evaluatie en waardering naar een archeologische Studieopdracht Leuven enHolsbeek) (gem. Leuven/Holsbeek te Kesselberg

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1. Inhoudsopgave...... 3

2. Colofon...... 9

3. Administratieve gegevens ...... 10

3.1. Onderzoeksgegevens...... 10

3.2. Locatiegegevens...... 10

4. Inleiding ...... 11

4.1. Onderzoekskader...... 11

4.2. Onderzoeksteam ...... 12

4.3. Dankwoord ...... 12

4.4. Uitwerking en rapportage...... 13

5. Bureaustudie ...... 14

5.1. Algemeen ...... 14

5.2. Landschappelijk kader...... 17 5.2.1. Geologie...... 17 Tertiair ...... 17 Kwartair ...... 23 5.2.2. Geomorfologie...... 27 5.2.3. Bodem...... 36

5.3. Archeologische context...... 40 5.3.1. Hoogteversterkingen in de ijzertijd ...... 40 Inleiding...... 40 Locatie ...... 40 Structuren...... 42 Einde van de hoogtenederzettingen en hun rol in de Romeinse periode...... 44 Hoogtenederzettingen in België ...... 44 5.3.2. Historisch kaartmateriaal ...... 48 5.3.3. Centraal Archeologische Inventaris...... 53

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5.4. Verstoringen op en rond de Kesselberg...... 57

5.5. De Kesselberg herbekeken...... 62 5.5.1. Literaire en archeologische bronnen...... 62 5.5.2. Het archeologische materiaal van de Kesselberg ...... 67 Overzicht van het materiaal op basis van de literaire en archeologische bronnen67 Het archeologische materiaal herbekeken ...... 76 Inleiding...... 76 Algemene beschouwing en de methodiek van de eerste documentatie van het archief ...... 76 Methodologie van de uitgebreide materiaalstudie...... 81 Aardewerk...... 84 De gebruikte typo-chronologie...... 84 Resultaten oppervlaktebehandeling ...... 86 Randtypes en randversiering...... 89 Bodemtypes ...... 92 Wandversiering...... 94 Verschralingsmateriaal ...... 96 Pottypes en diagnostische archetypes...... 98 Slingerkogels en weefgewichten ...... 100 Lithisch materiaal ...... 100 Algemeen...... 100 Opmerkelijke vondsten: Franse dolken van de late EGK-cultuur en een topje van de Magdaleniaan-ijsberg? ...... 103 Synthese...... 104 Regionale chronologische gegevens in het ijzertijd aardewerk (addendum) ...... 111

5.6. Archeologische evaluatie...... 117

6. Resultaten Veldonderzoek ...... 121

6.1. Plan van Aanpak...... 121 6.1.1. Landschappelijke boringen...... 121 6.1.2. Metaaldetectie...... 122 6.1.3. Geofysisch onderzoek...... 123

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Magnetometrisch onderzoek...... 123 Elektrische weerstandsmeting ...... 124 6.1.4. Controleboringen ...... 125 6.1.5. Proefsleuven ...... 125 Werkput 1 ...... 126 Werkput 2 ...... 126 Werkput 3 ...... 126 Werkput 4 ...... 127 Werkput 5 ...... 127 Werkput 6 ...... 127 Methodiek...... 127

6.2. Onderzoeksresultaten...... 128 6.2.1. Metaaldetectie...... 128 6.2.2. Landschappelijk booronderzoek...... 130 Geologie...... 130 Bodem...... 136 Erosie en antropogene verstoringen...... 138 6.2.3. Geofysisch onderzoek...... 141 Testfase...... 141 Magnetometrisch onderzoek...... 141 Elektrische weerstandsmeting ...... 143 Aanvullend onderzoek ...... 148 Resultaten magnetometrisch onderzoek ...... 148 Zone M2...... 148 Zone M3...... 148 Zone M4...... 148 Resultaten elektrische weerstandsmeting ...... 149 EW2 ...... 149 EW3 ...... 149 EW4 ...... 150 Conclusie ...... 151 6.2.4. Controleboringen ...... 151 6.2.5. Proefsleuvenonderzoek...... 153

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Bodemprofielen ...... 153 Werkput 1 ...... 153 Werkput 2 ...... 157 Werkput 3 ...... 158 Werkput 4 ...... 159 Werkput 5 ...... 160 Werkput 6 ...... 161 Onderzoeksresultaten...... 164 Werkput 1 ...... 164 Werkput 2 ...... 165 Werkput 3 ...... 166 Werkput 4 ...... 167 Werkput 5 ...... 167 Werkput 6 ...... 167 Vondstmateriaal...... 168 Aardewerk...... 168 Roodbakkend geglazuurd aardewerk...... 169 Handgevormd aardewerk...... 169 Bouwmateriaal...... 177 Natuursteen ...... 177 Silex ...... 177 Onbekend...... 178 C14-datering ...... 178 Conclusie ...... 180

7. De Kesselberg te Leuven, vergraven of bewaard verleden?...... 182

7.1. Inleiding...... 182

7.2. Synthese ...... 182

8. Conclusies en aanbevelingen ...... 188

8.1. Waardering ...... 188 8.1.1. Inleiding...... 188 8.1.2. Inhoud ...... 188 Zeldzaamheid...... 188

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Representativiteit ...... 189 Wetenschappelijk potentieel...... 191 Context...... 191 8.1.3. Vorm...... 192 Bewaringstoestand...... 193 8.1.4. Beleving...... 196 Waarneembaarheid ...... 197 Herinnering...... 198

8.2. Aanbevelingen...... 199 8.2.1. Afbakening bescherming...... 199 Wal...... 199 Nederzetting/off site fenomenen...... 201 Kesselstein en de verzandde bron...... 201 8.2.2. Beheersmaatregelen...... 201 8.2.3. Ontsluiting ...... 203 8.2.4. Toekomstig onderzoek...... 205

9. Bibliografie...... 207

10. USB-Stick...... 220

11. Lijst met gebruikte dateringen...... 221

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!   Bijlage 4 Locatie : Kesselberg landschappelijke boringen Datum : 29 en 30 mei 2012 Beschrijver : Rob Paulussen

