X-Ray Equipment Maintenance and Repairs Workbook for Radiographers & Radiological Technologists
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X-ray equipment maintenance and repairs workbook for radiographers & radiological technologists by Ian R McClelland Chief technical support engineer (retired) Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Technology Essential Health Technologies Health Technology and Pharmaceuticals WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION Geneva WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data McClelland, Ian R. X-ray equipment maintenance and repairs workbook for radiographers and radiological technologists / Ian R. McClelland. 1.X-rays 2.Radiography 3.Technology, Radiologic 4.Maintenance—methods 5.Problems and exercises I.Title. ISBN 92 4 159163 3 (NLM classification: WN 150) © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Marketing and Dissemination, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications—whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution—should be addressed to Publications, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. The named authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Designed by minimum graphics, New Zealand E Typeset by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed by Interprint, Malta CONTENTS iii Contents Introductory remarks v Acknowledgements vi Part I. Introduction 1 Introduction 3 Questionnaire—Student’s own department 6 Pre test 8 Part II. Routine maintenance modules 11 Module 1.0 Routine maintenance overview 13 Task 1. Maintenance survey for an X-ray room 17 Module 1.1 X-ray generator maintenance, fixed installation 19 Task 2. X-ray control familiarization. Part 1 24 Task 3. X-ray control familiarization. Part 2 26 Task 4. Test for X-ray tube overload calibration. Part 1 28 Task 5. Test for X-ray tube overload calibration. Part 2 31 Module 1.2 X-ray generator maintenance, mobile unit 32 Module 1.3 X-ray generator maintenance, C D mobile 37 Module 1.4 X-ray generator maintenance, portable unit 41 Module 2.0 X-ray tube stand maintenance 44 Task 6. X-ray tube-stand maintenance 47 Module 2.1 X-ray tube maintenance 48 Module 2.2 Collimator maintenance 50 Task 7. X-ray tube and collimator maintenance 52 Module 3.0 Bucky table & vertical Bucky maintenance 53 Module 3.1 Tomography attachment maintenance 55 Module 4.0 Fluoroscopy table maintenance 57 Module 4.1 Fluoroscopy TV maintenance 60 Part III. Fault diagnosis and repair modules 63 Module 5.0 Common procedures, for fault diagnosis and repairs 65 Task 8. Fuse identification 70 Module 6.0 X-ray generator repairs, fixed installation 71 Task 9. No Preparation, Part 1 86 Task 10. No Preparation. Part 2 87 Task 11. No Exposure 88 Task 12. X-ray output linearity 89 Module 6.1 Mobile or portable-generator repairs 90 Module 6.2 C D mobile repairs 94 Module 7.0 X-ray tube stand repairs 99 Task 13. Bucky tabletop and tube-stand centre 103 X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOK iv Module 7.1 X-ray tube repairs 104 Module 7.2 Collimator repairs 110 Task 14. Help! No spare globe for the collimator 116 Module 7.3 High-tension cable repairs 117 Module 8.0 Bucky and Bucky table repairs 121 Task 15. A film exhibits grid lines 126 Module 8.1 Tomography attachment repairs 127 Module 9.0 Fluoroscopy table repairs 130 Module 9.1 Fluoroscopy TV repairs 135 Module 10.0 Automatic exposure control, operation and problems 140 Part IV. Automatic film processor 145 Module 11.0 Automatic film processor, routine maintenance 147 Module 11.1 Automatic film processor repairs 151 Task 16. Films appear too dark 156 Task 17. Films exhibit symptoms of low fixer 157 Module 11.2 The Film ID printer 158 Part V. Appendices 161 Appendix A. Sensitometry 163 Appendix B. Recommended tools and test equipment 169 Appendix C. Graphs, check sheets and record sheets 177 Appendix D. Routine maintenance check sheets 186 Appendix E. X-ray equipment operation 205 Appendix F. Teaching techniques 248 Appendix G. Health and safety 253 Part VI. Post test and glossary 257 Post test 259 Glossary 262 E X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOK v Introductory remarks This document, which is developed by the International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT) under the umbrella of the WHO Global Steering Group for Education and Training in Diagnostic Imaging, is the second in a series targeting technical aspects, including quality control of diagnostic imaging services. The document is primarily aiming at assisting radiographers and radiological technologists working