) in monitored since 2005 through a 10-station the Laur district in central India. As stated telemetric BB network. During January 2008 to above, since 1997 the national network is up February 2009 the Warna region showed an

148 enhanced seismic activity. Moment tensor instrumented with about 45 BB seismic inversion of the larger events show normal stations by the IMD, NGRI, NEIST (Northeast fault mechanisms. Forecasts of earthquakes India Science & Technology), GSI (Geological (M.>4.0) are successfully attempted based on Survey of India) and Universities. A 17-station nucleation hypothesis (Gupta et al., JGSI, telemetric network is in operation by the VSAT 2007). The co-seismic water level changes in link for online data transfer to the Geoscience wells are also studied to simulate volumetric Division, NEIST, Jorhat. In addition, the strain that show good agreement with Earthquake Engineering Department, IIT- magnitude and reported volumetric strain. Roorkee runs a 40-station strong motion network in the region. Further, the WIHG 3.5 Bhuj Aftershock Network established a 13-station BB array for more After the devastating 2001 Bhuj earthquake than a year in the syntaxis zone during the the Gujarat state Government has established reported period. These data are analysed at a 50-station BB network in Bhuj, Kutch basin the respective institutes and also by several area. An Institute of Seismological Research other organizations on collaboration. A few (ISR) is established by the state Government results are highlighted here. in Gandhinagar, Gujatrat to study the Bhuj earthquakes. The NGRI also continued its 4.1.1 Seismicity and Tectonics semi-permanent network to monitor the The Arunachal Himalaya earthquakes at the aftershocks since 2001. All these data have Himalayan collision zone are mostly confined contributed significantly to study tectonics, to 70 km, where as the Indo-Burma zone tomography and the deeper structures in the earthquakes show a dipping seismic (Benioff) Kutch basin. In addition, the ISR has zone and go down to 200 km. In the Shillong instrumented the area with permanent and Plateau the earthquakes are mostly confined campaign mode GPS networks, 50-station within a depth of 35 km, and are explained by permanent Strong Motion network and with pop-up tectonics of the plateau. To the east of three multi-parameter geophysical the Shillong Plateau lies the Mikir massif, observatories. which is separated from the Shillong massif by the long northwest-southeast Kopili fault. 3.6 Microzonation and Seismic Hazard Intense seismic activity recorded along this Mapping fault down to 45 km depth is explained by A detailed study on microzonation and seismic transverse tectonics. The recent two felt hazard is made for the Bhuj area and also for earthquake, the Mw 5.4, August 19, 2009 in the Ahmedabad city in the Gujarat state during the Assam valley and the Mw 6.3, September the reported period. Further, under the 21, 2009 earthquake in the Bhutan Himalaya programme of earthquake risk and disaster are explained by transverse tectonics of the mitigation, the National Disaster Mitigation gigantic ~ 400 km long and ~ 50 km wide Authority (NDMA) has taken up a joint project Kopili fault zone. Recent paleoseismic study with different organizations to revise the by the NGRI scientists revealed that a few seismic hazard map of the country. past earthquakes occurred at the Kopili fault zone. 4 Northeast India-Andaman-Sumatra Crustal discontinuities are studied using the BB digital waveforms of the local earthquakes; 4.1 Northeast India Region the seismic phases that are reflected at the The northeast India region, the zone V in discontinuities are inverted to estimate the seismic zoning map of India, produced two depths. The results show that the Conrad great earthquakes ( M> 8.0), one in 1897 in discontinuity is at 18±0.5-20±0.5 km beneath the Shillong Plateau and the other in 1950 in the Shillong plateau-Mikir Hills, and the Moho the Assam-Tibet border at the Assam syntaxis discontinuity is at 30±1.0 km beneath the zone. About 20 large earthquakes, 7.0 < M < Shillong plateau and at 35±1.0 km beneath 8.0, occurred in the region since the 1897 the Mikir Hills. great Shillong earthquake. The region is well