Boor LDO Lithologie Kleur Overige kenmerken Interpretatie bijzonderheden nr. (cm) GD BK BS BZ BG BH HK TK IK VLK LG TL CO SST PLH NVS BHN BI GI 320Zmg 3 BRGRDO A 200 Zmg 3 BR GE GR FLA C COL 210 Zmg 2 2 BR CCOL 415Zmg 2 BRGRDO A 30 Zmg 2 BR LI BRGR A/C XX COL 100 Zug 2 GN GE BR FEC Bw 110 R R 815Zmg 2 BRGRDO A 180 Zmg 2 1 BR GR LI FLA C COL 190 R R 920Zmg 2 BRGRDO A 180 Zmf 2 1 BR GE FLA C COL 210 Zmg 3 2 BR GR Ab 350 Zmg 2 BR FLA C COL 400 Zzg 2 GE GN BR FLA C COL 10 15 Zzg 2 BR GR DO A 40 Zzg 2 BR LI FEC Bw 50 R BR DO R 115Zmg 3 BRZW A 40 Zmg 2 BR LI OR FEC C 60 Zmg 2 GN BR LI Bw 80 Zzg 2 GN C MAR GLAU 90 R R 12 15 Zzg 3 BR GR A 90 Zzg 2 BR GN FEC Bw 105 Zug 3 BR FEC Bw 115 Zmg 1 GN C MAR GLAU 125 R R 135Zmf 2 GR DO A 20 Zmf 3 BR RO LI C COL 55 Zmf 2 BR LI C COL 200 Zmf 3 BR RO GE FLA C COL 265 Zmf 3 BR GE LI FLA C COL HKB 200-250 -mv 280 Zmf 3 2 ZW GE BR FLA C COL HKS 300 K 3 1 GN OR FLA Bw 310 K 3 BR LI FLA Bw 14 10 Zmf 2 BR GR A 190 Zzg 3 BR GN FLA C COL 250 Zzg 3 GN GE OR ROV Bw IJZS 280 K 3 2 GE GN OR ROV Bw Boor LDO Lithologie Kleur Overige kenmerken Interpretatie bijzonderheden nr. (cm) GD BK BS BZ BG BH HK TK IK VLK LG TL CO SST PLH NVS BHN BI GI 21 15 Zzg 3 BR DO A 50 Zzg 1 BR LI Bw 200 Zzg 2 GN BR DBR FEC Bw GLAU 210 R R 22 40 Zmg 3 BR RO Bs DEZ AWF 70 Zzg 2 GN BR Bw GLAU 80 R R 23 10 Zzg 2 BR GN DO BAS Ap 40 Zzg 2 GN BR FEC Bw MAR GLAU 80 Zzg 1 GN GE Bw MAR GLAU 95 Zzg 2 GN C MAR GLAU 105 R BR RIJZS 255Zzg2 GN DGR A XX 15 Zzg 2 GN CMAR 25 K 1 GR LI STV FEC C XX MAR 75 Zzg 2 GN DO C XX MAR GLAU 85 R BR R 26 25 Zmg 2 BR DO A 70 Zmg 2 BR LI FEC 1C 100 Zzg 2 GN 2C MAR GLAU 27 30 Zmg 4 BR OR/GN Ap XX 80 Zzg 3 GN BR LBR Bw 90 R BR RO DO R 28 20 Zzg 3 BR GN Ap 40 Zzg 3 GN DO LBR FEC Bw 50 R R 29 15 Zmf 2 BR RO A 70 Zmf 2 RO BR Bs DEZ 120 Zmg 2 GE BR CDEZ 130 R R 30 30 Zmg 2 BR RO DO A LEI 75 Zmg 3 BR RO LI Bs 90 Zmg 2 GN BR Bw 100 R R 31 15 Zmg 2 BR GR DO A 120 Zmf 3 BR LI 1C DEZ 140 K 4 GR GE LI FLA 2C COL 165 Zmf 1 GR GE LI FLA 2C COL 175 R R 32 10 Zmg 1 GE LI OPG 20 Zmf 2 BR DO A 90 Zmf 2 BR GE/DBR C COL BST 140 Zmf 3 BR LI GRZW FLA C COL BST, HKS 190 Zmf 2 GR GE LI FLA C COL HKB 200 R R 33 50 Zmg 3 BR DO A Boor LDO Lithologie Kleur Overige kenmerken Interpretatie bijzonderheden nr. (cm) GD BK BS BZ BG BH HK TK IK VLK LG TL CO SST PLH NVS BHN BI GI 60 K 3 GN GR OR Bw 70 Zmg 3 GR GN OR/GE Bw 80 R R 34 10 Zmg 2 BR GR A 50 Zmg 2 BR RO FEC Bs DEZ 100 Zmg 2 GE BR FEC C DEZ 110 R R 35 15 Zzg 2 BR DO A BST 40 Zzg 2 RO BR Bw 70 Zzg 3 BR GE Bw 36 35 Zmg 3 BR GR LI GEBR Ap SIN 90 Zmg 3 GE BR CDEZ 37 15 Zmg 3 BR GRGN Ap 25 Zmg 3 BR GE CCOL 50 K 2 GE BR LGN FLA C COL GLAU 55 K 1 OR GN Bw MAR GLAU 38 20 Zmg 3 BR Ap 55 Zmg 2 RO BR CDEZ 40 20 Zmf 2 BR GR A 30 Zmf 2 BR GR LBR A/C XX 50 Zzg 1 GN DO C MAR GLAU 60 R R 41 10 Zzg 3 BR GR A 120 Zzg 3 GN OR ROV C MAR GLAU 130 R R 42 10 Zmg 2 BR DO A 30 Zmg 2 BR LI C DEZ 130 Zzg 2 1 BR LI GN Bw MAR GLAU 220 Zzg 3 BR LI DGN KL Bw MAR GLAU 43 20 Zmf 2 BR A 50 Zmf 2 1 BR RO LI GN 1C DEZ 70 Zmg 2 BR RO LI GN Bw 200 Zzg 1 GN 2C MAR GLAU 44 10 Zmg 2 BR Ap 60 Zmg 2 BR GE 1C COL SKO 100 Zmg 3 BR DO GEGN FLA 1C COL BST 130 K 1 GN LI OR FLA 1C COL HKS 140 Zug 4 BR LI FEC Bw 45 30 Zmg 2 BR GE BR Ap IJZS 35 R R 46 20 L 1 BR GR ALSS 100 L 1 GE BR CLSS 47 10 Zmf 3 BR Ap 40 Zmf 3 GE BR 1C XX 80 K 4 GE BR FLA 1C COL 110 L 1 GE BR LI 2C LSS Boor LDO Lithologie Kleur Overige kenmerken Interpretatie bijzonderheden nr. (cm) GD BK BS BZ BG BH HK TK IK VLK LG TL CO SST PLH NVS BHN BI GI 160 L 1 GE LI 2C LSS CaCO3 170 R R 48 10 Zmf 2 BR DO Ap 40 Zmf 3 BR GE CDEZ 95 Zmg 4 BR LI Bw 49 10 Zmg 2 BR RO DO Ap 50 Zmg 2 BR RO CDEZ 95 Zug 1 GE Bw IJZS 135 K 4 GR DO GE/OR Bw 190 Z 3 GN DO LBR Bw 200 R RIJZS 50 30 Zzg 3 BR GN GN Bw 40 R R 51 45 Zmg 3 RO BR DO FEC A XX IJZS, BST, PUI 100 K 1 3 BR LI DGN Bw 52 20 Zmg 2 BR DO Ap 110 Zmg 2 GE GN GN Bw MAR 140 Zmg 4 GE BR GN Bw MAR 150 Zmg 2 GE BR GN Bw MAR 180 Zmg 2 GE GN GN FLA Bw MAR 200 Zzg 3 GE BR LI GN Bw MAR 53 20 Zmg 2 BR A 30 Zmg 3 BR GE Bw 55 Zmg 4 BR GE GN/OR FLA Bw 90 K 2 GN GE LI BR FLA Bw 100 K 4 BR LI GN/OR Bw 120 Zug 3 BR Bw 54 45 Zzg 2 BR GE Ap XX BST, PUI 55 P OPG 55 20 Zzg 3 BR Ap 60 Zzg 3 GE GN GN/OR FLA Bw 90 Zzg 1 GN LI Bw MAR 150 Zzg 2 GN GE LI GN/OR FLA Bw 170 Zzg 2 GN DBR FLA Bw 190 Zug 2 BR GE Bw IJZS 56 30 Zmg 3 BR Ap XX LEI, BST 70 K 3 GE BR GN Bw MAR GLAU 57 25 Zmg 3 BR Ap 30 Zzg 1 GN GE FLA Bw 90 Zmg 1 GN GE FLA Bw 120 Zmg 3 BR DO GN FLA Bw 180 Zmg 1 GN GE FLA Bw 58 20 Zmg 2 BR DO Ap 40 K 3 GE BR LN Bw 70 Zzg 1 GE GN Bw 59 10 Zmg 2 BR DO A Boor LDO Lithologie Kleur Overige kenmerken Interpretatie bijzonderheden nr. (cm) GD BK BS BZ BG BH HK TK IK VLK LG TL CO SST PLH NVS BHN BI GI 40 Zmg 2 BR LI C DEZ 120 Zzg 2 GN GE Bw IJZS 150 Zzg 1 GN CMAR 160 R R 60 10 Zmg 2 BR GR A 30 Zmg 2 BR GE OPG 90 Zzg 1 GN LI LBR/DBR OPG 120 Zzg 1 BR LI OPG 170 Zzg 2 BR GN Bw 180 Zzg 2 BR LI Bw 190 R R 60A 10 Zmg 2 BR GR A 30 Zmg 2 BR GE OPG 70 Zzg 1 GN LI LBR/DBR OPG 100 Zzg 1 BR LI DBR OPG 120 Zzg 2 BR LI Bw 60B 5 Zzg 2 GN BR DO A 30 Zzg 2 BR A 70 Zzg 2 BR LI FEC OPG 190 Zzg 3 GN BR FLA Bw 200 R R 61 10 Zzg 3 BR DO A IJZS 30 Zzg 3 BR RO LI Bw 40 R R 62 10 Zzg 3 BR DO A IJZS 30 Zzg 3 BR RO LI Bw 40 R R 63 20 Zzg 3 BR DO A IJZS 90 Zzg 3 BR RO LI Bw 100 R R 63A 20 Zzg 3 BR DO A IJZS 90 Zzg 3 BR RO LI Bw 100 R R Bijlage 5

