DOCSLIB.ORG

Linux Administration and OS File Systems Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linux Administration and OS File Systems Management Linux Administration and OS File systems Management Prepared by Nanjappa S Nagarajashetty Linux Developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds Used in most of the computers, ranging from super computers to embedded system Multi user Multi tasking Time sharing Monolithic kernel Latest stable version of linux kernel – 2.6.28, released on 24-Dec-2008 Kernel types Monolithic All OS related code are stuffed in a single module Available as a single file Advantage : Faster functioning Micro OS components are isolated and run in their own address space Device drivers, programs and system services run outside kernel memory space Supports modularity Lesser in size Linux Distributions Linux distributions Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, CentOS, openSUSE, Arch Linux and Gentoo, Linux Enterprise Server distributions Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Applications smartphones, Android, which is built on top of the Linux kernel, Largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems mainframe computers and virtually all fastest supercomputers network routers, facility automation controls, televisions (Smart TV) video game consoles, smartwatches. Home theater PC Digital security System rescue In space Education Mail Servers File Servers etc... Linux file system and directory structure File Management Commands mkdir - creating directory mkdir dirname rmdir – removing directory and its contents rmdir dirname cd – Change directory cd dirpath cp – Copying files cp file1 file2 mv – Moving or renaming files mv oldfile newfile Commands Help about commands man, pinfo, info (man <<cmd name>>) Viewing file’s content cat <<filename>> Viewing users, processes who – List all Users who am I – List the current user pstree – displays all processes running in the system in tree format ps – displays processes owned by the current user Changing file permission/owner chmod – changes file permission chown – changes file owner Commands Checking CPU and Memory utilization top Viewing the IP-Address Ifconfig Listing files in a directory ls – Lists all files in a directory ls –a – Lists all files (including hidden files) ls –l – Lists files in a directory along with owner information, permission etc Commands halt This command shuts down the operating system, but can only be run by the root user. reboot This command shuts down and restarts the operating system. It also can only be run by root. #reboot [will perform simple reboot] #reboot -f [will perform fast reboot ] init 0 This command also shuts down the operating system, and can only be run by root. init 6 This command restart the operating system. It also can only be run by root. Commands man This command opens the manual page for the command or utility specified. The man utility is a very useful tool. If you are unsure how to use any command, use man to access its manual page. For example, you could enter man ls at the shell prompt to learn how to use the ls utility. #man ls whoami This command displays the username of the currently logged-in user. netstat This command displays the status of the network, including current connections, routing tables, etc. VI Editor Popular text editor Just type vi <<filename>> at the prompt and hit the enter key. A new file will be opened Type the contents needed and save To save, press the Esc Key and then press : (colon) w q and then enter To quit with out saving Esc + : + q and then enter Navigation Left - h Down - j Up - k Right- l Top of the screen – H (shift + h) //caps lock will not work Middle of the screen – M (shift + m) Bottom of the screen – L (shift + l) $ - End Key, 0 – Home Key Edit Commands Cut – X, x Copy – yy, yw Paste – P, p Redirection and Pipes Redirection - Input redirection wc < file1 – Content of file 1 is given as input for wc command that counts the no of lines, words and characters in a file - Output redirection cat file > newfile – Copies file’s content to newfile. Over writes the existing content cat file >> newfile – Appends the new content to the existing content Pipes Output of first command is input for the second and so on who | wc –l – Number of lines in the output of who command will be displayed File systems Linux - Extended Filesystem - ext2, ext3, ext4 Windows - FAT16/32 --> File Allocation Table NTFS -> New Technology File System AIX - JFS --> Journaled File System or JFS is a 64-bit journaling file system created by IBM. VMWARE - vmfs --> Virtual Machine File System How to Create, configure and mount a new Linux file system 1) Create one or more partitions using fdisk: fdisk /dev/sdb N (new partition) p (primary partition) Accept default initial and end blocks if you want to create a single partiton with the whole disk w (write the information and quit) 2) check the new partition [root@vmractest3 