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RURAL TEMPLES AROUND HSUAN-HUA (South Chahar), THEIR ICONOGRAPHY and THEIR HISTORY

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RURAL TEMPLES AROUND HSUAN-HUA (South Chahar), THEIR ICONOGRAPHY and THEIR HISTORY RURAL TEMPLES AROUND HSUAN-HUA (South Chahar), THEIR ICONOGRAPHY AND THEIR HISTORY by W ille m A. G ro o tae rs，C.I.C.M. with Li Shih-yu 李世瑜 and Wang Fu-shih 王輔世 From July 7th to August 30th 1948，the writers undertook under the sponsorship of the Catholic University, Peking, an investigation of the village temples, their iconography and their history, in the territory of Hsiian-hua 宣 化 (South Chahar). This paper gives the full material collected in the 361 temples of the rural area only. The temples of the city itself, more than 200，were thought interesting enough to warrant a separate monograph, to be published next year. A preliminary report on our trip was published in vol.VII of the pres­ ent journal2\ Another short paper3) has presented material on one of the cults of this area; this material will be found in a summary form in Part I ， chapter 9 of the present paper. Here is now the division followed in this study: Introduction 1 . The explored area 1 ) I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to Mr. Fujieda Akira 藤枝晃 of the Kydto Oriental Institute and to Father Jos. M . Spae for their friendly assistance in granting access to much needed books. Fathers J . M . Goedertier, M . Van Overwalle and K. Arts kindly helped me in correcting the text, drawing the maps, and enlarging the photographs. 2) Willem A. Grootaers, Catholic University Expedition to Hsiian-hua {South Chahar). Preliminary Report,— Folklore Studies, V II, 1949，p. 135-138 1 map. 3) Willem A. Grootaers, Further Materials on the Hutu god o f Chahar,一 Studia Serica, Chengtu, X , 1951,1 map, 5 photographs. 2 RURAL TEMPLES AROUND HSt)AN-HUA 2. The aim and the method of the investigation 3. How the material was worked out 4. Some common features of all temples a) the statues b) illustrated biographies c) the frescoes d) the monuments in the temple’s courtyard 5. The main sources for a local history PART ONE The cults in the rural area of Hsiian-hua Chapter 1 The Wu-tao 五道 temples: 88 units Chapter 2 The Lung-wang 籠王 temples: 75 units (with Yii-shih ■師 and Feng-shen 風神） 2a The Hei-lung-wang 黑龍王 temples: 3 units 2b The Pai-lung-wang 白龍王 temple:1 unit and the Pa-lung-wang 八龍王 temples: 6 units 2c The God of Wells 井泉龍王 and Chin-lung 金龍 cults: 8 units 2d The T ，ien-ti 天地 and Ku-hun 孤魂 cults Chapter 3 The Kuan-yin 觀音 temples: 60 units Chapter 4 The Ma-wang 馬王 temples: 56 units Chapter 5 The Chen-wu 眞武 temples: 45 units cccccccccccj ^ 5a The Nan-chen-wu cccccc 南眞武 and the Lei-shen 雷神： 2 units PPPPPPPPPha 6 The Kuan-ti 關帝 temples: 40 units ha te 7 The Ho-shen 河jji申 temples: 37 units te 8 The San-kuan 三官 temples: 36 units ha ^ 9 The Hu-shen 胡jji申 temples: 36 units ha te 10 The Buddha 佛 temples:16 units 11 The Ts，ai-shen 財神 temples:14 units ha ter ha 12 The Ling-kuan 靈官 temples:13 units te 13 The Huo-shen 火神 temples: 9 units ha r 14 The T ，u-ti 土地 temples: 9 units ha 15 The San-lang 宅郞 temples: 9 units LPPte ha r 16 The Wen-ch，ang 文昌 temples: 9 units and the K 7ui-hsing 魁星 temples: 3 units ha te_ p ha^ -p^ p ^ ^17 ^^The Yii-huang 玉皇 temples: 8 Units te_ 18 The Ta-hsien 大仙 temples: 7 units 19 The Shan-shen 山岳申 temples: 6 units te-pg te ttete te e H 20 The Ch，uiig-wang 虫王 temples: 5 units f 21 The Nai-nai 奶奶 temples: 5 units 22 The Tsao-waner 灶王 cult: 5 units WILLEM A. GROOTAERS 3 Chapter 23 The Wu-ku 五穀 cult: 3 units The Ch，ing-miao 靑苗 cult: 2 units The Shu-shen 黍神 c u lt:1 unit The TsJang-kuan 倉官 c u lt:1 unit Chapter 24 The San-ch'ing 三淸 temples: 1 unit and Lao-tzu 老子 c u lt:1 unit Chapter 25 The Mi-le-fo 彌勒佛 temples: 3* units Chapter 26 The Ti-tsang 地藏 temples: 3 units Chapter 27 The Wei-t’o 韋駄 cult: 3 units Chapter 28 The Yen-kuang 眼光 temples: 2 units Chapter 29 The Ta-mo 達摩 temples: 2 units Chapter 30 The San-huang 三皇 temple: 1 unit Chapter 31 The Niu-wang 牛王 c u lt:1 unit Chapter 32 The Hsi-shen 喜神 c u lt:1 unit Chapter 33 The Chiu-shen 酒神 temple:1 unit Chapter 34 The ChJeng-huang 城隍 temple: 1 unit Chapter 35 The San-chiao 三敎 temple: 1 unit Chapter 36 The T ’an-kung 譚公 temple:1 unit APPEN D IX: Archaeological findings ^ Buddha from the Vth century) PART TWO