Bijlage 6

 

Kesselberg,DeelgemeenteKesselͲLo,Leuven Rapportarcheologischgeofysischonderzoek  juni2012  

Opdrachtgever:CondorArchaeologicalResearch Voor:OnroerendErfgoed Target Archaeological Geophysics Page 1 of 15 Kesselberg (deelgemeente Kessel-Lo), Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant

INHOUDSOPGAVE

NIET TECHNISCHE SAMENVATTING ...... 3 1 INLEIDING ...... 5 2 DOELSTELLINGEN ...... 5 3 ONDERZOEKSLOCATIE ...... 5 3.1 Landschap, bodem en geologie ...... 5 3.2 Archeologische achtergrond ...... 6 4 METHODIEK ...... 7 4.1 Magnetometrisch onderzoek ...... 7 4.2 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek ...... 7 5 WEERGAVE DATA ...... 8 6 GRONDCONDITIES EN ALGEMENE BESCHOUWING ...... 8 7 RESULTATEN MAGNETOMETRISCH ONDERZOEK ...... 9 7.1 M1 ...... 9 7.2 M2 ...... 10 7.3 M3 ...... 10 7.4 M4 ...... 10 8 RESULTATEN ELEKTRISCH WEERSTANDSONDERZOEK ...... 11 8.1 EW1 ...... 11 8.2 EW2 ...... 12 8.3 EW3 ...... 12 8.4 EW4 ...... 12 9 CONCLUSIE ...... 14 10 VERWIJZINGEN ...... 15

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LIJST VAN FIGUREN

Figuur 1 Site locatie: elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek en 1:4000 magnetometrisch onderzoek

Figuur 2 Site locatie: magnetometrisch onderzoek M1-M4 1:2000

Figuur 3 Site locatie: elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek EW1-EW4 1:2000

Figuur 4 Magnetometrisch test onderzoek M1, basiscorrectie en 1:1500 geïnterpoleerd greyscales 1.0m x 0.1m en 0.5m x 0.1m

Figuur 5 Magnetometrisch onderzoek M1-M4, basiscorrectie 1:1500 greyscales 1.0m x 0.1m

Figuur 6 Magnetometrisch onderzoek M1-M4, geïnterpoleerd 1:1500 greyscales 1.0m x 0.1m

Figuur 7 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek test EW1 en elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek EW2-EW3, basiscorrectie greyscales 1:1500

Figuur 8 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek EW3-EW4, 1:1500 basiscorrectie greyscales

Figuur 9 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek test EW1 en elektrisch weerstandonderzoek EW2-EW3, geïnterpoleerd greyscales 1:1500

Figuur 10 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek EW3-EW4, 1:1500 geïnterpoleerd greyscales

Figuur 11 Magnetometrisch onderzoek M1-M4, interpretatie 1:1500

Figuur 12 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek EW1-EW3, interpretatie 1:1500

Figuur 13 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek EW3-EW4, interpretatie 1:1500

LIJST VAN TABELLEN

Tabel 3.2.1 Centrale Archeologische Inventaris

File: TAG_12005_ Kesselberg (deelgemeente Kessel-Lo), Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant 26.06.2012.docx Target Archaeological Geophysics Page 3 of 15 Kesselberg (deelgemeente Kessel-Lo), Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant

NIET TECHNISCHE SAMENVATTING

Onderzoeksgebied en achtergrond Het archeologisch geofysisch onderzoek, dat deel uitmaakt van een archeologisch onderzoeksprogramma, werd uitgevoerd in een studiegebied van 20 hectare op de Kesselberg, in deelgemeente Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Vlaams Brabant. Het magnetometrisch onderzoek en het elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek werden eerst uitgevoerd in een westelijke zone van het studiegebied om nadien te worden voortgezet in de overblijvende bereikbare zones van de site.

Kesselberg is een site van nationaal archeologisch belang en staat opgelijst in de Centrale Archeologische Inventaris als CAI ID 1647. Overblijfselen van het Paleolithische tijdperk tot de late Ijzertijd werden in het studiegebied ontdekt, alsook een aanzienlijke aarden wal uit het late Ijzertijdperk bestaat nog steeds in het hoogste deel van het studiegebied. De Templiersburcht Kesselstein (CAI ID 951), een site uit de late 11de eeuw, is het eerste verblijf van de Tempeliers te Leuven, en is gelegen aan de zuidwestelijke kant van de site.

Dit werk op de Kesselberg werd aangevraagd door Condor Archaeological Research en maakt deel uit van een onderzoek voor Onroerend Erfgoed.