root]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 83 Linux 3) Format the new partition as an ext3 file system type: /sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 4)Assigning a Label with e2label Once you have created and formated a partition, you should assign it a label using the e2label command. This allows you to add the partition to /etc/fstab using a label instead of using a device path, thereby making the system more robust. To add a label to a partition, type the following command as root: /sbin/e2label /dev/s db1 /oradisk 5) Then add the new partition to /etc/fstab, this way it will be mounted at reboot: To check the label use this command: [root@vmractest3 root]# /sbin/tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 |grep volume Filesystem volume name: /oradisk vi /etc/fstab and add the following line: LABEL=/oradisk /oradisk ext3 defaults 1 2 6) Mount the new file system: First create the base directory and assign it to the user that will own it [root@vmractest3 root]# mkdir /oradisk [root@vmractest3 root]#chown oracle:dba /oradisk Then mount it [root@vmractest3 root]# mount /dev/sdb1 /oradisk And check it [root@vmractest3 root]# df -k Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda2 8064304 2181296 5473352 29% / /dev/sda1 101089 9272 86598 10% /boot none 513748 0 513748 0% /dev/shm /dev/sdb1 20635700 32828 19554636 1% /oradisk How to Create, configure and mount a new Window file system .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linux Tutorial Last Updated: September 29 2021 for Windows Users
    VLAAMS SUPERCOMPUTER Innovative Computing CENTRUM for A Smarter Flanders Linux Tutorial Last updated: September 29 2021 For Windows Users Authors: Jasper Devreker (UGent), Ewan Higgs (UGent), Kenneth Hoste (UGent) Acknowledgement: VSCentrum.be Audience: This document is a hands-on guide for using the Linux command line in the context of the UGent HPC infrastructure. The command line (sometimes called ’shell’) can seems daunting at first, but with a little understanding can be very easy to use. Everything you do startsatthe prompt. Here you have the liberty to type in any commands you want. Soon, you will be able to move past the limited point and click interface and express interesting ideas to the computer using the shell. Gaining an understanding of the fundamentals of Linux will help accelerate your research using the HPC infrastructure. You will learn about commands, managing files, and some scripting basics. Notification: In$ commands this tutorial specific commands are separated from the accompanying text: These should be entered by the reader at a command line in a terminal on the UGent-HPC. They appear in all exercises preceded by a $ and printed in bold. You’ll find those actions ina grey frame. Button are menus, buttons or drop down boxes to be pressed or selected. “Directory” is the notation for directories (called “folders” in Windows terminology) or specific files. (e.g., “/user/home/gent/vsc400/vsc40000”) “Text” Is the notation for text to be entered. Tip: A “Tip” paragraph is used for remarks or tips. They can also be downloaded from the VSC website at https://www.vscentrum.be.
    [Show full text]
  • Checkpointing Under Linux with Berkeley Lab Checkpoint/Restart
    N1GE6 Checkpointing and Berkeley Lab Checkpoint/Restart Liang PENG Lip Kian NG N1GE6 Checkpointing and Berkeley Lab Checkpoint/Restart Liang PENG Lip Kian NG APSTC-TB-2004-005 Abstract: N1GE6, formerly known as Sun Grid Engine, is widely used in HPTC environment for efficient utilization of compute resources. As applications in such environment are generally compute intensive, fault tolerance is required to minimize the impact of hardware failure. N1GE6 has several fault tolerance features and in this report, the focus will be on the checkpointing support and the integration of Berkeley Lab Checkpoint/Restart will be used as an example. Keywords: checkpoint, Grid Engine, blcr Email Address: [email protected] [email protected] Revision History Version Date Comments 1.1 Jul 14, 2004 1.2 Dec 28, 2004 Feedback from Reuti (reuti__at__staff.uni-marburg.de) • Transparent interface is user-level (Table 1). • Update to state diagram (Illustration 2). N1GE6 Checkpointing and Berkeley Lab Checkpoint/Restart Liang PENG Lip Kian NG Asia Pacific Science and Technology Center Sun Microsystems Pte Ltd, Singapore Introduction Checkpointing is the process of writing out the state information of a running application to physical storage periodically. With this feature, an application will be able to restart from the last checkpointed state instead of from the beginning which would have been computationally expensive in HPTC environment. In general, checkpointing tools can be classified into 2 different classes: • Kernel-level – Such tools are built into the kernel of the operating system. During a checkpoint, the entire process space (which tends to be huge) is written to physical storage.