Folklore Geography Chapter 37 The use of maps Chapter 38 Cultural units with their own cults Chapter 39 Influence of highways, mountain passes, etc • • • Chapter 40 The transition area between two local cultural centers Conclusion Some basic elements of the Chinese popular religion The authors of this paper divided the work of the investigation equally among themselves，under the general direction of the first writer, whose task it also was to make the synthesis and the geographical interpretation. I may note here that the third writer devoted a great part of the time spent on the trip, on a dialectical investigation, the results of which will be the subject of a separate publication41. A good friend of mine, Reverend Paul B. Denlinger, P. E_C” of Haddon Heights, N. J ” shared in our investigation work during the first month of the survey, to familiarize himself with the method of folklore research (see fig. 53). 4) A general presentation of his work was given in: Willem A. Grootaers, Une courte exploration linguistique dans le Chahar {Chine du Nord) avec un profit de questionnaire dialectaL~Bulletin de la SocUtS Linguistique de Paris, X L V I , 1950, pp. 123-143，3 maps. 4 RURAL TEMPLES AROUND HSt)AN-HUA Introduction This survey aims at giving an exact picture of the state of all religious cults existing in one compact area. It may be of some use to the readers to indicate here the results which seem to us specially valuable or the areas where we have broken new ground. Some of the cults described here do not, as far as we know, exist anywhere else. This is true, not only for new gods as the Pa-lung-wang (ch. 2b，p. 42), the Hu-shen (ch. 9，p. 70), the San-lang (c h .15，p. 83) and T ，an-kung (ch. 36，p. 104)，but, for some other gods, the local cult seems quite different from what exists elsewhere; see the Ling-kuan (c h .12，p. 79)，the Ch’ung- wang (ch. 20，p. 94) and the Yen-kuang (ch. 28，p. 100). A couple of interesting archaeological findings are described in the Ap­ pendix to Part One (p. 105). We wish to draw the attention to Part Two, which presents a synthesis of our geographical interpretation. We reached a twofold conclusion: first, the religious cults are submitted to the influence of historical factors, politi­ cal boundaries and imperial highways; second, the broad decentralisation which, till very recently, made from the county or hsien 縣，the small father­ land and the real center for the civic feelings of the peasants, is reflected as much by the creation of local cults as by the dialectal differences. 1 . The explored area The explored area (see maps 1 and 4) is situated astride the 115° East longitude, starting in the north at the limits of the city of Kalgan, Chinese name: Chang-chia-k，ou 張 家 ロ （see fig.1)and reaching southwards to the 40°30" North latitude. Only the left bank of the Yang-ho 洋河 river* was explored. This area prolonges eastwards and southeastwards the territory covered by our 1947 exploration (see maps 3 and 6)5). This year again we did our best to cover a continuous territory, so that the geographical distribu­ tion of cults and dialects might come out clearly on the maps. This is a prerequisite if one wishes to draw binding conclusions from the maps. The explored area covers about a fourth of the total area of Hsuan-hua county. Southeastwards another fourth of the county’s territory lies on the left bank of the Yang-ho river. The remaining area, roughly half of the county, lies on the right bank, southeastwards from the county seat (Dv 128 on the map). The area covered by our exploration was determined by the vicissitudes of the civil war; eastwards, having reached the frontline, we couldn’t go further; westwards the whole right bank of the river was denied 5) Willem A. Grootaers, with Li Shih-yii 李世瑜 and Chang Chi-wen 張冀文: Temples and History o f Wanch’iian (Chahar) • The Geographical Method Applied to Folklore,一 Monument a Serica, Peking, X III, 1948, pp. 209-316, 8 maps, 20 figures. WILLEM A. GROOTAERS to us. Even so, we had to visit the villages only during daytime, coming back each evening to a central locality in a safe area. For the northern part, we started from Kalgan (Cz 276) as our center; next we moved to Ch，ii- chia-chuang 屈家庄，old name Shang-chuang 上庄，Cz 318 on the map6)， where we stayed two weeks.
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