Samenvatting van resultaten

Enkel 10% van het studiegebied was toegankelijk om het geofysisch onderzoek te verrichten. Door dichte bebossing en slechte terreincondities was de toegang tot een groot deel van het onderzoeksgebied beperkt. Niettemin was het onderzoek succesvol, aangezien overblijfselen van fundamenten (G) werden opgespoord aan de zuidelijke rand van de onderzoekszone in EW2. Dit zou een onderdeel kunnen zijn van de Tempeliersburcht Kesselstein (CAI ID 951). Een slecht gedefinieerde lineaire anomalie kan een deel van een aarden wal representeren, in overeenstemming met CAI ID 1647. Er werden in dit studiegebied geen andere anomalieën ontdekt, die kunnen wijzen op een uitgesproken archeologisch karakter.

Talrijke lineaire anomalieën, kromlijnige reacties, geïsoleerde positieve metingen en zwakke trends zijn aanwezig in de resultaten van het magnetometrisch onderzoek en het elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek. De meeste van deze anomalieën zijn gemarkeerd als overblijfselen van een voormalige grens, zones met een natuurlijke variatie, mogelijke draineringspatronen en moderne ijzer/metaal restanten. Anomalieën van potentieel belang zijn 1, 2, 6 en 7 (M1 en M4) en A, B en I (EW1 en

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EW3). Een interpretatie moet voorzichtig gebeuren. A en I bijvoorbeeld, geven patronen weer die typisch zijn voor overblijfselen van nederzettingen. Recente motorcross activiteiten zijn echter de waarschijnlijke oorzaak van deze anomalieën.

Dezesamenvattingzoumoetenwordengelezenincombinatiemethetalgemenerapport.

File: TAG_12005_ Kesselberg (deelgemeente Kessel-Lo), Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant 26.06.2012.docx Target Archaeological Geophysics Page 5 of 15 Kesselberg (deelgemeente Kessel-Lo), Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant

1 INLEIDING

Geofysisch onderzoek, meer bepaald magnetometrisch en elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek werd uitgevoerd in een studiegebied van 20 hectaren op de Kesselberg, in deelgemeente Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Vlaams Brabant. Test onderzoeken waarbij beide technieken werden aangewend, werden uitgevoerd in een locatie in het westelijke deel van het studiegebied (M1/EW1), met een latere uitbreiding van het onderzoek in bereikbare delen van de site (M2-M4 and EW2-EW4).

Kesselberg is een site van nationaal archeologisch belang (CAI ID 1647), met een archeologische activiteit die zich uitstrekt van het Paleolithicum tot de late Ijzertijd. Er is ook de Tempeliersburcht Kesselstein (CAI ID 951), een site uit de 11de eeuw die aan de zuidelijke grens ligt van de rand van Kesselberg.

Dit project vormt de geofysische component van het archeologische onderzoek op Kesselberg, en werd uitgevoerd in opdracht van Condor Archaeological Research, voor Onroerend Erfgoed.

2 DOELSTELLINGEN

De doelstelling van deze werkzaamheden is om meer informatie te bekomen over de locatie, de vorm en de omvang van de begraven archeologische overblijfselen die aanwezig zijn binnen het studiegebied. De resultaten van dit werk kunnen worden gebruikt bij verder onderzoek dat geleid wordt door de klant.

3 ONDERZOEKSLOCATIE

Het studiegebied op Kesselberg is 20 hectaren groot en is gelegen op de centrale coördinaten 175130 177315, ongeveer op 3.5 kilometer ten noordoosten van het centrum van Leuven en op 0.5km ten westen van de E314. Een bosrijke streek strekt zich uit ten zuiden van de Hulsbergweg en vormt de noordelijke grens van het onderzoeksgebied. De Koningstraat loopt langs een gedeelte van de oostelijke rand. De tuinen die verbonden zijn aan privé woningen en de bosrijke zone grenzend aan de Wilselestraat en de Bergstraat vormen de zuidelijke en westelijke grenzen van het studiegebied.

3.1 Landschap, bodem en geologie De site bestaat uit een verhoogd deel waar voornamelijk bos op groeit en is op ongeveer 82 m boven de zeespiegel gelegen. De bodems van de regio bestaan uit volgende bodemtypes: droog zand met weinig duidelijke ijzer en/of humus B horizont

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(Zafe); zwak tot matig gleyige kleibodem met onbepaald profiel (Edx); matig droge licht zandleembodem met structuur B horizont of sterk gevlekte, verbrokkelde textuur B horizont (wPcC); en matig droge zandleembodem zonder profiel (Lcp(c), (Geo- vlaanderen Bodemkaart, http://www.agiv.be/gis/diensten/geo-vlaanderen/).

3.2 Archeologische achtergrond Kesselberg staat op de lijst van de Centrale Archeologische Inventaris als ID 1647 en is vooral gekend voor de aarden wal uit de late Ijzertijd die nog steeds de hoogste zone van het monument omsluit. De site werd voor het eerst onderzocht in 1939 door een groep amateurarcheologen, en is het onderwerp geweest van diverse andere onderzoeken, met inbegrip van latere opgravingen in 1948 en 1959 (Boschmanns 1955 en Mertens 1959). Artefacten werden zowel tijdens de veldprospectie als tijdens de opgravingen in de regio van Kesselberg ontdekt en bestaan uit silex gereedschap uit het Paleolithicum, Mesolithicum en Neolithicum; en aardewerk uit de Bronstijd en de Ijzertijd; en organisch materiaal. Tijdens de opgravingen vond men overblijfselen van verbrande huttenleem, en een haard werd eveneens blootgelegd.

Aan de zuidwestelijke rand van het studiegebied ligt de site van de Tempeliersburcht Kesselstein, CAI ID 951 uit de 11de eeuw. Dit was naar verluidt het eerste verblijf van de Tempeliers te Leuven. De burcht zou volledig afgebroken zijn in 1831 om nadien te worden beplant met wijngaarden, waardoor de exacte vindplaats van de overblijfselen onzeker is.

Meer details over de locaties worden hieronder verstrekt in tabel 3.2.

Tabel 3.2.1 Interessante archeologische zones in de nabijheid van het studiegebied

Inventaris ID Coördinaten Naam/Toponiem Deelgemente

1647 175135 177303 Kesselberg K1 / Kesselberg Kessel-Lo 150656 175082 177452 Bovenveld Kessel-Lo 951 175066 177124 Kesselstein Kessel-Lo 971 174896 177712 Bovenveld Holsbeek

Bron tabel 3.2.1: Centrale Archeologische Inventaris

“De Centrale Archeologische Inventaris is een inventaris van de tot nog toe gekende archeologische vindplaatsen. Vanwege het specifieke karakter van het archeologisch erfgoed dat voor ons verborgen zit in de ondergrond, is het onmogelijk om op basis van de Centrale Archeologische Inventaris uitspraken te doen over de aan- of

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4 METHODIEK

4.1 Magnetometrisch onderzoek Voor het magnetometrisch onderzoek werd gebruik gemaakt van een Bartington Grad601 dual sensor gradiometer en een Trimble VRS Now GPS die op een niet magnetische kar werden geplaatst. Dit gecombineerd systeem verzamelt de data met een snelheid van 10hz voor de magnetometer en 1hz voor de GPS. De accuraatheid van de positie van de data bedraagt 15-20mm.

