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Ee6361 Electrical Devices and Control

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Ee6361 Electrical Devices and Control M.I.E.T. ENGINEERING COLLEGE (Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to Anna University Chennai) TRICHY – PUDUKKOTTAI ROAD, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 007 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING COURSE MATERIAL EE6361 ELECTRICAL DEVICES AND CONTROL II YEAR - III SEMESTER 1 2 UNIT I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Basic elements A drive is a combination of various system combined together for the purpose of motion control (or) movement control. Especially the drive which employs electric motors for motion control is known as “Electrical drives.” Parts of Electrical Drives i) Source (ii) Power modulator (iii) Motor (iv) Load (v) Sensing unit (vi) Control unit 1.1.1 Source Generally we have two types electrical supplies and they are single phase and three phase AC supplies. Drives which runs in AC supply for low power, will be given with 1 – phase supply and that for higher power 3 – phase supply will be given. For traction purpose, the drives need DC supply, which is brought out from AC supply after rectification. For portable (low size) drives the supply is given from a battery. Hence for portable drives DC batteries will act of source. 1.1.2 Power modulator It serves many functions: Modulate the source type to match the drive type. Also the source parameters will be modulated thereby we can utilise the full efficiency and speed – torque characteristics of the drive. 3 During starting, braking and other operations, this power modulator will keep all the operating parameters within the safe value. In power modulator rectification, inversion and filtering etc., operation will be carried out. It will command the drive for necessary operations i.e., Motoring and Braking Some drives may employ more than one of this modulator. It can be classified in to as follows: i) Convertors (ac to dc converters) ii) Inverters (dc to ac) iii) AC voltage controller (ac to ac) iv) DC choppers (dc to dc) v) Cyclo converters (frequency conversion) 1.1.3 Motor Motor is the machine which drives the load. So, motor will have the capability of driving the load, without overheating and without causing any other damages. We have to select a motor such that it has all the characters require by the load. This selection is influenced by various factors, which we are going to see in the later part of this chapter 1.1.4 Sensing unit It is this unit which sense the actual parameters of the motor i.e., voltage, current, speed, temperature of the machine etc., It is doing so, to control the drive operation so that we can safe guard the drive from any major damage. The cause for the damage may be the crossover of operating parameters beyond its maximum valve allowed for the motor (or) load. The sensing unit will give the necessary control signal (depending on the sensed signal) to the control unit, where corresponding action is taken. 1.1.5 Control unit This control unit will control the power modulator, depending upon the control signal received form sensing unit. For this, control unit will have semiconductor converters, its firing circuit, transistors and a microprocessor. 1.2. Types of electric drives The electric drives used in industry may be divided into three types namely (a) Group drive (b) Individual drive (c) Multi-motor drive 4 1.2.1 Group drive In group drive, a single motor drives as number of machines. The motor is mechanically connected to a long shaft. It is also called line shaft drive. The line shaft is fitted with multi- stepped pulleys and belts. The driven machines are connected to these pulleys and belts for their required speed. In a group drive a large motor capable of taking the load of all machines simultaneously has to be installed. At times it happens that only a few machines are working and the power of motor is not completely utilized. Advantages: 1. The installation cost and cost of one large motor will be much less than a number of smaller motor totalling the capacity. 2. The efficiency and power factor of a large group drive motor will be higher, provided it is operated fairly near its full load. Disadvantages: 1. The breakdown of a large single- motor causes all the operations to be stopped. 2. If most of the machines are idle then, the main motor will operated on load with less efficiency. 