    [Show full text]
  • SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4
    SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4 Publication Date: September 24, 2021 SUSE LLC 1800 South Novell Place Provo, UT 84606 USA https://documentation.suse.com Copyright © 2006– 2021 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For SUSE trademarks, see http://www.suse.com/company/legal/ . All other third party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. A trademark symbol (®, ™ etc.) denotes a SUSE or Novell trademark; an asterisk (*) denotes a third party trademark. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its aliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents About This Guide xi 1 Available Documentation xii 2 Feedback xiv 3 Documentation Conventions xv I BASICS 1 1 General Notes on System Tuning 2 1.1 Be Sure What Problem to Solve 2 1.2 Rule Out Common Problems 3 1.3 Finding the Bottleneck 3 1.4 Step-by-step Tuning 4 II SYSTEM MONITORING 5 2 System Monitoring Utilities 6 2.1 Multi-Purpose Tools 6 vmstat 7
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to UNIX Summary of Some Useful Commands
    Introduction to UNIX "...the number of UNIX installations has grown to 10, with more expected..." - Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, June 1972 (Bell Lab.) Universities, research institutes, government bodies and computer companies all began using the powerful UNIX system to develop many of the technologies which today are part of a UNIX system. Guide to UNIX on the beginners level: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/ Summary of some useful commands: Some basic UNIX commands cd directory_name change to the directory directory_name cd .. change to the directory above the current directory cd ~ change to the home directory cp file_1 file_2 copy the file file_1 to the file file_2 ln –s source linkname link the file with the name source to the file linkname ls directory_name show the content of the directory directory_name ls –l directory_name show in detail the content of the directory directory_name ls –a directory_name show all files including hidden files of the directory directory_name mkdir directory_name create the new directory directory_name less file_name show the content of the file file_name tail file_name show the last part of a file file_name head file_name show the top part of a file file_name (x)emacs file_name edit the file file_name using the editor xemacs mv file_1 to file_2 change the filename file_1 to file_2 rm –i file_name remove the file file_name (the system asks for confirmation) rm –ri directory_name remove all files recursive in the directory directory_name rmdir directory_name remove the directory directory_name
    [Show full text]
  • System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1
    SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 15 SP1 An administrator's guide for problem detection, resolution and optimization. Find how to inspect and optimize your system by means of monitoring tools and how to eciently manage resources. Also contains an overview of common problems and solutions and of additional help and documentation resources. Publication Date: September 24, 2021 SUSE LLC 1800 South Novell Place Provo, UT 84606 USA https://documentation.suse.com Copyright © 2006– 2021 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For SUSE trademarks, see https://www.suse.com/company/legal/ . All other third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Trademark symbols (®, ™ etc.) denote trademarks of SUSE and its aliates. Asterisks (*) denote third-party trademarks. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its aliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents About This Guide xii 1 Available Documentation xiii
    [Show full text]
  • Cheatsheet V2.4.Pdf
    ! ! 2.4!Edition! Cross!reference!processes!with!various!lists:! Scan!a!block!of!code!in!process!or!kernel!memory! psxview! for!imported!APIs:! ! impscan!! Show!processes!in!parent/child!tree:! !!!!Hp/HHpid=PID!!!!!!!!!Process!ID!! pstree! !!!!Hb/HHbase=BASE!!!Base!address!to!scan! & !!!!Hs/HHsize=SIZE!!!!!!!Size!to!scan!from!start!of!base! Process&Information& ! ! Logs&/&Histories& Specify!–o/HHoffset=OFFSET!or!Hp/HHpid=1,2,3!! ! ! Recover!event!logs!(XP/2003):! Display!DLLs:! evtlogs!! ! ! dlllist! !!!!HS/HHsaveHevt!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Save!raw!event!logs! Development!build!and!wiki:! ! !!!!HD/HHdumpHdir=PATH!!!Write!to!this!directory! github.com/volatilityfoundation!! Show!command!line!arguments:! ! ! cmdline! Recover!command!history:! Download!a!stable!release:! ! cmdscan!and!consoles!! volatilityfoundation.org!! Display!details!on!VAD!allocations:! ! ! vadinfo![HHaddr]! Recover!IE!cache/Internet!history:! Read!the!book:! ! iehistory!! artofmemoryforensics.com! Dump!allocations!to!individual!files:! ! ! vaddump!HHdumpHdir=PATH![HHbase]! Show!running!services:! Development!Team!Blog:! ! svcscan!! http://volatilityHlabs.blogspot.com!! Dump!all!valid!pages!to!a!single!file:! !!!!Hv/HHverbose!!!!Show!ServiceDll!from!registry! ! memdump!HHdumpHdir=PATH! ! (Official)!Training!Contact:! ! Networking&Information& Display!open!handles:! [email protected]!! ! handles!! ! Active!info!(XP/2003):! !!!!Ht/HHobjectHtype=TYPE!!!Mutant,!File,!Key,!etc…! Follow:!@volatility! connections!and!sockets!! !!!!Hs/HHsilent!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Hide!unnamed!handles!