Een testonderzoek met de magnetometer werd uitgevoerd in het westelijke deel van het studiegebied, in een toegankelijk perceel ter grootte van 0,7 ha in totaal (M1). Het doel van dit testonderzoek was om na te gaan welke resolutie optimaal was om deze techniek toe te passen op de ondergrondse archeologische resten van het studiegebied. De gegevens van het magnetometer testonderzoek in M1 werden opgenomen langs 1m parallelle lijnen en 0.5m lijnen met een snelheid van 1-1.3m/s, en tussen de 10 en 8 metingen per meter.

Na het magnetometer testonderzoek in M1, werd het onderzoek uitgebreid naar zones M2-M4 in het oostelijke deel van het studiegebeid. Omwille van slechte terreincondities in M2-M4, werden de gegevens voor het magnetometer onderzoek opgenomen langs 1m parallelle lijnen met een snelheid van 1-1.3m/s, en tussen de 10 en 8 metingen per meter. Verder werd er geen magnetometer onderzoek met een resolutie van 0.5m x 0.1m ondernomen.

4.2 Elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek Elektrische weerstandsmetingdata worden gelezen via een Geoscan Research RM15 en een dubbele sonde opstelling. De metingen worden uitgevoerd op elke 0.5m langsheen parallelle lijnen. Het onderzoek gebeurt langs parallelle meetlinten die telkens op 1 meter afstand van elkaar worden geplaatst. Deze parallelle lijnen vormen in totaal een grid/rooster van 30m2 ruwweg geplaatst volgens O/W.

Een testonderzoek met de elektrische weerstandsmetingtechniek werd ondernomen op 1ha in zone EW1 in het westelijke deel van het studiegebied op ongeveer dezelfde locatie waar het magnetometer testonderzoek (M1) werd uitgevoerd. Het doel van het testonderzoek voor de elektrische weerstandstechniek, was om de

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Vervolgens werd het onderzoek van EW1 uitgebreid naar zones EW2-EW4 in het zuiden en het oosten van de site. De onderzoeksresolutie bedroeg 0.5m x 1m, omwille van de slechte terreincondities in EW2-EW4. In EW2 bevindt zich een geruïneerde structuur aan de zuidelijke grens van het studiegebied en die ligt in de nabijheid van CAI ID 951. EW3 strekt zich uit over het oostelijke toegankelijke deel van het studiegebied, en EW4 doorkruist een deel van de aarden wal uit de Ijzertijd (CAI ID1647) aan de kant van de Koningstraat.

5 WEERGAVE DATA

De onderzoeksplaatsen van het magnetometer onderzoek (M1-M4) en het elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek (EW1-EW4) zijn afgebeeld in figuren 1-3 op een schaal van 1:4000 en 1:2000.

De resultaten van het test magnetometer onderzoek in M1 en het volledig onderzoek in M2-M4 zijn weergegeven in figuren 4-6 als een reeks van basiscorrectie greyscales en geïnterpoleerde greyscales.

De resultaten van test elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek in EW1 en uitgebreid onderzoek in EW2-EW4 worden weergegeven in figuren 7-10.

De interpretatie van de gegevens van beide technieken worden afgebeeld in figuren 11-13.

Al de greyscale kaarten en interpretatie diagrammen worden afgebeeld in figuren 4- 13 en worden weergegeven op een schaal van 1:1500.

6 GRONDCONDITIES EN AGEMENE BESCHOUWING

Het grootste deel van de onderzoekssite Kesselberg bestaat uit dicht bos, waardoor het helaas moeilijk was om het geofysisch onderzoek uit te voeren. Daarom omvatten de onderzoekszones M1-M4 en EW1-EW4, waar de magnetometer technieken en de elektrische weerstandstechnieken werden uitgevoerd, een oppervlakte van maar 2 hectaren. Het magnetometer onderzoek dat werd uitgevoerd in de buurt van de bomen aan de rand van M1-M4 werd verder bemoeilijkt door een verminderd satelliet bereik dat nodig is bij het gebruik van het gecombineerd GPS- gradiometer systeem. Een dichte heide begroeiing ter hoogte van M2-M4 (naar het oosten toe) zorgde er voor dat ook dit deel niet werd onderzocht met de magnetometer. Het verloop van het elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek werd

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7 RESULTATEN MAGNETOMETRISCH ONDERZOEK

7.1 M1 De resultaten van het 1m x 0.1m en 0.5m x 0.1m magnetometer onderzoek in M1 vertonen geen duidelijke anomalieën die duiden op een archeologisch karakter. De zones ten westen en ten noordoosten bevatten ijzer/metaal verstoringen van moderne oorsprong. Bij de gegevensverzameling veroorzaakten meerdere moderne ijzer/metaal anomalieën meermaals een lijnvorming langsheen de noordzuid as. Het lijn effect kon niet worden verwijderd tijdens de dataverwerking.

De gegevens van het onderzoek met de resolutie van 0.5m x 0.1m in M1 zijn iets duidelijker dan de resultaten van het onderzoek met de resolutie van 1m x 0.1m, aangezien een zekere verbetering van de vorm en de positie van de anomalieën is vastgelegd. De voordelen van een onderzoek met een hogere resolutie worden helaas niet gedemonstreerd in de resultaten van M1, en dit komt door de afwezigheid van duidelijke archeologische sporen in de gegevens.

Meerdere kleine ‘rechthoek-achtige’ positieve anomalieën in M1, meer bepaald 1 en 2 ten noordoosten en ten zuidoosten, zijn potentieel interessant. Anomalie 2 valt samen met een groep van zwakke rechtlijnige patronen. Anomalieën 1 en 2 kunnen geïsoleerde interessante patronen vertegenwoordigen, mogelijk put restanten en ondiepe lineaire overblijfselen. Hoewel, ze vertonen geen typische archeologische patronen die kunnen duiden op een definitieve archeologische oorsprong. Het merendeel van deze slecht gedefinieerde positieve anomalieën, zijn waarschijnlijk afkomstig van storingen van moderne of natuurlijke oorsprong, te wijten aan een combinatie van begraven ijzer/metaal, recent landgebruik en geologische variatie in de bodem.

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De resten van een mogelijk voormalige grens (3), in oostwestelijke richting in M1, vertegenwoordigen waarschijnlijk een reeks vroegere grenzen die op de plannen een beetje zuidelijker staan. Een andere grens die niet meer wordt gebruikt, is te zien ten zuidoosten als een zwak negatief lineair patroon in de richting noordoost/zuidwest. Zones met een verhoogde magnetische meting ten westen van het middelpunt van de onderzoekszone (4) zouden mogelijk interessant kunnen zijn. Maar door de afwezigheid van duidelijke archeologische patronen in de gegevens, kan men eerder vooropstellen dat de patronen gevormd zijn door variatie in de geologie/natuurlijke bodem.

Meerdere zwakke patronen zijn zichtbaar in M1, meer bepaald anomalie 5. Deze meetgegevens komen regelmatig voor in magnetometer data. Wanneer er geen duidelijke archeologische context is, dan worden zulke metingen doorgaans geassocieerd met grond/geologische variaties en/of voormalig landgebruik.

