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Supplementary Figure 1. Expression of Wnt Genes in SC of Naïve

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A Days after CCI Days after CCI Naive Sham 1 3 5 10 Naive Sham 1 3 5 10 500bp 400bp Wnt1 Wnt2 250bp 250bp 400bp 400bp Wnt2b Wnt3 250bp 250bp 400bp 400bp Wnt3a Wnt4 250bp 250bp 300bp 400bp Wnt5a Wnt5b 200bp 250bp 400bp 400bp Wnt6 Wnt7a 250bp 250bp 400bp 400bp Wnt7b Wnt8a 250bp 250bp 400bp 350bp Wnt8b Wnt9a 250bp 200bp 400bp 400bp Wnt9b Wnt10a 250bp 250bp 400bp 400bp Wnt10b Wnt11 250bp 250bp 400bp 400bp Wnt16 GAPDH 250bp 250bp B 5 Wnt1 5 Wnt2 5 Wnt3a ** 4 4 4 * ** ** 3 3 * 3 * * 2 2 * 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 NaïveSham 1 3 5 10 Naïve Sham 1 3 5 10 Naïve Sham 1 3 5 10 Days after CCI Days after CCI Days after CCI 5 Wnt5b 5 Wnt8b 4 4 ** 3 ** 3 ** Relative mRNA Expression (fold of change) ** 2 * 2 1 1 0 0 NaïveSham 1 3 5 10 NaïveSham 1 3 5 10 Days after CCI Days after CCI Supplementary Figure 1 A B Negative Weak Moderate Strong Negative Weak Moderate Strong Large-sized cells 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 20% 40% 0% 20% Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d Medium-sized cells Wnt3a immunoreactivity cells 0% 100% CGRP(+) IB4(+) 80% Small cells 60% 40% 20% 0% Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d Wnt3a immunoreactivity cells Small cells 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d Fig. S2 4 Fz1 4 Fz3 4 Fz4 4 Fz5 ** 3 3 ** 3 3 2 ** 2 2 ** 2 * 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 NaïveSham 1 5 10 NaïveSham 1 5 10 Naïve Sham 1 5 10 NaïveSham 1 5 10 Days after CCI Days after CCI Days after CCI Days after CCI 4 Fz6 4 Fz7 4 Fz8 4 Fz9 (Fold of Change) of (Fold 3 3 3 ** 3 Relative mRNA Expression Expression mRNA Relative ** 2 2 2 ** 2 * 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 NaïveSham 1 5 10 NaïveSham 1 5 10 Naïve Sham 1d 5d 10d NaïveSham 1 5 10 Days after CCI Days after CCI Days after CCI Days after CCI A Days after CCI Sham 1 3 7 14 NeuN / Fz1 GFAP / Fz1 Iba1 / Fz1 B Days after CCI Sham 1 3 7 14 NeuN / Fz8 GFAP / Fz8 Iba1 / Fz8 Supplementary Figure 3 A Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d 800 m) 600 μ 2 400 Fz1 200 intensity (100 0 Mean immunofluorescence Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d BCNegative Weak Moderate Strong Fz1 CGRP Wnt3a/CGRP Large-sized cells 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Fz1 IB4 Wnt3a/IB4 0% Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d Medium-sized cells 100% 80% 60% Negative Weak Moderate Strong 40% 100% 20% 80% Immunoreactivity cells 0% 60% Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d Small cells 40% 100% 20% 80% 0% Immunoreactivity cells 60% CGRP IB4 40% Small cells 20% 0% Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d Fig. S5 A Fz8 GFAP Fz8/GFAP B Fz1 GFAP Fz1/GFAP Fig. S6 A Active β-catenin PI Active β-catenin / PI Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d