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Stress inversion study shows that the and response spectrum are also studied for maximum compressive stress rotates from the region. NE–SW across the inner and northern arc to E–W near the Bengal basin. This rotation is 4.2 Andaman-Sumatra Region consistent with the deformation partitioning The Burmese-Andaman-Sumatra-Sunda arc reflected in the rotation of relative defines a ~5500 km long boundary between displacement vectors, from a SSW-directed the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, from Sunda–Burma motion to a WSW-directed Myanmar to Sumatra and Java to Australia. Burma–India motion. The plate boundary separates the northeast moving Indian plate from the southeast Asian 4.1.2 Seismic Tomography, b-value and plate that includes Burma, Andaman and Fractal Mapping Sunda microplates. It has been suggested Seismic tomography, b-value and fractal that the Indian plate converges obliquely mapping clearly imaged the seismic source toward the Asian plate; the oblique zones beneath the Shillong plateau and the convergence caused formation of a sliver plate Kipili fault with high Vp, high b-value and between the subduction zone and the right- fractal dimensions. The thick (~20 km) lateral Sumatra and Java fault systems in the sediments of the Bengal basin to the south of southern part and the Sagaing fault system in the Shillong plateau have been well identified the northern part, and opened the Andaman as a low velocity zone. Sea Ridge (ASR) in the Andaman Sea. The nature of convergence varies from continental 4.1.3 Attenuation structure type in the Burmese arc to oceanic type in the The coda wave attenuation, quality factor Qc Andaman-Sunda arc. The Andaman-Sumatra increases with the increase of frequency with arc is seismically very active, and falls in the an average attenuation relation Qc = category of highest seismic hazard zone (V) at 52.32+1.07f (1.32+0.04). The spatial distribution of par with the northeast India region. Qc indicates that the Mikir Hills, Arunachal Himalaya and western part of the Shillong 4.2.1 Seismicity & Tectonics plateau are characterized by lower The Andaman-Sumatra section of the attenuation. subduction zone had produced several large and great earthquakes in the past; some of 4.1.4 Receiver Function which generated destructive tsunamis. Largest The receiver functions show an azimuthally among them are the historical earthquakes varying crustal structure in the Assam syntaxis that occurred in 1833 (M~8.7), 1861 (M~8.5), region. The overall thickness of the crust 1881 (Mw 7.9) and 1941 (Mw 7.7). While across the syntaxis is ~55 km, much less these large earthquakes ruptured only a few compared to that observed in the northwest hundreds of kilometers (~200-300 km) of the and central Himalaya (~70 km); this is plate boundary, the 2004 tsunamigenic mega attributed to slower rate of convergence in this thrust earthquake (Mw 9.3) and its large series part of the collision zone. of aftershocks ruptured more than 1300 km length of the arc between Sumatra and 4.1.5 Microzonation Seismic Hazard Andaman islands, stripping the regions that Mapping were ruptured in the past as well as the A detailed hazard and risk analysis is made to intervening unbroken patches. Post-2004, the achieve design PGA (peak ground seismicity along the Andaman segment is acceleration) and response spectra related to dominated by extensional events, the largest earthquake source, site and attenuation using of which occurred at Coco Island on August available strong ground-motion data of recent 10, 2009 (Mw 7.5). earthquakes recorded in the region. The After the 2004 Andaman-Sumatra earthquake, microzonation seismic hazard/risk maps are the Andaman-Nicobar islands were well published. Synthesis of strong ground motion equipped with BB seismic stations by the IMD, GSI and NGRI, and with the GPS instruments

150 by the GSI and NGRI. These data are well Northeast India, Earthquake Sci 22, 283- studied and published in the international 291. journals as listed below. Bhatt, K. M, Hordt A. and Kumar, S. (2008), Seismicity analysis of the Kachchh References aftershock zone and tectonic implication for 26 Jan 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Ambraseys, N. N. and Douglas, J., 2004. Tectonophys, 465, 75-83. Magnitude calibration of north Indian Bhattacharya P M., Kayal, J. R., Baruah, S earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int. 159, 165 – and Arefiev, S. S. (2010). Earthquake 206. Source Zones in Northeast India: Seismic Anbazhagan, P., Thingbaijam, K.K.S., Nath, Tomography, Fractal Dimension and b- S.K., Narendara Kumar J.N., and value Mapping, Pure Appl Geophys, doi: Sitharam,T.G., 2010, Multi-Criteria Seismic 10.1007/s00024-010-0084-2. Hazard Evaluation for Bangalore City, Bhattacharya, P.M., Mukhopadhyay, S., India, J Asian Earth Sci, 38, 186-198. Majumdar, R.K. and Kayal, J. R. (2008). 3- Andrade, V. and Rajendran, K. (2010). D Seismic structure of the Northeast India Intraplate Response to the Great 2004 region and its implications for local and Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake: A study regional tectonics, J Asian Earth Sci. 33, from the Andaman Segment, Bull Seism 25-41. Soc Am, (in press). Bhattacharya, S N., Suresh, G. and Mitra, S. Angelier, J. and Baruah, S. (2009). Stress (2009). Lithospheric S-wave velocity analysis of Northeast India: as tress structure of the Bastar craton, Indian analysis of focal mechanism solutions of Peninsula from surface- wave phase- earthquakes and its kinematic implications, velocity measurements, Bull Seism Soc Geophys J Int, 178, 303-326 . Am, 98, 2715-2723. Banerjee, P., Pollitz, F. and Burgmann, R. Bhattacharya, S. N. (2007). Moment tensor (2007). Coseismic slip distribution of the 26 solutions and triggering environment for December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman and 28 earthquakes in Koyna-Warna water March 2005 Nias earthquakes from GPS reservoirs region, India, Pure and Appl. static offsets, Bull Seism Soc Am., 97, S1- Geophys., 164, 909-928. S, doi: 10.1785/0120050609. Bhattacharya, S.N., Ghosh, A.K., Suresh, G., Banerjee, P., Burgmann, R., Nagarajan, B R. Baidya, P.R. and Saxena, R.C.,1997. and Apel, E. (2008) Intraplate Deformation Source parameters of Jabalpur earthquake of the Indian subcontinent. Geophys Res of May 22, 1997, Curr. Sci., 73, 855-863. Lett,35,L18301, Bhattacharya. S N. (2009). Computation of doi:10.1029/2008GL035468. surface wave velocities in an isotropic non- Bansal, B. K, S. K.Singh, S K., Dharmaraju, gravitating spherical Earth using an exact R., Pacheco, J F., Ordaz, M, flattening transformation, Bull Seism Soc Dattatrayam, R S and Suresh, G. (2010). Am, 99, 3525-3528. Source study of two small earthquakes of Catherine, J. K., Gahalaut, K., and Gahalaut, Delhi, India and estimation of ground V K. (2007). Role of flexure in earthquake motion from future moderate local events, J triggering along the Western Ghat Seism (accepted) escarpment, India, J Asian Earth Sci, 31, Baruah, S. Bora, D.K. and Biswas, R. (2010). 104–111. Estimation of crustal discontinuities from Chadha, R K, Singh, Chandarani and M. reflected seismic waves recorded at Shekar, M. (2008) Transient well water Shillong and Mikir Hills Plateau, Northeast level changes in bore wells in western India India, Int. J Earth Sci, DOI 10.1007/s00531- due to 2004 Sumatra earthquake of Mw 010-0541-2. 9.3, Bull Seism Soc Am, 98 (5), 2553- Baruah, S., Baruah, S. Gogoi, N K. Erteleva 2558. O. and Kayal, J R. (2009). Ground Motion