Er werden verder geen andere belangrijke reacties opgemeten tijdens het onderzoek in M1.

7.2 M2 Er werden geen archeologisch interessante anomalieën opgemeten tijdens het onderzoek in M2. Dit gebied werd in het verleden zwaar verstoord door de oprichting van een gebouw.

7.3 M3 Er werden geen anomalieën geïdentificeerd met een uitgesproken archeologisch karakter in M3. Van een zwak lineair patroon gelegen in de richting noordoost/zuidwest wordt aangenomen dat dit het resultaat is van een variatie in de bodem/geologie of van recent landgebruik.

7.4 M4 Kleinschalige positieve anomalieën en zwakke patronen (6, 7 and 8) in M4 zouden belangrijk kunnen zijn, mogelijk representeren zij put restanten of lineaire overblijfselen. Een interpretatie is echter onzeker, omdat de grootte van het studiegebeid zo gelimiteerd is door de slechte terreincondities. Het is waarschijnlijk dat de meeste anomalieën het resultaat zijn van een combinatie van storingen afkomstig van ijzerhoudend puin, natuurlijke grond/geologische variatie en modern landgebruik.

Er werden verder geen andere belangrijke reacties opgemeten tijdens het onderzoek in M4.

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8 RESULTATEN ELEKTRISCH WEERSTANDSONDERZOEK

8.1 EW1 De resultaten van het testonderzoek met de elektrische weerstandstechniek in EW1 tonen een combinatie van lineaire en kromlijnige anomalieën, rechtlijnige patronen, zwakke trends en variaties afkomstig van de geologie dicht gelegen bij de oppervlakte. Het onderzoek met resolutie 0.5m x 1m toont de beste anomaliegegevens qua uitlijning en vorm.

Twee concentrische kromlijnige anomalieën (A) op de zuidelijke grens van EW1, werden gemarkeerd als potentieel archeologisch interessant. Het zou mogelijk kunnen zijn dat zij een onderdeel zijn van een nederzetting. Echter, in de voorbije jaren werd het studiegebied gebruikt voor motorcross activiteiten en het is mogelijk dat anomalieën A daarvan de resten vormen. Het interpreteren van anomalieën A is twijfelachtig.

Een rechtlijnige anomalie (B) met een hoge weerstand, ten noordoosten van het centrum van de onderzoekszone, kan wijzen op een deel van een muur of een fundering. Een interpretatie blijft echter moeilijk omwille van de recente motorcross activiteiten en natuurlijke variatie doorheen de noordelijke sectie van EW1.

De plaats van een mogelijke voormalige grens (C) is zichtbaar van oost naar west als een lage weerstandanomalie en patroon. Dit ligt een beetje zuidelijker tegenover de vroegere grensoverblijfselen op de project kaart, en ook ten zuiden van de mogelijk voormalige grens 3 uit het magnetometer onderzoek. Het is mogelijk dat 3 en C een deel van een vroeger pad of oprijlaan representeren.

Voormalige grensrestanten zijn gemarkeerd ten zuidoosten als overlappende lineaire metingen en patronen (D). De mogelijkheid dat sommige zwakkere anomalieën (E) overblijfselen van archeologisch belang zijn, mag niet worden afgewezen.

Storingen afkomstig van geologie dicht bij de oppervlakte, zijn aangeduid door onregelmatige patronen ten noorden en ten westen van het middelpunt van het studiegebied. Meerdere zwakke patronen (F) zijn gemeten en zijn waarschijnlijk afkomstig van verdere geologische variatie.

Er werden geen andere interessante reacties vastgesteld in de resultaten van het onderzoek in EW1.

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8.2 EW2 Een rechtlijnige hoge weerstandsmeting (G) in EW2 valt samen met de resten van een gebouw dat werd opgemerkt tijdens het veldwerk. Dit ligt in de nabijheid van de CAI ID 951. Het is mogelijk dat G de fundering is die aansluit bij CAI ID 951. Omwille van de slechte grondcondities was er geen verder onderzoek mogelijk in deze locatie. Een lineair patroon ten noorden van G is waarschijnlijk een deel van een meer recente grens die zichtbaar is op de projectkaart.

Er werden geen andere interessante reacties vastgesteld in de resultaten van het onderzoek in EW2.

8.3 EW3 Resten van vroegere grenzen, meer bepaald H, bevinden zich in het zuidwestelijke deel van EW3. Twee slecht gedefinieerde kromlijnige anomalieën (I), vergelijkbaar met metingen A (EW1), zijn zichtbaar ten zuidwesten van het centrum van de onderzoekszone. Anomalieën I zouden onderdeel kunnen uitmaken van een omheind stuk land. Maar een interpretatie blijft onzeker, wetende dat er recentelijk motorcrossactiviteiten plaatsvonden in het studiegebied.

Andere lineaire patronen (J) vertonen zich in de resultaten, waarvan een aantal zichtbaar waren als lineaire lager gelegen delen tijdens het veldwerk. Deze lineaire anomalieën zijn waarschijnlijk recente grenzen en/of het resultaat van drainering.

Een zwak kromlijnig patroon (K) ten noordoosten van het centrum van de onderzoekszone zou belangrijk kunnen zijn, mogelijk maakt het onderdeel uit van een ondiepe gracht van een omheinde zone. Deze anomalie is slecht gedefinieerd. K kan ook het resultaat zijn van recent landgebruik of natuurlijke variatie.

Zones van geologische variatie dicht bij de oppervlakte zijn gemarkeerd in EW3, voornamelijk ten noordoosten.

Er werden geen andere interessante reacties vastgesteld in de resultaten van het onderzoek in EW3.

8.4 EW4 Een slecht gedefinieerde lineair patroon (L), in de richting noordwest/zuidoost, werd opgemeten in het westelijke deel van EW4 en stelt de aarden wal voor die geassocieerd kan worden met CAI ID 1647. Het was onmogelijk om de aanwezigheid van een buitenste gracht naast de aarden wal te bevestigen, omdat slechte grondcondities het onmogelijk maakten om het onderzoek te vervolledigen.

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Sporen van natuurlijke variaties zijn duidelijk zichtbaar ten zuidoosten van EW4.

Er werden geen andere interessante reacties vastgesteld in de resultaten van het onderzoek in EW4.

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9 CONCLUSIE

Dit onderzoek registreerde begraven fundamenten (G) in EW2 aan de zuidelijke grens van het studiegebied in de buurt van de Tempeliersburcht Kesselstein (CAI ID 951). Deze vallen samen met de resten van een structuur die net zichtbaar was aan de oppervlakte, tijdens het veldonderzoek. In EW4 is ook een slecht gedefinieerde lineaire meting (L) gemarkeerd, die overeenkomt met het hoogste punt van de aarden wal uit de late Ijzertijd en die kan geassocieerd worden met CAI ID1647.