B 800 Active β-catenin m) 600 μ 2 400 200 intensity (100 Mean immunofluorescence 0 Sham CCI-1d CCI-14d Fig. S7 A Time after CCI (h) Sham 2 6 2412 48 72 kDa Wnt3a 40 Active 92 β-catenin β-catenin 92 GAPDH 37 B 4 Wnt3a ** ** ** 3 ** ** 2 1 Fold of change 0 Sham 2 6 12 24 48 72 Time after CCI (h) 4 Active β-catenin ** ** ** β-catenin ** ** ** ** ** 3 ** ** 2 1 Fold of change Figure S4 0 Sham 2 6 12 24 48 72 Time after CCI (h) A Sham+DMSO CCI+huamn Fc B CCI+DMSO CCI+Nsm CCI+DMSO CCI+IWP-2 CCI+IWR l 160 160 CCI+Fz-8/Fc 140 140 120 ** ** 120 ** **** ** ** 100 ** ** 100 ** ** * ** ** 80 80 * 60 60 * 40 40 (ipsilateral threshold, mN) Mechanical withdrawa Mechanical withdrawa 20 (ipsilateral thershold, mN) 20 -5-3-1135791113151719212 4 6 8 12 24 48 -5-3-1135791113151719212 4 6 8 12 24 48 Postoperative day After injection (h) Postoperative day After injection (h) Fig. S5 A Sham+DMSO CCI+human Fc B Sham+DMSO CCI+DMSO CCI+DMSO CCI+IWP-2 CCI+human Fc CCI+IWP-2 CCI+Fz-8/Fc CCI+Fz-8/Fc 14 14 ** 12 12 ** ** 10 ** 10 ** ** ** * **** ** 8 ** 8 **** 6 6 4 4 Thermal withdrawal Thermal withdrawal (ipsilateral latency,s) (ipsilateral latency,s) 2 2 0 0 -5-3-113579111315 -5-3-113579111315171921 Postoperative day Postoperative day C CCI+DMSO CCI+IWR D CCI+DMSO CCI+IWR CCI+Nsm 14 14 CCI+Nsm 12 ** ** ) 12 ** ** ** ** 10 ** 10 ** ** ** 8 ** 8 ** ** 6 6 4 4 Thermal withdrawal Thermal withdrawal Thermal (ipsilateral latency,s) 2 (ipsilateral latency,s 2 0 0 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 Postoperative day Postoperative day fig. S6 A Sham+IWP-2 (20 µM) CCI+PBS CCI+PBS CCI+IWP-2 (10 µM) CCI+IWP-2 (10 µM) CCI+IWP-2 (20 µM) CCI+IWP-2 (20 µM) CCI+IWP-2 (40 µM) 14 14 CCI+IWP-2 (40 µM) 12 12 ** ** ** 10 10 ** ** ** ** * 8 8 * ** ** * 6 6 4 4 Thermal withdrawal Thermal (ipsilateral latency, s) 2 2 0 0 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 -2024681012 Postoperative day Time after injection (h) B PBS DMSO IWP-2 180 Left 180 180 Right 160 160 160 140 140 140 120 120 120 100 100 100 02468 02468 02468 180 Fz-8/Fc 180 IWR 180 Nsm 160 160 160 140 140 140 120 120 120 Mechanical withdrawal (threshold,mN ) (threshold,mN withdrawal Mechanical 100 100 100 02468 02468 02468 Time (day) C IWP-2 PBS Left DMSO 14 14 14 Right 13 13 13 fig. S7 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 02468 02468 02468 14 Fz-8/Fc 14 IWR 14 Nsm 13 13 13 12 12 12 Thermal withdrawal (latency,s ) (latency,s withdrawal Thermal 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 9 02468 02468 02468 Time (day) A Pre-administration 20 Post-administration 16 12 8 Running timeRunning (min) 4 0 Sham DMSO IWP-2 Fz-8/Fc IWR Nsm B Pre-administration 80 Post-administration 60 40 Number of ES 20 0 Sham DMSO IWP-2 Fz-8/Fc IWR Nsm C Pre-administration 40 Post-administration 30 20 10 Maxium speed (m / min) 0 Sham DMSO IWP-2 Fz-8/Fc IWR Nsm Supplementary Table 1. The primers used to assess the expression of Wnt ligands. Amplicon Accession GENE FORWARD (5' -3') REVERSE (5' -3') size (bp) No. Wnt1 TCCTCCACGAACCTGCTGACA GTCGCAGGTGCAGGATTCGAT 339 NM_001105714 Wnt2 CTCCCTCTGCTCTTGACCTG GCTGAGGAGATGGCGTAAAC 317 XM_575397 Wnt2b AGGCAGCGTTTGTCTATGCTA CCACTCACACCATGACACTTG 319 XM_001066411 Wnt3 CCGAGGGAACCTCTACCATC GGCACTGTCGTACTTGTCCTT 329 NM_001105715 Wnt3a GGTGGTAGAGAAACACCGAGA CAGCTGACATAACAGCACCAG 294 XM_220546 Wnt4 TAGACGTCCGAGAGAGAAGC TCCGTATGTGGCTTGAACTG 292 NM_053402 Wnt5a TGGAGTGGTAAATGCCATGAG ACAGGCTACATCTGCCAGGTT 280 NM_022631 Wnt5b GCAAGCTGGAACTGACCAAC GTCCACGATCTCGGTGCATT 281 NM_001100489 Wnt6 ACGTGGAGATATCCGTGCTTT AATCGGCTGCGTAGAGGAGAT 287 NM_001108226 Wnt7a TACCGTAAGCCCATGGACACT ACGGTATCCTGCCTGTGATCT 309 NM_001100473 Wnt7b CAAGGAGAAGTACAACGCAGC CACTTGACGAAGCAACACCAG 324 NM_001009695 Wnt8a CTGACTACTGCAACCGCAATG CTCCACTGTCGTGCAACTAAG 318 NM_001106155 Wnt8b AACTGTGGCTGTGATGACTCC CGCTGCGTGATACTTCTCCTT 315 NM_001106359 Wnt9a GCTTTCCTCTACGCCATCTCT CACGAGGTTGTTGTGGAAGTC 239 NM_001105783 Wnt9b AGGAGACAGCCTTCCTGTACG CACTTGCAGGTTGTTCTCAGG 295 NM_001107055 Wnt10a CCGACCTGGTCTACTTTGAGA TCTTGAGACCCAGAGGAGCTT 283 NM_001108227 Wnt10b AGAGTGCGTTCTCCTTCTCCA TCTCCAAAGTCCATGTCGTGA 274 NM_001108111 Wnt11 CTGACCTCAAGACCCGCTAC TGACATCGCTCCACCACTCT 286 NM_080401 Wnt16 GTGCAAGAGGAAACCGTACCT GTCACAGGAACACTCGGTCAT 271 NM_001109223 GAPDH ACCACAGTCCATGCCATCAC GTCCTCAGTGTAGCCCAGGA 312 NM_017008 Supplementary Table 2. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR Primer Sequences GENE FORWARD (5' -3') REVERSE (5' -3') ACCESSION # Fzd1 CGTACTGAGTGGAGTGTGTTTTG TGAGCTTTTCCAGTTTCTCTGTC NM_021266 Fzd3 GGCCTGATTTCAATCATTTG AGATGCATTGCAGGCTACTC NM_153474 Fzd4 AGATGGGACCAAGACAGACA ATCCACATGCCTGAAGTGAT NM_022623 Fzd5 CCATCCTGAAGGAGTCACAC CCATGTCAATGAGGAAGGTC NM_173838 Fzd6 CTGCACAGAGCAAATTGATG GTGCTTTGGACACCAAAATC NM_001130536 Fzd7 ACGCCAATATTGTCCTCTTG CAGGTGACTGAGGAGCAAGT XM_002727202 Fzd8 CTACACCTACATGCCCAACC CTTGTAGTCCTCCAGGCAGA NM_001044251 Fzd9 CTGCGTCATTGTCTGCTATG TCTGCCAAGTCTGGAAAGTC NM_153305 IL-18 CAGACCACTTTGGCAGACTT ATCCTTCCATCCTTCACAG NM_019165 IL-18R CCAACGAAGAAGCCACAGACA CTCGTCTCTTTCTGCTACACG NM_001106905 IL-1β AGAGTGTGGATCCCAAACAA AGTCAACTATGTCCCGACCA NM_031512 TNF-a CCAGGAGAAAGTCAGCCTCCT TCATACCAGGGCTTGAGCTCA NM_012675 GAPDH AGACAGCCGCATCTTCTTGT CTTGCCGTGGGTAGAGTCAT NM_017008 Supplementary Table 3. Sequence of primers for ChIP assays. ChIP primers FORWARD (5' -3') REVERSE (5' -3') IL-18-Site A GTCTTCTTCAGTGGATCCTGAGTT ATGTGACAAATAACAGGCTAGGTG IL-18-Site B TGAGGATAAACATGTGTGCTTTCT TTGATCTGAAGTCTGGGTTGTCTA IL-18-Site C TGGTGCATAGACATGCATATAATC TTTCTTTGAAGTTGACACAAGAGC IL-1β-Site A GGAACCTTAAAGCTGAAAAACACT GTCTCTCAGGCAACATTTCTTTCT IL-1β-Site B TAGCTCAGACAGGACCTCTAGACT CTAATTTGGCTCACAGTGTCTCAC IL-1β-Site C AAGTCCAAGGAGGCAAGAGAGGTG AGAGCAAGGGGTGGCAGACTATGAC TNFα-Site A GTACCCCAGCAAACAGAATTCACTG GAAGGGGTACTGGGAGGAAAACAG TNFα-Site B GCTCCCAGTAACATGATGGATTC AACCCATAGCTCTATGTCTTCCA TNFα-Site C TTCAGCCACTTCCTCTAAGAACTC GAACTGAAACCCATTTCCTCTCT .