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Indian research on geological and geophysical studies of present and past volcanic activities of the Indian shield and adjoining deep-sea regions: 2007-2010

K.S. Krishna1, Tapan Pal2, A.K. Chaubey1 and J.S. Ray3 1National Institute of Oceanography, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dona Paula, Goa – 403004, India email: [email protected]

2Petrology Division, Eastern Region, Geological Survey of India, Bhubijnan Bhawan, Sector II, Saltlake, Kolkata 700091, India

3University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata - 700019, India

1. Introduction seamount chains, oceanic plateaus, submerged micro-continents, etc., which eventually led the During the last four years (2007-2010) Indian Indian Ocean to comprise several of the oceanic earth scientists from different institutions basins. The Ninetyeast and Chagos-Laccadive (Geological Survey of India, National Institute of ridges are the most prominent linear volcanic Oceanography, National Geophysical Research features in the seas surrounding the Indian Institute, University of Kolkata, etc.) have continental margins, besides there are other devoted significant time for investigations of past smaller volcanic features, such as Comorin and present volcanic activities of Indian shield Ridge, 85°E Ridge, etc. The observations and and adjoining ocean regions using geophysical interpretations of each geological feature is data and geological samples. The investigations comprehensively mentioned below. are more focused on volcanism of the Andaman- Nicobar Islands and mantle plume generated 2.1 Structure and isostatic model of the aseismic ridges of the Indian Ocean, such as Comorin Ridge Ninetyeast, Chagos-Laccadive, Comorin and 85°E ridges. The studies have been successfully Bathymetry, gravity and magnetic profile data carried out by compilation of existing underway across the Comorin Ridge and in its vicinity, geophysical data available at NIO database, north central Indian Ocean were investigated NGDC database and industry and by acquiring using transfer function and forward model new geophysical data and geological sampling techniques to determine the elastic plate from the Ninetyeast Ridge and from the thickness (Te) and crustal thickness (t), thereby Andaman Islands region. The datasets are to understand the mode of isostatic methodically analyzed, modeled and interpreted compensation and origin of the ridge. The ridge for understanding the geological processes stretches for about 500 km in NNW-SSE related to structure and tectonics of the volcanic direction with variable reliefs along the strike and features. These studies have led to better gradients across the flanks. Geophysical profile understand the origin of the volcanic ridges and data show that the ridge is associated with low- their isostatic compensation mechanisms, amplitude gravity anomalies compared to ridge plume-spreading ridge interactions during the relief, suggesting that the anomalies are emplacement of the volcanic edifices and recent compensated at deeper depths. From volcanic activities in Andaman Islands region. Admittance analysis an Airy model or local compensation with an elastic plate thickness of 2. Investigations of major volcanic features about 3 km and crustal thickness of 15-20 km is of the Indian Ocean suggested for southern part of the Comorin Ridge (south of 5°N), whereas for the northern The Indian Ocean includes numerous elevated part a flexural plate model with an elastic features such as linear volcanic ridges, thickness of about 15 km is obtained. The