    [Show full text]
  • Shells and Processes
    Shells and Processes Bryce Boe 2012/08/08 CS32, Summer 2012 B Outline • Operang Systems and Linux Review • Shells • Project 1 Part 1 Overview • Processes • Overview For Monday (Sor>ng Presentaons) OS Review • Operang systems – Manages system resources: cpu, memory, I/O – Types: single/mul>-user and single/mul>-process – Provides Fairness, security Self Check Quesons • What is the primary benefit oF a mul>-process OS over a single process OS? How is this accomplished? • Explain the difference between mul>programming and mul>tasking Self Check Answers • What is the primary benefit oF a mul>-process OS over a single process OS? How is this accomplished? – Increased resource u>lizaon (primarily oF the CPU) accomplished by scheduling other processes when the currently running process requires I/O SelF Check Answers cont. • Explain the difference between mul>programming and mul>tasking – Mul>programming systems switch the running process when that process requires I/O. – Mul>tasking systems periodically switch the running process aer some (typically minute) period of me Linux Architecture Shells What is a shell? • A shell is a program that provides the interFace between the user and the operang system • Can be used to tell the OS to: – Execute programs (as processes) – Stop, or pause processes – Create, copy, move, remove files – Load or unload device drivers Types of Shells • Command line shells: – Provide a textual input as the user-interFace – Bourne shell (sh), C shell (csh), Bourne-Again shell (bash), cmd.exe • Graphical shells – Provide a point-and-click
    [Show full text]
  • Full Workload
    Command Line: Process Control C@ELOLJ<I GifZ\jjXe[afYZfekifc =LCCNFIBCF8; !Qn\`Ycld#g_fkfZXj\%Zfd What is happening on your Linux machine? Various shell commands All of these parameters can be com- bined – for example, pstree -apu. give you details about system processes and help you control them. C`jk`e^GifZ\jj\jn`k_gj BY HEIKE JURZIK The ps command gives you a list of the processes currently running on your sys- henever you or an application ing. All other processes share this com- tem. If you do not specify any command- launch a program, the operat- mon “ancestor” – init starts the operat- line parameters, the tool will restrict the Ning system starts one or multi- ing system’s basic programs. pstree list to the current shell. If you are inter- ple processes. These processes can enter shows the relationship between “parent” ested in all of your processes, call ps various states: They can be processed, and “child” processes. This tree struc- with the x option (Listing 1). stopped, restarted, and – under normal ture shows you at a glance who is de- The tabular output in the shell tells circumstances – stopped again. Linux scended from whom (Figure 1). you the following characteristics: has something similar to access controls ฀ PID: The process identifier, a unique for processes: Only the user that started 8[[`k`feXcFlkglk number that you can use to reference a process can stop, restart, or terminate The tool gives you more detailed output a process individually. the process. if you set the -a flag. This tells pstree to ฀ TTY: The terminal or console on The only exception to this rule is the show you, in addition, the parameters which the process was started.