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    Evolutionarily conserved Tbx5–Wnt2/2b pathway orchestrates cardiopulmonary development Jeffrey D. Steimlea,b,c, Scott A. Rankind,e,f,g, Christopher E. Slagleh,i,j,k, Jenna Bekenya,b,c, Ariel B. Rydeena,b,c, Sunny Sun-Kin Chanl,m, Junghun Kweona,b,c, Xinan H. Yanga,b,c, Kohta Ikegamia,b,c, Rangarajan D. Nadadura,b,c, Megan Rowtona,b,c, Andrew D. Hoffmanna,b,c, Sonja Lazarevica,b,c, William Thomasn,o, Erin A. T. Boyle Andersonp, Marko E. Horbn,o, Luis Luna-Zuritaq,r, Robert K. Hom, Michael Kybal,m, Bjarke Jensens, Aaron M. Zornd,e,f,g, Frank L. Conlonh,i,j,k, and Ivan P. Moskowitza,b,c,1 aDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; bDepartment of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; cDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; dCenter for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229; eDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229; fDivision of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229; gDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229; hDepartment of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; iDepartment of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; jIntegrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North
  • REVIEW ARTICLE the Genetics of Autism

    REVIEW ARTICLE the Genetics of Autism

    REVIEW ARTICLE The Genetics of Autism Rebecca Muhle, BA*; Stephanie V. Trentacoste, BA*; and Isabelle Rapin, MD‡ ABSTRACT. Autism is a complex, behaviorally de- tribution of a few well characterized X-linked disorders, fined, static disorder of the immature brain that is of male-to-male transmission in a number of families rules great concern to the practicing pediatrician because of an out X-linkage as the prevailing mode of inheritance. The astonishing 556% reported increase in pediatric preva- recurrence rate in siblings of affected children is ϳ2% to lence between 1991 and 1997, to a prevalence higher than 8%, much higher than the prevalence rate in the general that of spina bifida, cancer, or Down syndrome. This population but much lower than in single-gene diseases. jump is probably attributable to heightened awareness Twin studies reported 60% concordance for classic au- and changing diagnostic criteria rather than to new en- tism in monozygotic (MZ) twins versus 0 in dizygotic vironmental influences. Autism is not a disease but a (DZ) twins, the higher MZ concordance attesting to ge- syndrome with multiple nongenetic and genetic causes. netic inheritance as the predominant causative agent. By autism (the autistic spectrum disorders [ASDs]), we Reevaluation for a broader autistic phenotype that in- mean the wide spectrum of developmental disorders cluded communication and social disorders increased characterized by impairments in 3 behavioral domains: 1) concordance remarkably from 60% to 92% in MZ twins social interaction; 2) language, communication, and and from 0% to 10% in DZ pairs. This suggests that imaginative play; and 3) range of interests and activities.