162 admittance results together with results from on its crestal region and about 8 km thick pre- forward modeling of gravity anomalies reveal and post-collision sediments on the flanks. This that the south part was emplaced relatively on geological setting had changed physical weak oceanic crust, implying that the lithosphere properties of the sediments and led to alter the beneath this part of the ridge was deformed due minor positive gravity anomaly of early Miocene to both surface and sub-surface loads, while the to the distinct negative gravity anomaly. The north part was emplaced on the continental study shows that the negative gravity anomaly crust. The results coupled with published plate signature the 85ºE Ridge has changed through kinematic models of this region suggest that the time from its inception (positive anomaly) to Comorin Ridge was evolved at about 90 Ma present (negative anomaly). during the rift stage of Madagascar from the southwest of India. Further we have demarcated Further both positive and negative magnetic the continent-ocean boundary on west of Sri anomalies of the 85°E Ridge are modeled using Lanka and southern tip of India, which runs its seismic structure and geomagnetic polarity across the strike of the ridge, placing northern reversals. This shows that the ridge was formed part of the ridge on continent and southern part during the period of rapid changes in Earth’s on oceanic crust. Eastern flank on southern part magnetic field, earlier to that, the underlying of the ridge is steep-faulted up to 0.6 km and is oceanic crust was created in Cretaceous super- controlled by the 79°E FZ and then by continent- long normal polarity phase. The results further ocean boundary. reveal that the positive and negative magnetic signatures of the ridge have been created, in 2.2 Structure and evolution of the 85°E Ridge general, by a relief of the ridge and polarity contrast between the ridge material and The 85oE Ridge extends from the Mahanadi adjacent oceanic crust, respectively. On Basin, off northeastern margin of India to the correlation of ridge’s magnetization pattern to Afanasy Nikitin seamount in the Central Indian the geomagnetic polarity timescale, it is believed Basin. The ridge associates with two contrasting that the 85°E Ridge volcanism started at gravity anomalies: negative anomaly over the anomaly 33r time (~80 Ma) in Mahanadi Basin north part (up to 5oN latitude), where the ridge by a short-lived hotspot, thereafter the process structure is buried under thick Bengal Fan continued towards south and finally ended at sediments and positive anomaly over the south ~55 Ma in the vicinity of the Afanasy Nikitin part, where the structure is intermittently seamount. exposed above the seafloor. In contrast to this, the ridge consists of alternate streaks of positive 2.3 Structure and tectonics of the Ninetyeast and negative magnetic signatures distributed for Ridge asymmetrical extents. Ship-borne gravity and seismic reflection data are modeled using A major scientific expedition in the Indian Ocean process oriented method, and the analysis was accomplished onboard R/V Roger Revelle o suggest that the 85 E Ridge was emplaced on (KNOX06RR) to investigate the evolution of the approximately 10-15 km thick elastic plate (Te) Ninetyeast Ridge and to understand the and in an off-ridge tectonic setting. spreading activity particularly in close proximity to the Kerguelen hotspot. Magnetic anomaly The gravity anomalies of the 85ºE Ridge are studies of both the Central Indian and Wharton reconstructed with possible crustal structures basins have provided precise locations of of different geological ages since the ridge lineations from 19 through 34 and fossil ridge formation. At the time of ridge emplacement, segments, which ceased spreading at 65 and 42 that is during the late Cretaceous the ridge was Ma. The lineation offsets are further constrained associated with a significant positive anomaly by narrow gravity features of the satellite gravity with a compensation generated by a regional data and interpreted them as oceanic fracture flexure of the Moho boundary. By early Miocene zones. From the trends of NER bathymetry and the ridge was approximately covered by the fracture zones it is found that the NER trends in post-collision sediments and led to alteration of N10°E and obliquely crosses N5°E oriented the initial gravity anomaly to a small positive fracture zones. Thus the 89°E FZ in the south anomaly. At present, the ridge is buried by borders the Ninetyeast Ridge on east side, while approximately 3 km thick Bengal Fan sediments in the north the same FZ borders the ridge on