Verdere lineaire patronen, kromlijnige opmetingen, zwakke patronen en geïsoleerde positieve anomalieën zijn geregistreerd door het gebruik van de magnetometer en de elektrische weerstandsmeting in M1-M4 en EW1-EW4. Over een aantal van deze anomalieën werd gesuggereerd dat ze potentieel archeologisch belangrijk zouden kunnen zijn, meer bepaald anomalieën A, B en I (EW1 en EW3), en 1, 2, 6 en 7. Anomalieën A en I zijn de meest belangrijke, indien zij overeenstemmen met de herkenbare patronen die normaal geassocieerd worden met archeologische vormen, meer specifiek met de restanten van een nederzetting. Het is echter mogelijk dat A en I het resultaat zijn van motorcrossactiviteiten die recent plaatsvonden op de site. Het vormen van een interpretatie over A en I blijft daarom twijfelachtig.

De merendeel van de anomalieën die voorkomen in de gegevens van het elektrisch weerstandsonderzoek en het magnetometer onderzoek, zijn het gevolg van veranderingen die gevormd werden door landgebruik in het studiegebied, verstoringen door modern ijzerhoudend materiaal en natuurlijke variatie.

Het was helaas onmogelijk om in het studiegebied Kesselberg een meer uitgebreid archeologisch onderzoek uit te voeren door middel van geofysische technieken. Dichte bebossing en slechte terreincondities zorgden voor een bijzonder moeilijke toegankelijkheid en hebben de omvang van dit geofysisch onderzoek aanzienlijk beperkt.

Auteur rapport John Nicholls MSc AIFA

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10 VERWIJZINGEN Bartington Instruments, Operation Manual for Grad601 Single Axis Magnetic Gradiometers (OM1800).

Boschmanns A, 1956, De voorhistorische nederzetting op de Kesselberg, Meer Schoonheid, 3, 4, 20-22.

Centraal Archeologische Inventaris, http://cai.erfgoed.net/.

English Heritage 2008, Geophysical survey in archaeological field evaluation, Research & Professional Guideline, No. 1.

(Geo-vlaanderen Bodemkaart, http://www.agiv.be/gis/diensten/geo-vlaanderen/).

GRASS Development Team, 2012. Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS) Software, Version 6.4.2. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. http://grass.osgeo.org.

Mertens J, 1959, Kessel-Lo (Brabant), Archeologie 2, 301.

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Bijlage 7

Locatie : Kesselberg controle boringen Datum : 15 augustus 2012 Beschrijver : Rob Paulussen

Boor LDO Lithologie Kleur Overige kenmerken Interpretatie bijzonderheden nr. (cm) GD BK BS BZ BG BH HK TK IK VLK LG TL CO SST PLH NVS BHN BI GI 115Zzf 2 BR DO A DEZ 20 R R 220Zmf 2 BR DO A 50 Zmf 2 BR OR Bs DEZ 75 Zmf 3 GN GE Bw GLAU 80 R R 315Zmf 2 BR DO A 50 Zmf 2 BR OR Bs DEZ IJZS brokjes 100 Zmg 2 GN CGLAU 415Zmf 2 BR DO A 40 Zmf 2 BR OR Bs DEZ IJZS brokjes 80 Zmf 2 GN Bw 105 K 4 GN ZL Bw 200 Zzg 3 GN C 515Zmf 2 BR DO A 30 Zmf 2 BR OR Bs DEZ 35 R R 610Zmf BR DO A 35 Zmf BR OR Bs DEZ IJZS brokjes 80 Zmg 3 GN KL Bw 100 Zzg 1 GN CGLAU 6A 20 Zmf 2 BR DO A 50 Zmf 2 BR OR Bs DEZ IJZS brokjes 55 R R 710R R 7A 10 R R 810Zmf 2 BR DO A 36 Zmg 2 BR OR GN Bs DEZ IJZS brokken 100 Zzg 3 GN KL Bw 910Zmg 2 BR A 55 Zmg 2 OR BR Bs DEZ 60 R R 10 35 Zmg 3 GN GE BROR Bw HKS, VKL 40 R R 11 10 Zmf 2 BR A 40 Zmg 2 BR OR LI GN Bs XX DEZ IJZS brokjes 100 Zzg 3 GN OR Bw 12 10 Zmf 2 BR A 40 Zmf 2 OR BR DGN Bs DEZ 70 Zmg 3 GN BR FLA Bw COL Boor LDO Lithologie Kleur Overige kenmerken Interpretatie bijzonderheden nr. (cm) GD BK BS BZ BG BH HK TK IK VLK LG TL CO SST PLH NVS BHN BI GI 100 K 4 GN ROBR ZL Bw HKS, VKL 13 10 Zmg 2 BR A 65 Zmg 1 BR GE GN C XX DEZ HKS, VKL 100 Zzg 3 GN Bw GLAU 14 20 Zmg 1 BR DO A 70 Zmg 2 OR BR GN Bs/Bw XX HKS 100 Zmg 3 GN Bw E1 20 Zmf 2 BR DO A 45 Zmf 2 BR OR Bs DEZ 60 Zmf 2 GE BR C 65 R R E2 20 Zmf 2 BR DO A 50 Zmf 2 BR OR LI BsC DEZ 55 R R E3 10 Zmf 2 BR DO A 45 Zmf 2 BR OR Bs DEZ 50 R R E4 50 K 4 GN DO ORRO ROV Bw GLAU 55 R R E5 10 R R E6 20 Zmg 2 BR DO A 60 Zmg 2 BR OR GN BsBw 65 R R E7 20 Zmf 2 BR DO A 50 Zmf 2 BR GE CDEZ 55 R R

Bijlage 8

Bijlage 9

14 17

Profiel 1.2

102

15

101

103 104

10.012

16

Profiel 1.1

105

107 106

Werkput 1 175025 175030 175035 175040 175045 177390

213 9

204 201 8

207

211

202 7 177385 10 208

6 214 218 10.003 212

219 205 210 215 5

206 203 209 217 Profiel 2.1 2 216 3 177380 177380 177385 177390 Werkput 2

0 1 2 3 4

meter

Condor: november 2012 175025 175030 175035 175040 175045 175225 175230 175235 175240 177295

