The Altered Gut Virome Community in Rhesus Monkeys Is Correlated With
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Gut Microbiota Beyond Bacteria—Mycobiome, Virome, Archaeome, and Eukaryotic Parasites in IBD
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Gut Microbiota beyond Bacteria—Mycobiome, Virome, Archaeome, and Eukaryotic Parasites in IBD Mario Matijaši´c 1,* , Tomislav Meštrovi´c 2, Hana Cipˇci´cPaljetakˇ 1, Mihaela Peri´c 1, Anja Bareši´c 3 and Donatella Verbanac 4 1 Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (H.C.P.);ˇ [email protected] (M.P.) 2 University Centre Varaždin, University North, 42000 Varaždin, Croatia; [email protected] 3 Division of Electronics, Ruđer Boškovi´cInstitute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +385-01-4590-070 Received: 30 January 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 11 April 2020 Abstract: The human microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem associated with many beneficial physiological functions as well as numerous disease etiologies. Dominated by bacteria, the microbiota also includes commensal populations of fungi, viruses, archaea, and protists. Unlike bacterial microbiota, which was extensively studied in the past two decades, these non-bacterial microorganisms, their functional roles, and their interaction with one another or with host immune system have not been as widely explored. This review covers the recent findings on the non-bacterial communities of the human gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in health and disease, with particular focus on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Keywords: gut microbiota; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); mycobiome; virome; archaeome; eukaryotic parasites 1. Introduction Trillions of microbes colonize the human body, forming the microbial community collectively referred to as the human microbiota. -
Elisabeth Mendes Martins De Moura Diversidade De Vírus DNA
Elisabeth Mendes Martins de Moura Diversidade de vírus DNA autóctones e alóctones de mananciais e de esgoto da região metropolitana de São Paulo Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Microbiologia do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do Titulo de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração: Microbiologia Orienta: Prof (a). Dr (a). Dolores Ursula Mehnert versão original São Paulo 2017 RESUMO MOURA, E. M. M. Diversidade de vírus DNA autóctones e alóctones de mananciais e de esgoto da região metropolitana de São Paulo. 2017. 134f. Tese (Doutorado em Microbiologia) - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2017. A água doce no Brasil, assim como o seu consumo é extremamente importante para as diversas atividades criadas pelo ser humano. Por esta razão o consumo deste bem é muito grande e consequentemente, provocando o seu impacto. Os mananciais são normalmente usados para abastecimento doméstico, comercial, industrial e outros fins. Os estudos na área de ecologia de micro-organismos nos ecossistemas aquáticos (mananciais) e em esgotos vêm sendo realizados com mais intensidade nos últimos anos. Nas últimas décadas foi introduzido o conceito de virioplâncton com base na abundância e diversidade de partículas virais presentes no ambiente aquático. O virioplâncton influencia muitos processos ecológicos e biogeoquímicos, como ciclagem de nutriente, taxa de sedimentação de partículas, diversidade e distribuição de espécies de algas e bactérias, controle de florações de fitoplâncton e transferência genética horizontal. Os estudos nesta área da virologia molecular ainda estão muito restritos no país, bem como muito pouco se conhece sobre a diversidade viral na água no Brasil. -
Changes to Virus Taxonomy 2004
Arch Virol (2005) 150: 189–198 DOI 10.1007/s00705-004-0429-1 Changes to virus taxonomy 2004 M. A. Mayo (ICTV Secretary) Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, U.K. Received July 30, 2004; accepted September 25, 2004 Published online November 10, 2004 c Springer-Verlag 2004 This note presents a compilation of recent changes to virus taxonomy decided by voting by the ICTV membership following recommendations from the ICTV Executive Committee. The changes are presented in the Table as decisions promoted by the Subcommittees of the EC and are grouped according to the major hosts of the viruses involved. These new taxa will be presented in more detail in the 8th ICTV Report scheduled to be published near the end of 2004 (Fauquet et al., 2004). Fauquet, C.M., Mayo, M.A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., and Ball, L.A. (eds) (2004). Virus Taxonomy, VIIIth Report of the ICTV. Elsevier/Academic Press, London, pp. 1258. Recent changes to virus taxonomy Viruses of vertebrates Family Arenaviridae • Designate Cupixi virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus • Designate Bear Canyon virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus • Designate Allpahuayo virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus Family Birnaviridae • Assign Blotched snakehead virus as an unassigned species in family Birnaviridae Family Circoviridae • Create a new genus (Anellovirus) with Torque teno virus as type species Family Coronaviridae • Recognize a new species Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the genus Coro- navirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales -
Identification of Capsid/Coat Related Protein Folds and Their Utility for Virus Classification
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 10 March 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00380 Identification of Capsid/Coat Related Protein Folds and Their Utility for Virus Classification Arshan Nasir 1, 2 and Gustavo Caetano-Anollés 1* 1 Department of Crop Sciences, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 2 Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan The viral supergroup includes the entire collection of known and unknown viruses that roam our planet and infect life forms. The supergroup is remarkably diverse both in its genetics and morphology and has historically remained difficult to study and classify. The accumulation of protein structure data in the past few years now provides an excellent opportunity to re-examine the classification and evolution of viruses. Here we scan completely sequenced viral proteomes from all genome types and identify protein folds involved in the formation of viral capsids and virion architectures. Viruses encoding similar capsid/coat related folds were pooled into lineages, after benchmarking against published literature. Remarkably, the in silico exercise reproduced all previously described members of known structure-based viral lineages, along with several proposals for new Edited by: additions, suggesting it could be a useful supplement to experimental approaches and Ricardo Flores, to aid qualitative assessment of viral diversity in metagenome samples. Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Keywords: capsid, virion, protein structure, virus taxonomy, SCOP, fold superfamily Reviewed by: Mario A. Fares, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones INTRODUCTION Científicas(CSIC), Spain Janne J. Ravantti, The last few years have dramatically increased our knowledge about viral systematics and University of Helsinki, Finland evolution. -
Rapid Evolution of the Human Gut Virome
Rapid evolution of the human gut virome Samuel Minota, Alexandra Brysona, Christel Chehouda, Gary D. Wub, James D. Lewisb,c, and Frederic D. Bushmana,1 aDepartment of Microbiology, bDivision of Gastroenterology, and cCenter for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Edited by Sankar Adhya, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, and approved May 31, 2013 (received for review January 15, 2013) Humans are colonized by immense populations of viruses, which sequenced independently to allow estimation of within-time point metagenomic analysis shows are mostly unique to each individual. sample variation. Virus-like particles were extracted by sequential To investigate the origin and evolution of the human gut virome, filtration, Centricon ultrafiltration, nuclease treatment, and sol- we analyzed the viral community of one adult individual over 2.5 y vent extraction. Purified viral DNA was subjected to linear am- by extremely deep metagenomic sequencing (56 billion bases of plification using Φ29 DNA polymerase, after which quantitative purified viral sequence from 24 longitudinal fecal samples). After PCR showed that bacterial 16S sequences were reduced to less assembly, 478 well-determined contigs could be identified, which than 10 copies per nanogram of DNA, and human sequences were are inferred to correspond mostly to previously unstudied bacterio- reduced to below 0.1 copies per nanogram, the limit of detection. phage genomes. Fully 80% of these types persisted throughout the Paired-end reads then were acquired using Illumina HiSeq se- duration of the 2.5-y study, indicating long-term global stability. -
Virus Particle Structures
Virus Particle Structures Virus Particle Structures Palmenberg, A.C. and Sgro, J.-Y. COLOR PLATE LEGENDS These color plates depict the relative sizes and comparative virion structures of multiple types of viruses. The renderings are based on data from published atomic coordinates as determined by X-ray crystallography. The international online repository for 3D coordinates is the Protein Databank (www.rcsb.org/pdb/), maintained by the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB). The VIPER web site (mmtsb.scripps.edu/viper), maintains a parallel collection of PDB coordinates for icosahedral viruses and additionally offers a version of each data file permuted into the same relative 3D orientation (Reddy, V., Natarajan, P., Okerberg, B., Li, K., Damodaran, K., Morton, R., Brooks, C. and Johnson, J. (2001). J. Virol., 75, 11943-11947). VIPER also contains an excellent repository of instructional materials pertaining to icosahedral symmetry and viral structures. All images presented here, except for the filamentous viruses, used the standard VIPER orientation along the icosahedral 2-fold axis. With the exception of Plate 3 as described below, these images were generated from their atomic coordinates using a novel radial depth-cue colorization technique and the program Rasmol (Sayle, R.A., Milner-White, E.J. (1995). RASMOL: biomolecular graphics for all. Trends Biochem Sci., 20, 374-376). First, the Temperature Factor column for every atom in a PDB coordinate file was edited to record a measure of the radial distance from the virion center. The files were rendered using the Rasmol spacefill menu, with specular and shadow options according to the Van de Waals radius of each atom. -