163 west side. In both locations it exerts significant flexurally compensated with elastic plate control of the morphology of the ridge. thickness values of >12 and >18km respectively. Admittance analysis suggests that the central Interpretation of magnetic data revealed that the part (20oS to 2oN) of the ridge has Airy type age of oceanic crust to the west of the 86°E FZ compensation with crustal thickness 15-20 km. increases towards north from early Cenozoic to However, Te values derived using flexural late Cretaceous, while the crust to the east of modeling along profiles revealed that that central the 90°E FZ increases its age in both north and part of the ridge could be further divided into 1) south directions about middle Eocene fossil south-central part (18oS to 8oS) were the Te ridge segments. Contrasting to these trends, the values constantly decreases from 20km to 5km crust between the FZs near NER shows a and 2) north-central part (8oS to 2oN) were Te complex age succession together with fossil values randomly varies between 2-25 km. ridge segments of different ages (65 and 42 Ma). Newly determined radiometric ages of the Crustal structure of the Ninetyeast Ridge are NER reveal that the ridge was emplaced from 77 interpreted using 2D gravity forward modeling of to 43 Ma at a rate of 118+5 km/Myr (Pringle et five east-west gravity profiles taking constraints al., 2008). The age of the ridge is decreases from seismic results in view of its isostatic towards the south with remarkable linearity. The compensation. The results suggest that the radiometric ages indicate that the ridge was crustal structure beneath Ninetyeast Ridge formed at a rate of twice that of the formation of shows considerable variations. In the southern adjacent oceanic crust (48 – 58 km/Myr). part at ~26°S, the ridge topography is compensated by down flexing of crustal layers The Wharton spreading ridge segments, 2B, 2A and 3A with amplitude of about 2.5-3 km. particularly in a strip between 86°E FZ and 90°E In the south-central part (~13.5°S) suggests very FZ and the Kerguelen hotspot were often in thick (20 km) oceanic crust beneath the along close proximity due to ridge jumps. Excess heat with underplated body of ~10 km thick. In north- from the hotspot activity may have weakened central part gravity models at 3°N suggest the lithosphere and possibly led to southward thickening of crust beneath the ridge ridge jumps at discrete ages. A large offset topography, in contrast at 4°N the shows a transform fault (86°E TF) once connected the different crustal structure, where the volcanic India-Antarctica and Wharton ridges, appears to load is supported by down-flexing of crustal have become mechanically unstable whenever layers. These crust mantle configuration derived both the Kerguelen hotspot and ridge-segments from the 2D forward modeling is in good are in close proximity. These conditions possibly agreement with the Te values obtained along have facilitated the ridge-segments to jump the respective profiles. southward repetitively during the period 65 – 42 Ma. The difference in lengths of the NER (~3980 Based on the present results and available plate km) and adjacent oceanic crust (~2000 km) of reconstruction models a plausible the same age span is remarkable and requires a evolutionary model for the Ninetyeast Ridge is geodynamics explanation. Apparently southward proposed. The southern part of the ridge was ridge jumps lengthened the portion of Indian emplaced on a lithosphere of intermediate plate beneath the NER as the spreading ridge strength possibly along the edge of Indian plate segments migrated southward to stay with a whereas northern part was emplaced in an southward drifting of Kerguelen hotspot. Taking intraplate setting. The highly variable isostatic into account of spin axis deviation by no more compensation mechanism in the central part of than ~5° over the last 130 Myr, we provide an the ridge could be as a manifestation of the approximate estimate of 42 mm/yr hotspot drift complex interaction of the Kerguelen hotspot towards south-southwest direction for the and spreading ridge segments. The north- formation of extra track of the NER. central part must have emplaced on a crust of highly variable age produced by multiple Elastic plate thickness along Ninetyeast Ridge southward ridge jumps whereas the south- from 28oS to 8oN has been determined using central part on a crust of uniformly increasing flexural modeling and admittance analysis of 72 age produced as a result of a major southward gravity and bathymetry profiles. The results ridge jump. suggest that, southern (south of 22oS) and northern (north of 2oN) part of the ridge are