    [Show full text]
  • The Linux Command Line
    The Linux Command Line Second Internet Edition William E. Shotts, Jr. A LinuxCommand.org Book Copyright ©2008-2013, William E. Shotts, Jr. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No De- rivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit the link above or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Fran- cisco, California, 94105, USA. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners. This book is part of the LinuxCommand.org project, a site for Linux education and advo- cacy devoted to helping users of legacy operating systems migrate into the future. You may contact the LinuxCommand.org project at http://linuxcommand.org. This book is also available in printed form, published by No Starch Press and may be purchased wherever fine books are sold. No Starch Press also offers this book in elec- tronic formats for most popular e-readers: http://nostarch.com/tlcl.htm Release History Version Date Description 13.07 July 6, 2013 Second Internet Edition. 09.12 December 14, 2009 First Internet Edition. 09.11 November 19, 2009 Fourth draft with almost all reviewer feedback incorporated and edited through chapter 37. 09.10 October 3, 2009 Third draft with revised table formatting, partial application of reviewers feedback and edited through chapter 18. 09.08 August 12, 2009 Second draft incorporating the first editing pass. 09.07 July 18, 2009 Completed first draft. Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................................................xvi
    [Show full text]
  • Unix Command
    Veloce descrizione di comandi Unix Buona parte dei comandi dell’elenco seguente fanno parte della distribuzione standard di molte architetture Unix. Per i dettagli vedere le relative pagine di manuale, invocabili con il comando "man topic". a2p convertitore awk - perl amstex AmSTeX language create, modify, and extract from archives (per creare ar librerie) arch print machine architecture at, batch, atq, atrm - queue, examine or delete jobs for later at execution awk gawk - pattern scanning and processing language basename strip directory and suffix from filenames bash GNU Bourne-Again SHell bc An arbitrary precision calculator language bibtex make a bibliography for (La)TeX c++ GNU project C++ Compiler cal displays a calendar cat concatenate files and print on the standard output cc gcc, g++ - GNU project C and C++ Compiler checkalias usage: /usr/bin/checkalias alias .. chfn change your finger information chgrp change the group ownership of files chmod change the access permissions of files chown change the user and group ownership of files chsh change your login shell cksum checksum and count the bytes in a file clear clear terminal screen cmp compare two files col filter reverse line feeds from input column columnate lists comm compare two sorted files line by line compress compress, uncompress, zcat - compress and expand data cp copy files cpio copy files to and from archives tcsh - C shell with file name completion and command line csh editing csplit split a file into sections determined by context lines cut remove sections from each
    [Show full text]
  • Bash Guide for Beginners
    Bash Guide for Beginners Machtelt Garrels Xalasys.com <tille wants no spam _at_ xalasys dot com> Version 1.8 Last updated 20060315 Edition Bash Guide for Beginners Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................................................................................1 1. Why this guide?...................................................................................................................................1 2. Who should read this book?.................................................................................................................1 3. New versions, translations and availability.........................................................................................2 4. Revision History..................................................................................................................................2 5. Contributions.......................................................................................................................................3 6. Feedback..............................................................................................................................................3 7. Copyright information.........................................................................................................................3 8. What do you need?...............................................................................................................................4 9. Conventions used in this
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Linux Basic Commands & Environment
    Introduction to Linux Basic Commands & Environment Alexander B. Pacheco Research Computing Outline 1 Introduction 2 Linux File System Heirarchy 3 Basic Commands 4 Editors 5 File & Job Manipulation 6 Environment & Environment Variables 2 / 57 Introduction What is Linux? Linux is an operating system that evolved from a kernel created by Linus Torvalds when he was a student at the University of Helsinki. It's meant to be used as an alternative to other operating systems, Windows, Mac OS, MS-DOS, Solaris and others. Linux is the most popular OS used in a Supercomputer OS Family Count Share % Linux 489 97.8 Unix 9 1.8 Windows 1 0.2 Mixed 1 0.2 All Top 500 Supercomputers were Linux based in the November 2017 List. If you are using a Supercomputer/High Performance Computer for your research, it will be based on a *nix OS. It is required/neccessary/mandatory to learn Linux Programming (commands, shell scripting) if your research involves use of High Performance Computing or Supercomputing resources. http://www.top500.org/statistics/list/ June 2015 List 4 / 57 Where is Linux used? Linux distributions are tailored to different requirements such as 1 Server 2 Desktop 3 Workstation 4 Routers 5 Embedded devices 6 Mobile devices (Android is a Linux-based OS) Almost any software that you use on windows has a roughly equivalent software on Linux, most often multiple equivalent software e.g. Microsoft Office equivalents are OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, KOffice For complete list, visit http: //wiki.linuxquestions.org/wiki/Linux_software_equivalent_to_Windows_software Linux offers you freedom, to choose your desktop environment, software.
    [Show full text]