in small and mid- size hospitals where resources often are limited, to optimize and improve diagnostic imaging, and to ensure the best possible use of resources according to local needs. The document can be obtained by contacting the following address: Team of Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Technology (DIL) World Health Organization 20, Avenue Appia CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Fax: +41 22 7914836 e-mail: [email protected] Harald Ostensen, MD Geneva, July 2004 X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOK vi Acknowledgements For their considerable input and assistance in producing this workbook, special thanks are due to: Peter J Lloyd, Peter Hayward, Brett Richards, Sue Salthouse, Peter K Mutua, M Jean Harvey, Leonie Munro, Martin K West, Jiro Takashima, and to Graham English. E PART I Introduction E PART I. INTRODUCTION 3 Introduction It is preferred to call this a workbook rather than a accepts that responsibility and ensures that the manual or textbook, because the intent is to, not only programme happens effectively. give technical information, but to set practical exer- This workbook will be used by radiographers and cises that students can work through, responding to radiological technologists as well as other medical specific questions. Above all, the students should feel and technical staff members involved in diagnostic that they have actually carried out the tasks them- imaging, to: selves and will be more confident to teach others and ● achieve a good working knowledge of equipment ensure that these exercises continue to be carried out maintenance routines; in their respective areas. ● adopt a logical and practical approach to diagnos- The topic of this workbook is routine maintenance ing equipment problems; and repairs. The material is designed to assist in the ● on returning to their respective areas after com- maintenance of equipment, and provide guidelines for pleted training, teach other members of their staff locating equipment problems. In many cases this to carry out the routines or techniques that they will allow local correction of fault situations. Where have learned; external assistance is required, good communication ● assist in establishing, or implementing, a suitable of the diagnosed problem will assist in reducing delay, routine maintenance programme; or multiple service calls. ● be encouraged to directly carry out adjustments or minor repairs, or provide suitable assistance to other staff as needed; Routine maintenance ● provide accurate reporting of problems to seniors The overall maintenance programme;put in place or service engineers; to ensure that a comprehensive range of mainte- ● assist in establishing criteria for equipment replace- nance procedures are systematically carried out. ment, where it is not cost effective to continue maintenance. Fault diagnosis and repairs The means by which the cause of incorrect equip- ment operation may be located. This includes Expected benefits adjustment where required, and simple repairs. It is expected that after going through the training and experiences discussed in this workbook, the knowledge and skills will be put into practise. If so: A Routine Maintenance Programme should be com- prehensive, looking at all aspects of the work involved ● Heads of departments will find that the standard in ensuring equipment is properly maintained, and of radiography will be maintained at the highest capable of producing accurate results. Such a pro- level. gramme can be cost effective, and contribute to ● There will be fewer equipment failures.This reduces minimum failure of equipment. By encouraging local costs. staff to be actively involved in maintenance or minor ● Where a failure does occur, local hospital staff may repairs, delays and expensive service calls may be con- be able to repair without an expensive service call. siderably reduced. ● When an external service call is required, the service The ultimate responsibility for setting up, running, technician can arrive fully informed to deal with the evaluating and taking remedial action lies with the situation, together with appropriate equipment or head of department, although appropriate delegation parts. This will reduce the possibility, and expense, may be necessary. It is important that someone of repeated visits. X-RAY EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS WORKBOOK 4 ● Where work is carried out by an external service ● Copies of routine maintenance check sheets. organization, the maintenance inspection will ensure ● Advice on teaching methods.