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2.4 Nature of the Laccadive Ridge and eastern Madagascar and Laccadive Ridge which Seaward Dipping Reflectors (SDR) was a part of Indian mainland. Seaward of the SDRs, the Laccadive Ridge gradually thins and juxtaposed with the early Tertiary normal The Laccadive Ridge is the northern segment of oceanic crust of the Arabian Basin. The seaward the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge system and lying feather edge of the SDR sequences indicates roughly parallel to the southwest coast of India continent-ocean boundary along the western o o between 8 N and 16 N. It is a most significant margin of the Laccadive Ridge. aseismic ridge on the Western Continental Margin of India (WCMI) with an average width of ~270 km, comprised of about twenty islands and banks and popularly known as Lakshadweep. 3. Recent volcanism in Andaman-Nicobar The eastern and western limits of the ridge are Islands region and volcanic provinces of bounded by fault scarps, which apparently the Indian shield separate the ridge from Laccadive and Arabian basins respectively. About sixty potentially active volcanoes including Barren Volcano lie along the SE Asian volcanic The ridge is associated with subdued positive rim in the northeastern Indian Ocean. During the free-air gravity anomaly and was considered to last 4 years, from 2007 to 2010 significant work indicate a compensation of its mass at deeper has been carried out on two Neogene depths. Several hypotheses were proposed for volcanoes, Barren and Narcondam, in Andaman the origin of the Laccadive Ridge. But the results Sea. The features are generated by an oblique from recent geological and geophysical studies subduction process that is presently undergoing suggest that the Laccadive Ridge originally between India and SE Asian plate. Besides, consists of thinned continental crust, which systematic geological studies have also been subsequently was heavily intruded–extruded by carried out in different volcanic provinces of the magmatic rocks during the passage of the Indian Indian shield. plate over the Reunion hotspot. Earlier seismic reflection data also led to identification of several 3.1 Barren Volcano rotated fault blocks, thereby to infer continental ribbon structures of the Laccadive Ridge. The Barren Volcano, located at 12° 17/ N, 93° 51/ E, has records of prehistoric and historic Admittance analysis of gravity and bathymetry eruptions and is in an active state since May data of the Laccadive Ridge suggests that the 2005. A sub-aerial and mild Strombolian ridge is compensated with an Airy model, whose eruption of Barren Volcano was re-initiated on average crustal thickness, density and effective 28th May, 2005, after a lull of nearly ten years. elastic plate thickness are 17±2 km, 2.7×103 kg An overall composition of the lava and m3 and 2–3 km, respectively. These findings pyroclasts ranges from basalt to andesitic when integrated with the published results basalt. The basaltic volcanics are porphyritic in suggest an Airy model of isostasy for the ridge nature, where the phenocrysts represented by and stretched continental nature of lithosphere plagioclase (18-25% vol), olivine (1-4% vol), loaded with magmatic material by the Reunion clinopyroxene (0.5-2.5% vol) and few iron oxides hotspot volcanism. are set in glassy groundmass. The eruption started from two vents with one vent located at In a recent study, several seismically imaged the southern base and the other vent located at Seaward Dipping Reflectors (SDRs) sequences the slope of main volcanic cone. The eruption are reported, for the first time, below was weak to moderately violent with ejecting out sedimentary column along western flank of the dark grey to grey ash laden juvenile steam Laccadive Ridge. Seaward dipping reflectors are raising up to 300 m high column and intermittent characteristic features of volcanic rifted margins jets of coarser particles. The eruption became and are interpreted as voluminous basaltic flows violent during the period, January-February, emplaced during the continental rifting. 2006 and this was evident from three vents and Therefore, the occurrence of SDRs along the huge amount of pyroclasts were ejecting out and southwest continental margin of India strongly were pushing along the slope of the cone and suggest extrusive volcanic episodes under sub- subsequently the hot pyroclast debris after aerial condition during rifting between the crossing the valley, were reaching the sea. The

165 violent nature of eruption ejecting out huge mass to 4.51km) from January 2009 to December of pyroclasts, suggests that the initial 2009 suggest that the activity of Barren Island Strombolian nature changed to sub-Plinian type will not be vigorous in near future. eruption. The main approach valley to the centre of the island had been totally covered by a thick 3.2 Narcondam Volcano pile of assorted pyroclasts. The intensity of the explosions were relatively mild compared to The Narcondam Island in the Andaman Sea is a explosive eruptions took place in June 2005. part of the volcanic chain of the Burma-Java Two cinder cones with approximately 500 m subduction complex and represents a dacite- high, developed to the southwest of the main andesite domal volcano. The Narcondam Island crater by accretion of coarser tephra comprising records only dacite-andesite magmatism, lapilli, cinder, spatter and blocks along with the whereas the Barren Volcano situated in the spread of ash. same volcanic chain, erupts only basaltic magma. The geochemical studies suggest island arc tholeiitic characters for the Barren volcanic Petrography and geochemistry of sample samples. The calculated fractional crystallization studies show that Narcondam Volcano is trend shows an accumulated nature for the lava represented by dacite-andesite lava displaying erupted in 2005 and evolved path for lava magma mixing effects. The textures as well as erupted since 2006. The evolution of relatively compositions of the phenocrysts of the volcanics anhydrous basaltic magma of the Barren exhibit disequilibrium caused by magma mixing. volcano has been explained through diapiric The sodic plagioclases, occurring as unreacted model. Isotopic ratios 87Sr/86Sr ~0.7039-0.7041, grains in dacite and as cores of the reacted 143Nd/144Nd ~0.51270 and 206Pb/204Pb ~18.565- grains in andesite, as well as the presence of 18.617, of the volcanics indicate the source rhyolitic glass as inclusions, record rhyolite as nature, 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86Sr and trace one magma source. On the other hand elements and ratios of incompatible trace preponderances of phenocrysts of basaltic origin elements in the basaltic rocks point to the (high Fo olivine and Mg rich pyroxene) as well occurrence of additional evolutionary processes as basaltic glass as matrix and inclusions in the and/or to a role of a heterogeneous magma phenocrysts in andesite suggest basalt as source. The most primitive magma (Mg# 71, Ni another source magma. Additional geochemical 218 ppm, Cr 557 ppm), displaying the lowest Th parameters (e.g. Sr/Y, Zr/Y, Th/La, U/La, Ba/La) content (0.39 ppm), found in the Barren Island is of Narcondam lavas positively correlate with also the most primitive in the Burma-Andaman- increasing SiO2 but are anchored at the mafic Java Arc. Enrichment of LIL compared to HFSE end within compositions observed at Barren suggests enrichment of mantle peridotite source Island volcano. The shift in isotopic values from by a subduction zone component. High Zr typical Barren Island values to those of content is suggestive of low degree of melting of Narcondam samples is likely caused by crustal the mantle for all the eruptions. contamination resulting from magma residence in the upper plate involving assimilation of Multibeam bathymetry and magnetic studies of extended continental crust and/ or sediments the Barren Island reveal that the Barren volcanic from the fan associated with the Irrawaddy Delta cone is generally associated with a broad-high at the Myanmar continental margin which amplitude magnetic anomaly with exceptions in extends to the Narcondam volcano region. places where dykes/ faults intersect the conical surface. Magnetic anomaly map around the Similarities in the geochemistry of both lava Barren Island region shows high and low suites include strong and comparable depletion magnetic anomaly with dominant low anomaly in Nb and Ta (K2O/Nb ~0.7; Ba/Nb 130-250), zones in the south and north of it. The positive low, MORB-like Nb/Zr (0.01-0.03) and nearly high in the south of present crater is possibly the constant U/Th (0.15-0.22). These characteristics basaltic body formed in the early stage of Barren suggest a genetic link between both magma Volcano. A dyke on the northwestern face of the suites, but there are geochemical differences Barren Island, runs in NE-SW direction and such as elevated trace elemental abundances probably acting as feeder dyke and responsible and ratios in Narcondam lavas compared to for the present activity. Lowering of Curie Barren Island lavas. These include elevated Ba, Isotherm depth by 1.3 km (changed from 3.21km Rb, and U concentrations and high Ba/Zr and