Metagenomic Analysis Indicates That Stressors Induce Production of Herpes-Like Viruses in the Coral Porites Compressa
Metagenomic analysis indicates that stressors induce production of herpes-like viruses in the coral Porites compressa Rebecca L. Vega Thurbera,b,1, Katie L. Barotta, Dana Halla, Hong Liua, Beltran Rodriguez-Muellera, Christelle Desnuesa,c, Robert A. Edwardsa,d,e,f, Matthew Haynesa, Florent E. Anglya, Linda Wegleya, and Forest L. Rohwera,e aDepartment of Biology, dComputational Sciences Research Center, and eCenter for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182; bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 North East 151st, North Miami, FL 33181; cUnite´des Rickettsies, Unite Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6020. Faculte´deMe´ decine de la Timone, 13385 Marseille, France; and fMathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 Communicated by Baruch S. Blumberg, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, September 11, 2008 (received for review April 25, 2008) During the last several decades corals have been in decline and at least established, an increase in viral particles within dinoflagellates has one-third of all coral species are now threatened with extinction. been hypothesized to be responsible for symbiont loss during Coral disease has been a major contributor to this threat, but little is bleaching (25–27). VLPs also have been identified visually on known about the responsible pathogens. To date most research has several species of scleractinian corals, specifically: Acropora muri- focused on bacterial and fungal diseases; however, viruses may also cata, Porites lobata, Porites lutea, and Porites australiensis (28). Based be important for coral health. Using a combination of empirical viral on morphological characteristics, these VLPs belong to several viral metagenomics and real-time PCR, we show that Porites compressa families including: tailed phages, large filamentous, and small corals contain a suite of eukaryotic viruses, many related to the (30–80 nm) to large (Ͼ100 nm) polyhedral viruses (29). -
Coming-Of-Age Characterization of Soil Viruses: a User's Guide To
Review Coming-of-Age Characterization of Soil Viruses: A User’s Guide to Virus Isolation, Detection within Metagenomes, and Viromics Gareth Trubl 1,* , Paul Hyman 2 , Simon Roux 3 and Stephen T. Abedon 4,* 1 Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA 2 Department of Biology/Toxicology, Ashland University, Ashland, OH 44805, USA; [email protected] 3 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Mansfield, OH 44906, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.T.); [email protected] (S.T.A.) Received: 25 February 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 21 April 2020 Abstract: The study of soil viruses, though not new, has languished relative to the study of marine viruses. This is particularly due to challenges associated with separating virions from harboring soils. Generally, three approaches to analyzing soil viruses have been employed: (1) Isolation, to characterize virus genotypes and phenotypes, the primary method used prior to the start of the 21st century. (2) Metagenomics, which has revealed a vast diversity of viruses while also allowing insights into viral community ecology, although with limitations due to DNA from cellular organisms obscuring viral DNA. (3) Viromics (targeted metagenomics of virus-like-particles), which has provided a more focused development of ‘virus-sequence-to-ecology’ pipelines, a result of separation of presumptive virions from cellular organisms prior to DNA extraction. This separation permits greater sequencing emphasis on virus DNA and thereby more targeted molecular and ecological characterization of viruses. -
Multiple Origins of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Single-Stranded DNA Viruses from Bacterial and Archaeal Plasmids
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11433-0 OPEN Multiple origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses from bacterial and archaeal plasmids Darius Kazlauskas 1, Arvind Varsani 2,3, Eugene V. Koonin 4 & Mart Krupovic 5 Single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses are a major component of the earth virome. In particular, the circular, Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses show high diversity and abundance 1234567890():,; in various habitats. By combining sequence similarity network and phylogenetic analyses of the replication proteins (Rep) belonging to the HUH endonuclease superfamily, we show that the replication machinery of the CRESS-DNA viruses evolved, on three independent occa- sions, from the Reps of bacterial rolling circle-replicating plasmids. The CRESS-DNA viruses emerged via recombination between such plasmids and cDNA copies of capsid genes of eukaryotic positive-sense RNA viruses. Similarly, the rep genes of prokaryotic DNA viruses appear to have evolved from HUH endonuclease genes of various bacterial and archaeal plasmids. Our findings also suggest that eukaryotic polyomaviruses and papillomaviruses with dsDNA genomes have evolved via parvoviruses from CRESS-DNA viruses. Collectively, our results shed light on the complex evolutionary history of a major class of viruses revealing its polyphyletic origins. 1 Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 7, Vilnius 10257, Lithuania. 2 The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. 3 Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700 Cape Town, South Africa. -