Profiel 3.1

303 304

10003

302 10.002 177290 177290 177295

301

10001

Werkput 3 177285 177285 0 1 23

meter

Condor: november 2012 175225 175230 175235 175240 401

10.002

1 Werkput 4

402

Profiel 4.1 Profiel 5.1

501

10.002

Werkput 5 174982.5 174985 174987.5 174990 174992.5 177375 177375

601 31 Profiel 6.1

602

604 177372.5

177372.5 605 603 10.003

12

11 Werkput 6 177370 177370

0 12

meter

Condor: november 2012 174982.5 174985 174987.5 174990 174992.5 66,7

66,58 67,02

67,12

67,06 66,69

66,63

66,96 66,97

66,64

66,52

10.012

66,71 66,79

66,45

66,3

66,5

66,62

66,13

66

66,27 65,97

66,32 66,14 66,2

66,25 Werkput 1 67,96 67,95 67,95 67,93 67,79 67,98

67,58 67,74 67,67 67,75 67,75 67,76

67,81 67,79 67,85 67,88 67,85 67,87

68 68,09 68,02 68,03 67,98 68,03

Werkput 2

0 1 2 69,66 69,61

70,41

69,92 69,7

69,83 69,66 70,02

70,5

69,92

69,67 69,59 69,85

69,94

69,64 69,76 69,64 69,9

70,48

69,91

70,24 70,01

70,41 Werkput 3 69,26

68,73

69,29

68,69

69,29

10001

68,71

69,26

68,68

Werkput 4 69,15 69,13 69,69 68,31

69,13 68,35

69,21 68,43

69,26 68,42

69,25 68,49

69,27 68,53

Werkput 5 67,77

67,78

67,54

67,82

67,55

67,81

67,54

67,53

67,54 67,77

67,76 67,57 Werkput 6

67,8

67,75

0

Bijlage 10

Z Z N N 1O 67.06 + TAW Ap 67.99 + TAW O O Ap Ap A/C

2C Bs 1A/C1 3C

1A/C2 4C C

Bwg

3C

t 3, profiel 3.1 Werkput 4, Profiel 4.1 Werkput 5, profiel 5.1

W NO ZW Z 69.08 + TAW Ah 69.13 + TAW

Ap A/C Ap

Bw1 Bw1 C Bw2 Bw2 Bws

Bws 2C Bw3

Bws

Bw

Bw4

C

Werkput 6, profiel 6.1

O O

Ap

A/Bs

C Werkput 1, coupe S101 Werkput 1, coupe S106 Z N Z N V018 V025 V024 V019 V029 M002 101 V020 V030 106 M003 V022 V032 V023 V033 M001 M004 10012

10012

Werkput 2, coupe S217 Werkput 2, coupe S216 Z N Z N 217 216 V027 10003 10003

Werkput 6, coupe S601 Z N

V028 601 M005

10003

Vondsten 0 50 100 Verhoogde concentratie verbrande leem cm

Bijlage 11

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Bijlage 13

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Bijlage 14

October 2, 2012

Mr. Tom Deville Condor Archeological Research Martenslindestraat 29 Martenslinde, 3742 Belgium

RE: Radiocarbon Dating Results For Samples LE-12-KE-M001, LE-12-KE-M002

Dear Mr. Deville:

Enclosed are the radiocarbon dating results for two samples recently sent to us. They each provided plenty of carbon for accurate measurements and all the analyses proceeded normally. The report sheet contains the dating result, method used, material type, applied pretreatment and two-sigma calendar calibration result (where applicable) for each sample.

This report has been both mailed and sent electronically, along with a separate publication quality calendar calibration page. This is useful for incorporating directly into your reports. It is also digitally available in Windows metafile (.wmf) format upon request. Calibrations are calculated using the newest (2004) calibration database. References are quoted on the bottom of each calibration page. Multiple probability ranges may appear in some cases, due to short-term variations in the atmospheric 14C contents at certain time periods. Examining the calibration graphs will help you understand this phenomenon. Calibrations may not be included with all analyses. The upper limit is about 20,000 years, the lower limit is about 250 years and some material types are not suitable for calibration (e.g. water).

We analyzed these samples on a sole priority basis. No students or intern researchers who would necessarily be distracted with other obligations and priorities were used in the analyses. We analyzed them with the combined attention of our entire professional staff.

Information pages are enclosed with the mailed copy of this report. They should answer most of questions you may have. If they do not, or if you have specific questions about the analyses, please do not hesitate to contact us. Someone is always available to answer your questions.

The cost of the analysis was charged to the VISA card provided. A receipt is enclosed. Thank you. As always, if you have any questions or would like to discuss the results, don’t hesitate to contact me. Sincerely,

Digital signature on file

Page 1 of 4 Mr. Tom Deville Report Date: 10/2/2012

Condor Archeological Research Material Received: 9/25/2012

Sample Data Measured 13C/12C Conventional Radiocarbon Age Ratio Radiocarbon Age(*)

Beta - 331403 2330 +/- 30 BP -25.8 o/oo 2320 +/- 30 BP SAMPLE : LE-12-KE-M001 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 400 to 380 (Cal BP 2360 to 2330) ______

Beta - 331404 2250 +/- 30 BP -24.1 o/oo 2260 +/- 30 BP SAMPLE : LE-12-KE-M002 ANALYSIS : AMS-Standard delivery MATERIAL/PRETREATMENT : (charred material): acid/alkali/acid 2 SIGMA CALIBRATION : Cal BC 390 to 350 (Cal BP 2340 to 2300) AND Cal BC 300 to 220 (Cal BP 2250 to 2180) Cal BC 220 to 210 (Cal BP 2170 to 2160) ______

Page 2 of 4 CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS (Variables: C13/C12=-25.8:lab. mult=1) Laboratory number: Beta-331403 Conventional radiocarbon age: 2320±30 BP 2Sigmacalibratedresult: Cal BC 400 to 380 (Cal BP 2360 to 2330) (95% probability) Intercept data Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: Cal BC 390 (Cal BP 2340) 1 Sigma calibrated result: Cal BC 400 to 390 (Cal BP 2350 to 2340) (68% probability)

2320±30 BP Charred material 2420

2400

2380

2360

2340

2320

2300

aicro age (BP) Radiocarbon 2280

2260

2240

2220

2200 410 405 400 395 390 385 380 375 370 Cal BC

References: Database used INTCAL09 References to INTCAL09 database Heaton,et.al.,2009, Radiocarbon 51(4):1151-1164, Reimer,et.al, 2009, Radiocarbon 51(4):1111-1150, Stuiver,et.al,1993, Radiocarbon 35(1):137-189, Oeschger,et.al.,1975,Tellus 27:168-192 Mathematics used for calibration scenario A Sim plified Ap proa ch to C alib ratin g C 14 Dates Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2):317-322 Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 • Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0964 • E-Mail: [email protected]

Page 3 of 4 CALIBRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS (Variables: C13/C12=-24.1:lab. mult=1) Laboratory number: Beta-331404 Conventional radiocarbon age: 2260±30 BP 2 Sigma calibrated results: Cal BC 390 to 350 (Cal BP 2340 to 2300) and (95% probability) Cal BC 300 to 220 (Cal BP 2250 to 2180) and Cal BC 220 to 210 (Cal BP 2170 to 2160) Intercept data Intercept of radiocarbon age with calibration curve: Cal BC 380 (Cal BP 2330) 1 Sigma calibrated results: Cal BC 390 to 360 (Cal BP 2340 to 2310) and (68% probability) Cal BC 280 to 260 (Cal BP 2230 to 2210) and Cal BC 240 to 240 (Cal BP 2190 to 2180)

2260±30 BP Charred m aterial 2360

2340

2320

2300

2280

2260

2240

2220 aicro age (BP) Radiocarbon

2200

2180

2160

2140 400 380 360 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 Cal BC References: Database used INTCAL09 References to INTCAL09 database Heaton,et.al.,2009, Radiocarbon 51(4):1151-1164, Reimer,et.al, 2009, Radiocarbon 51(4):1111-1150, Stuiver,et.al,1993, Radiocarbon 35(1):137-189, Oeschger,et.al.,1975,Tellus 27:168-192 Mathematics used for calibration scenario A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates Talma, A. S., Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2):317-322 Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory 4985 S.W. 74th Court, Miami, Florida 33155 • Tel: (305)667-5167 • Fax: (305)663-0964 • E-Mail: [email protected]

Page 4 of 4

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Bijlage 16

  

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Bijlage 18

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