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Nb/Zr. Additionally, isotopic ratios of Barren abundant in the shards, thereby implying their Island rocks are 87Sr/86Sr ~0.7039-0.7041, in-situ and recent origin. 143Nd/144Nd~0.51285-0.51296 and 206Pb/204Pb ~18.063-18.309, whereas for Narcondam 3.4 Study of volcanic provinces of the Indian volcanics isotope ratios are 87Sr/86Sr shield >0.705,143Nd/144Nd ~0.51270, and 206Pb/204Pb ~18.565-18.617. Systematic geological studies have been carried out in different volcanic provinces of the Indian Besides the presence of dacite-andseite lava, shield including their differentiation centres. The recent record of the pyroclastic flow deposits studies of Eastern Deccan volcanic province, along the peripheral part of the island has been Sylhet Trap volcanic provinces, Khasi mafic reported. The nature of eruption and the volcanic rocks of the north eastern India, Dibang transport mechanism of different units of the Valley Ophiolites in Arunachal Pradesh and pyroclastic deposits have been documented. Hypabyssal rocks of Singhbhum region of The andesitic pyroclastic flow deposit is Eastern India have brought out interesting restricted to the periphery of the dome whereas results for understanding the evolution of the central part of the dome is occupied by volcanic provinces. dacitic lava. The pyroclasts are represented by the poorly vesiculated blocks, lapilli and ash. In Southern Indian Shield, specifically in Hutti During the explosive eruptions of a new pulse of greenstone terrene region it is found enriched andesitic magma, the earlier dome disintegrated and depleted arc basalts with high Mg- to form a hot avalanche. The centre of the dome andesites and adakited. The occurrences of an was occupied by a subsequent dacitic eruption. ophiolite suite in Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh has been reported for the first time. The The high magnetic anomaly in the north may be entire succession is overlain by metabasalt an indication of basaltic magma from carapace interlayered with metapelitic pelagic Narcondam Volcano. The fluctuations of the sedimentary rocks. magnetic anomalies over the Alcock seamount suggest that it is traversed by several faults and The sylhet trap volcanism (~117 Ma) of the intrusive bodies North Eastern India has some differentiation centres. The Mawpyut complex (25°29’N,

92°10’E) of Jaintia Hills District, Meghalaya 3.3 Volcanic activity in Central Andaman distinctly occurs as a pluton intrusive into Trough adjacent low grade metasedimentary Shillong

Group of rocks. This Mawpyut pluton reveals Study of seabed sediment samples collected development of two broad lithotypes namely from the Central Andaman Trough shows the ultramafic (olivine clinopyroxenite, records of Andaman Trough volcanic activity. clinopyroxenite and plagioclase bearing Bathymetric study reveals the presence of ENE- ultramafic) and mafic (mostly gabbro, WSW trending spreading valley of the Central orthopyroxene gabbro, olivine gabbro-norite, Andaman Trough with a sediment cover and two mela gabbro,and mela gabbro-norite) with minor very prominent volcanic seamounts in the presence of later syenitic veins. Though, in western part of the area. The coarse fractions of general, the pluton shows mineralogical sediments indicate the presence of abundant variations, the field- boundaries among these glass shards with basaltic to basaltic andesite petrographic types are not discernible. Careful composition. Interestingly, unlike Barren and consideration of major and trace element Narcondam volcanics, these glass shards show chemistry of the constituent lithomembers phenocrysts dominantly represented by well- clearly suggest progressive insitu fractionation of formed crystals of olivine (Fo87-89), chrome common parent magma. The other important spinel along with minor clinopyroxene (diopsidic differentiated complex related to Sylhet Trap is augite), rare plagioclase (bytownite) and apatite. Samchampi- Samteran alkaline Complex (SSC) Features that indicate overall grain rounding (26°13’N, 93°18’E) of Mikir Hills and occurs as a resulting from the transport process as well as plug like pluton within the Precambrian granite features that indicate post-emplacement gneisses country rocks. The pluton is also alteration viz. (palagonitization, hydration, skin traversed by younger intrusives of nepeheline cracks and solution and precipitation) are not syenite and carbonatite. Development of