Genetic Content and Evolution of Adenoviruses Andrew J
Journal of General Virology (2003), 84, 2895–2908 DOI 10.1099/vir.0.19497-0 Review Genetic content and evolution of adenoviruses Andrew J. Davison,1 Ma´ria Benko´´ 2 and Bala´zs Harrach2 Correspondence 1MRC Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK Andrew Davison 2Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1581 Budapest, [email protected] Hungary This review provides an update of the genetic content, phylogeny and evolution of the family Adenoviridae. An appraisal of the condition of adenovirus genomics highlights the need to ensure that public sequence information is interpreted accurately. To this end, all complete genome sequences available have been reannotated. Adenoviruses fall into four recognized genera, plus possibly a fifth, which have apparently evolved with their vertebrate hosts, but have also engaged in a number of interspecies transmission events. Genes inherited by all modern adenoviruses from their common ancestor are located centrally in the genome and are involved in replication and packaging of viral DNA and formation and structure of the virion. Additional niche-specific genes have accumulated in each lineage, mostly near the genome termini. Capture and duplication of genes in the setting of a ‘leader–exon structure’, which results from widespread use of splicing, appear to have been central to adenovirus evolution. The antiquity of the pre-vertebrate lineages that ultimately gave rise to the Adenoviridae is illustrated by morphological similarities between adenoviruses and bacteriophages, and by use of a protein-primed DNA replication strategy by adenoviruses, certain bacteria and bacteriophages, and linear plasmids of fungi and plants. -
Characterization and Genome Organization of New Luteoviruses and Nanoviruses Infecting Cool Season Food Legumes
Adane Abraham (Autor) Characterization and Genome Organization of New Luteoviruses and Nanoviruses Infecting Cool Season Food Legumes https://cuvillier.de/de/shop/publications/2549 Copyright: Cuvillier Verlag, Inhaberin Annette Jentzsch-Cuvillier, Nonnenstieg 8, 37075 Göttingen, Germany Telefon: +49 (0)551 54724-0, E-Mail: [email protected], Website: https://cuvillier.de CHAPTER 1 General Introduction Viruses and virus diseases of cool season food legumes Legume crops play a major role worldwide as source of human food, feed and also in crop rotation. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.), collectively re- ferred to as cool season food legumes (Summerfield et al. 1988) are of particular importance in developing countries of Asia, North and Northeast Africa where they provide a cheap source of seed protein for the predominantly poor population. Diseases including those caused by viruses are among the main constraints reducing their yield. Bos et al. (1988) listed some 44 viruses as naturally infecting faba bean, chickpea, field pea and lentil worldwide. Since then, a number of new viruses were described from these crops including Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) (Katul et al. 1993) and Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) (Horn et al. 1993), which are widespread and economically important. Most of the viruses of cool season food legumes are known to naturally infect more than one host within this group of crops (Bos et al. 1988, Brunt et al. 1996 and Makkouk et al. 2003a). Virus symptoms in cool season food legumes vary depending on the virus or its strain, host species or cultivar and the prevailing environmental conditions. -
Novel Circular DNA Viruses in Stool Samples of Wild-Living Chimpanzees
Journal of General Virology (2010), 91, 74–86 DOI 10.1099/vir.0.015446-0 Novel circular DNA viruses in stool samples of wild-living chimpanzees Olga Blinkova,1 Joseph Victoria,1 Yingying Li,2 Brandon F. Keele,2 Crickette Sanz,33 Jean-Bosco N. Ndjango,4 Martine Peeters,5 Dominic Travis,6 Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf,7 Michael L. Wilson,8,9 Anne E. Pusey,9 Beatrice H. Hahn2 and Eric L. Delwart1 Correspondence 1Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eric L. Delwart University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA [email protected] 2Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 3Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany 4Department of Ecology and Management of Plant and Animal Ressources, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5UMR145, Institut de Recherche pour le De´velopement and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France 6Department of Conservation and Science, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA 7The Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA 8Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 9Jane Goodall Institute’s Center for Primate Studies, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA Viral particles in stool samples from wild-living chimpanzees were analysed using random PCR amplification and sequencing. Sequences encoding proteins distantly related to the replicase protein of single-stranded circular DNA viruses were identified. Inverse PCR was used to amplify and sequence multiple small circular DNA viral genomes.