1.2.2 Individual drive In this drive there is a separate driving motor for each machine. Such a drive is very common in most of the industries. It is also necessary to use individual motors for heavy machinery such as for lifts, canes etc., 5 Advantages: 1. The machines can be installed at any desired position. 2. If there is a fault in one motor other machines will not be affected since they are working independently. 1.2.3 Multi motor Drive In multi motor drives, separate motors are used for operating different parts of the same mechanism, e.g. in case of an overhead crane, difference motors are used for hoisting, long travel motion and cross travel motion. Such drive is also essential in complicated metal- cutting machines tools, paper making machines, rolling mill and similar types of machinery. The use of multi- motor drive is continuously expanding in modern industry. Complete or partial automation of this drive increases reliability and safety of operations. 1.3 Thermal model of electric motor During the operation of the motor various losses occur such as copper loss, iron loss and windage loss. Due to these losses heat produced inside the machines. 1.3.1Heating curve Consider a homogeneous machine developing heat internally at uniform rate and gives it to the surrounding proportional to temperature rise. W – loss taking place in a m/c in watts 6 G-- Mass of the machine in kg S—Specific heat in watts/sec -- Rise in temperature above ambient temp F –Final temperature with continuous load A – Area of cooling surface -- Rate of heat dissipation Heat developed = Heat absorbed+ Heat dissipated W.dt G.Sd Adt (W A )dt G.Sd 1 dt d G.S W A dt d G.S W Aλ Aλ dt d 2 G.S W Aλ Aλ When final temperature is reached, there is no heat absorbed. The heat which is generated is totally dissipated. W.dt A dt 3 λλ F W Aλλ F W 4 F Aλ Sub 4 in 2 dt d G.S F Aλ Integrating both side we get d dt F G.S Aλ Aλ .t Ln( F ) K ------ 5 G.S 7 At initial condtion At t=0, 1 0 Ln(F 1 ) K K Ln( ) 6 F 1 Sub 6 in 5 Aλ .t Ln( F ) Ln( F 1 ) G.S Aλ F 1 .t G.S F Aλ .t G.S F 1 e F Aλ .t G.S F ( F 1 )e Aλ .t G.S F ( F 1 )e GS τ Heating timeconstant A λ t . τ F (F 1 )e If the machine started from ambient temperature 1 0C t . τ F ( Fe ) t . τ F (1 e ) Let us consider time period t= -1 F (1 e ) F (1 0.367) .0 632 F Similarly t 2τ 0.865 F t 3τ 0.95 F t 4τ 0.982 F 8 1.3.2 Cooling curve When the machine switched off from main supply, there is no heat generation and all the heat stored in machine is dissipated to surroundings. Heat generated + Heat sored in body=Heat dissipated to surrounding medium ' W.dt GSd Aλ dt 7 ' (Aλ W)dt GSd ' W Aλ ' dt GSd Aλ GS W d dt 8 ' ' Aλ Aλ As temperature decrease multiple –ve sign in the left hand side GS W ' d ' dt Aλ Aλ d Aλ' GS W dt ----- -- 9 - ' d ' dt W GS Aλ Aλ ' Aλ ' If F is final temperature drop then at this temperature whatever heat is generated is dissipated. From the equation 1 '' Wdt A F dt 10 Sub10in 9 d Aλ ' dt ' F GS ' ' Aλ Ln F t k 11 GS At t ,0 0 9 ' Ln(0 F ) K sub k value in 11 ' ' Aλ ' Ln( F ) t Ln(0 F ) GS ' ' ' Aλ Ln( F ) Ln(0 F ) t GS ' ' F Aλ Ln t ' GS 0 F ' ' 0 F Aλ Ln t ' GS F ' Aλ' t 0 F GS ' e F Aλ' t ' ' GS F (0 F )e Aλ' t ' ' GS F (0 F )e GS ' τ Cooling Time constant Aλ ' t ' ' τ F (0 F )e 10 1.4 Classes of duty cycle The followings are the types of duty as per IS: 4722-1986 “Specification of rotating machinery”. i) S1: Continuous duty. ii) S2: Short-time duty. iii) S3: Intermittent periodic duty. iv) S4: Intermittent periodic duty with starting. v) S5: Intermittent periodic duty with starting and braking. vi) S6: Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading. vii) S7: Continuous duty with starting and braking. viii) S8: Continuous duty with periodic speed changes. 1.4.1Continuous duty (duty type S1) On this duty the duration of load is for a sufficiently long time such that all the parts of the motor attain thermal equilibrium. i.e. the motor attains its maximum final steady temperature rise. Examples of drives with continuous duty are continuously running fans, pumps and other equipment which operate for several hours and even days at a time. The simplified load diagram for this duty is horizontal straight line. The continuous rating of a motor may be defined as the load that may be carried by the machine for an indefinite time without the temperature rise of any part exceeding the maximum permissible value.
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