167 sporadic, lumpy magnetite ore bodies is also recorded within the pluton. The ore bodies, on Ahmad, T., Deb, M., Tarney, J., Raza, M., 2008. microscopic studies, indicate that magnetite is Proterozoic mafic volcanism in the often associated with hematite and ilmenite Aravalli-Delhi orogen, northwestern depicting different textural patterns. India: Geochemistry and tectonic Geochemistry of the ore bodies strongly framework. J. Geol. Soc. India, 72, 93- suggests formation of these ore bodies as late 111. stage segregation from a differentiating alkaline Ahmad, T., Dragusanu, C., Tanaka, T., 2008. magma in a fluid enriched milieu. Provenance of Proterozoic Basal Aravalli mafic volcanic rocks from The tectono-magmatic history of the Eastern Rajasthan, Northwestern India: Nd Indian shield has a varied nature embracing isotopes evidence for enriched mantle plutonism/ volcanism right from ~Archean reservoirs. Precambrian Res., 162, 150- (represented by Older Metamorphic Group) to 159. ~Neo Proterozoic (marked by Newer Dolerites). Ahmad, T., Longjam, K.C., Fouzdar, B., Bickle, The investigation of Newer Dolerites in eastern M.J., Chapman, H.J., 2009. Indian shield indicate presence of at least four Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of distinct petrographic types viz, dolerite, bimodal volcanism in the Sakoli Mobile porphyritic dolerite, micropegmatitic dolerite and Belt, Central Indian shield. Island Arc, gabbro. Studies of constituent mineralogical 18, 155-174. attributes indicate that these petrographic types Ajay, K.K., A.K. Chaubey, K.S. Krishna, D. are linked up with one another to common Gopala Rao, D. Sar, 2010. Seaward parent magma. Detailed petrographic and Dipping Reflectors along the SW mineralogical studies of the Newer Dolerites Continental Margin of India: Evidence helped to classify the constituent minerals as per for Volcanic Passive Margin, J. Earth modern nomenclatorial rules. Use of relevant System Science, 119, 803-813. thermo-barometric methods yields a Alam, M.A., Chandrasekharam, D., 2010. temperature of 1300°C to 630°C at a pressure Comment on "Thermoluminescence and ranging from 0.01 to 5.33 kb. On the basis of optically stimulated luminescence available field, petrographic and mineral- signals from volcanic ash: History of chemical data, it has been suggested that volcanism in Barren Island, Andaman cooling of the parent intruding magma initiated Sea" by D. Banerjee (Quaternary at shallow to moderate depth. The cooling/re- Geochronology), Quaternary equilibration temperature became substantially Geochronology, 5, 283-284. lower on the influence of waning stage of Alam, M.A., P. Manetti, F. Tassi, 2009 . magmatic crystallization (possibly in presence of Volcanological and petrological H2O) or metamorphic reconstitution evolution of Barren Island (Andaman accompanying crystallization. Sea, Indian Ocean), J. Asian Earth Sci., 35, 469–487. The Aravalli- Delhi orogen of northwestern India Anand S.P., M. Rajaram, T.J. Majumdar, R. manifests mafic volcanism of Proterozoic age. Bhattacharyya, 2009. Structure and On the basis of isotopic studies, an enriched tectonics of 85oE Ridge from analysis of mantle- source for these lavas has been Geopotential data, Tectonophysics envisaged. Plate-plume accretion tectonics is doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.09.036. also believed to have played an important role to Anand, R., Balakrishnan, S., 2010. Pb, Sr and explain the occurrence of these Proterozoic Nd isotope systematics of metavolcanic mafic volcanic rocks. In Delhi Super group, rocks of the Hutti greenstone belt, evidence from sandstone-detritus suggests syn- Eastern Dharwar craton: Constraints on sedimentary volcanism. Recently, on the basis age, duration of volcanism and evolution of paleomagnetic and geochronologic studies on of mantle sources during Late Archean. Malani Igneous suite, much important findings J. Asian Earth Sci., 39, 1-11. have been obtained regarding the configuration Banerjee, D., 2010. Reply to Comments on of Rodinia and the assembly of Gondwana. "Thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence signals from 4. Publications, reports and books published volcanic ash: History of volcanism in during the period: 2007-2010 Barren Island, Andaman Sea" by M.A.

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